25 Albugo Division Mycota Sub-division ; Eumycotina Class D Oomycetes Order Peronosporales Family 5 Albuginaceae Genus 67 Albugo Albugo (Cystopus) is a fufigus. It is included in the family Albuginaceae of the class omycetes. It causes white fust disease on land plants. So it is popularly called white rust_ fangus. ne Occurrence Albygo includes about 25 species, Of these, only seven species are found in India. Almost “$l species are parasitic on plant hosts. Some common species of Albugo and their hosts are sien below: - — Species Host plant Albugo candidus Allcruciferous plants Albugo pomoeae pendurae Sweet potato and Moming glory Albugo bliti Amaranthus sps Albugo portulaca Portulaca sps Albugo tragopogansis All members of Asteraceae Albugo occidentalis Spinach G Albugo platensis Boerhaavia Albugo evolvuli Evolvulus Highlights a OW White Rust + The white rust disease is caused by the fungus Albugo. . 1. White or creamy yellow pustules on infected leaves, stems and flowers. + 2. White colour is caused by white powdery sporangia. 3. Local swellings at infected sites,384 4. Discolouration of petals. ; 5, Malformation of stamens into leaf-like or club-shaped sterile structures, 6. White patches with powdery mass of spores and sporangia. “| 2 Fig.25.1: A leaf of Brassica showing white rust pustules. Structure Albugo is a white rust fungus. It is a parasite. - Bpidermis- Sporangia { ‘Sporangiophore } | | | Mesophyilcells ‘ Intercellular ofhost aa ae Fig.25.2: Albugo- A peripheral part of host leaf showing sporangial sorus 18-499: Diagrammatic lifecycle of Albugo, “er (hup.25; ALBUGO 5 t . ) the ve a. ++ between the Itis haploid, : 1 It consists of many branched, se nite, "coenocytic hyphae, Septa are absent in actively . owing young mycelium: . ‘ “The hypha produces a knob-like structure called haustorium (pl haustoria). ‘ ‘The haustorium penetrates the host cell and draws food materials. Mesophyll cell ofhost leaf Hig.25,3: Albugo candidus - A part of intercellular hypha with haustoria in host cells. ‘The nutrition is heterotrophic. Albugo absorbs its food from the living cells of the hosts by its Aaustoria. Highlights -Albugo Albugo isa fungus. © It is included in the family Albuginaceae of the class Oomycetes. eltis popularly called white rust fungus, because it causes white rust. disease. * All species of Albugo are parasitic. e vegetative body of Albugo ixa haploid mycelium: © The mycelium consists of many branched, septate, coenocytic hyphae: The hyphal cells are multinucieate. The hypha produces knob- like haustorium. ‘© The haustorium penetrates the host cell and absorbs food materials. a ¢ The mycelium grows and branches repeatedly in the intercellular spaces oft ‘the host. G ‘The hypha produces vertical branches called Sporangiophores, ¥ 2M ¢ They are club- shaped. They are upright and parallel to one another. ik « The sporangiophore develops a series of sporangia atits tip.” « The sporangium is hyaline and spherical in shape. © © Itis multinucleate and smooth. . © They are arranged i in basipetalous manner. © Host epidermis is ruptured due to the pressure of sporangia. oun388, Nhe contents af the CAbtsh piccehasn single mieten, = Hitch piece develops a plasma membrane Mich cll develops two flagella to bee the sporangia wall ruptures and gel Germination of Zoospore sary for the germination of'ze and cell wall around it, ome kidney - shaped zoospore, sthe Zoospores, Mis uninucleate, spores, sometime in the wateron the surface of wet leat for Magella and coy mes (0 rest on the leaf’ surface, Sporangium Zoospords Spore Spore wall ¢xX> Flagella Quc™™ tube D Germtube — F Guard cell Stoma Aas : Albugo - Stages of germination of zoosporangium and zoospore, LOA Hern spore produces a germ tube which penetrates the host tissue through the stoma This Berm tube grows and forms a branched mycelium, Ifthe climate is warm, the sporangium directly forms germ tube and penetrates ‘the leaf. Here, it grows into a mycelium. Sextal Reproduction The sexual reproduction in Albugois oogamous type. The male sex organs.ate called antheridia and the female sex organs are called oogonia, Albugo is homothallic. Antheridium isbome on the male hypha and the oogonium is borne onthe female hypha ofthe mycelium, Some parts ofthe mature mycelium grow deep into intercellularspace in the petiole or stem and produce sex organs. This leads to hypertrophy, i, local swelling at these sites. | | |er a TT eels: | hap.25: ALBUGO. Oogonium Oogonium is the, female sex organ Tis globularstricture produced at the tip of the female hypha. 7 Rarely, it is produced in the middle of the hypha. Itis separated from the rest of the hypha bya septum, or Ooplasm Sn te aecemaenignt onan 4 3 oe Non-motile spore Germ tube spore r @) J K L Fig.25.7: Sexual reproduction in Albugo candidus. ntti meson bl eit nye AFB&PI-26vhite mass of sporangia is exposed out through the ruptured epidermis. This is the characteristic feature of white rust disease. f # The spor # Nutvition is sexually. place by sporangia. and produce zoospores, # The zoospores lium, Sexual reproduction is oagamous type, # The male sex organs are called antheridia and the female sex organs are called and female nuclei fuse together and forma diploid zygote (2N). he diploid zygote develops into an easpore, . * The vospore undergoes meiosis and mitosis to produce biflagellate zoospores, The zoos ¢ the host plant and forms a new mycelium, # The lite eyele shows alternation of generations. * The haploid phase alternates with the diploid phase. Reproduction (Cystopus) reproduces by wo methods . sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction, Asexual Reproduction The asexual reproduction takes place by means of sporangia. Mesophyillcells Intercellularhypha ofhost Fig.25.4: Albugo- A peripheral part of host leaf showing sporangial sorus Haustorium:uthormase called ovmidia Nalin chains at the ups of the hyphae just below the epi the yee! ass of hyphae. ermis growing tn the mntervellular space, branches repeatedly and forms hyp bovwune eld shaped with thick wall. They ate called sporangion prow Theyre upright and parallel to one ane povade lite layer below thy other, Because of compact growth, they form a dermis, Bas spwophore develops a deep constriction near the tip, resulting in the formation of | \perangéieme at its tip othe srrnangium is hpalinean xl hericul in shape smooth. may ran, formation af the tS mualtinwctewte from 14 to 20m in diameter first sporangium, another sporangium is formed bee ts tormad at the ti Vary jomad together by ot digjunctor cell, This is fi i of each sporangiophore, A mucilaginous pad called gelatinous dise " onmed by the elatinisation of the outer areal ws ae Se sponungia are dasipetalous ig oldest ‘orangium atthe tip and the youngest one at we hse, 7 Oliest sporangium Sprangio. Pee Soman Hyphaltip at Fig.25.5: Albugo- Developmental Stages of sporaneium, The continuous formation of sporane: e : {ges lifedand thea ruptured ne esse PesSursonthe host epidermis, Whitemass of spormneta ie inpatehes, Thisi White rast disease, "ies exposed outinp ‘THB sthecharcteise eam of abe gelatinousintercalan disc dries y isi latin y disc dries up and ‘ freeand disseminated by ming ® nite The renga rele Panes sic athcha te srg lum germinates,ee eee ae SEEM? ubtication %, ¥ ‘Thus 100 or more zoospores are produced inside the aaspore ‘The oospore (zoosporangium)comes outby the rupture or decay of host tissue. The: oospore wall splits to release the zoospores. ‘When the zoospores come in contact with a seedling theyloose flagella. A cyst wall devel. ops. Itremains dormant inside the cyst for some time. Then the spore germinates a tube called germ tube. The. ‘germ tube. penctrates the host plant and forms a mycelium therein. Conclusion i In Albugo, vegetative plant body is a haploid mycelium (N). Itreproduces new haploid mycelia by means of sporangia (N). The sexual reproduction is oogamous. The male and female sex cells are haploid. ‘The male and female nuclei fuse together and form a diploid zygote (2N). The zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid zoospores(N). ‘The zoospores germinate and give rise to new haploid mycelia. ‘Thus there is a distinct haploid phase and diploid phase in the life cycle. This type of life cycle is known as alternation of generations. Control of Albugo 1.Crop rotation with resistant crop varieties in order to avoid the survival of Albugo in the form of spores, 2.Cruciferous crops should be cleaned up. 3.Infected crop residues should be burned out. 4.Spraying fungicides such as 0.8% Bordeauce mixture over the crops is recom- mended. 5 Soil application of sulphur dustmixed with sawdust is used to destroy the zoospores of Albugo. i aa i aaa EN Life Cycle-of-Albugo : Albugo is an obligate parasitic fungus. Itis includedin the family Albuginaceae of the class Oomycetes. It causes white rust disease in many species of cruciferous plants. So itis popularly called white rust fungus. i There are about 25 species of Albugo. a - The vegetative body of Albugo is a mycelium. Itis haploid (N). Itramifies in the intercellular spaces between the cells of the host. The mycelium consists of many branched, septate, coenocytic hyphae. The hyphal cells are multinucleate. The hypha produces small knob-like structures called haustoria, ‘The haustoria penetrate the host cells and absorb nutrients, ‘The nutrition is heterotrophic. Reproduction Albugo reproduces asexually as well as sexually. Asexual Reproduction The asexual reproduction takes place by means of sporangia, They are bome on sporangiophores just below the epidermis of the host leaf. >Chap.25: ALBUGO 393, Some parts of the mycelium growing in the intercellular spaces, branch repeatedly and form 4 compact mass of hyphae. This mass occurs below the epidermis. The tips of this hyphae become elub - shaped with thick wall. They are called sporangiophores. They are arranged vertically in the form of a palisade layer. Each sporangiophore develops a deep constriction near he tip, resulting in the formation of asporangium at its tip. The sporangium is hyaline, spherical, multinucleate and smooth - walled. They are 14-20 m in diameter. The second sporangium is produced below the first: sporangium. In this way a chain of sporangia is produced. ‘The sporangia are basipetalous, i.e. oldest sporangium at the tip and youngest one at the base. A mucilaginous intercalary disc is seen between the sporangia. The continuous formation of sporangia excerts some pressure on the host epidermis. So, itis lifted and ruptured. A white mass of sporangia is exposed out in patches. This is the characteristic feature of white rust disease. At maturity the intercalary disc dries up and gets disintegrated. ‘The sporangia are released free and disseminated by wind. Moisture and low temperature are found to be suitable for the germination of sporangia. On reaching a suitable host, the sporangium swells and its content divides into 6 -8 pieces, Each piece has a single nucleus. It develops a cell wall and two flagella to become a zoospore. tis uninucleate. ‘Thus 6 -8 zoospores are produced ina sporangium. ‘When the sporangial wall ruptures, the zoospores are released free . ~ The zoospores-undergo some free movements and then come to rest on the leaf surface-- ——— -— It produces a germ tube which enters the host through the stomata. It later grows into a mycelium. Sexual Reproduction The sexual reproduction is oogamous type. The male and female sex organs are called antheridia and oogonia respectively. Albugo is homothallic, i.e., antheridia and oogonia are borne on the same mycelium. The formation of sex organs in the host petiole or stem leads to hypertrophy, i.e., local swelling. Oogonium The oogonium is a globular multinucleate structure. It is produced at the tip of short female hypha. ‘ It contains dense cytoplasm and plenty of reserve foods. Ithas many small vacuoles. ‘The nuclei increase in number by mitotic division. Allnuclei, except one, move to the periphery (periplasm). The central portion with the one nucleus becomes granular ooplasm. The ooplasm develops a plasma membrane around it and forms an oosphere. Te eeCATT Eee caer, =e CERES ub tic ation The oogonium is multinucleate and it cont Foods. Ithas many small vacuoles, As the oogonium matures, the nuclei undergo mitotic division. The protoplasm differentiates into ‘central goplasm and. ‘outer periplasm. ‘The ooplasm is dense and nucleated, ‘The periplasm on the other hand is clear. ‘and vacuolated. After sometimes, the nuclei the periphery of the oogonium. In the meantime, only one nucleus remains in the centre of the ooplasm. The ooplasm develops a plasma membrane around and forms an oosphere. The oosphere functions as the egg. Atorjust before fertilization, all In some species, the oogoniu Albugo bliti, etc, Antheridium Antheridium is the male sex organ. Itis an elongated club-shaped structure produced at the tip of male hypha. Itis found close to the oogonium, Itis cut off from the male hypha by a septum. Itis multinucleate, Although it has about 12 m Fertilization ins dense cytoplasm and plenty of reserve migrate from the ooplasm to periplasm and are distributed at Peripheral nuclei start to disintegrate.Bg. Albugo candids im has more than one egg nucleus, Eg. Albugo platensi, luclei, only one is functional and acts asthe male nucleus, The antheridium bends and comes in contact with the ogoninm, At the site of contact, the ‘oogonium produces a small. protuberance called receptive spot or receptive papilla The wall of the oogonium and. antheridium becomes thin at this site, ~ A slender tubular outgrowth arses from the antheridium, pierces the receptive papitirand grows into the oogonium. Itis called fertilization tube. A dense cytoplasmic granule develops in the centre of th Coenocentrum. The female nucleus is found attached with it. The fertilization tube grows until its tipreaches the ooplasm. ‘When it reaches the coenocentrum, the tip of the fertilization tube: tuptures and releases the male nucleus into the ooplasm. The male and female nuclei fuse t. ooplasm. It is called logether and form a diploid nucleus, After fertilization, the fertilization tube. disintegrates and the coenocentrum. disappears, The fertilized egg is called zygote. On re QM After fertilization the zygote secretes a thi The oospore has a diploid nucleus (2N) Germination of Oospore The cospores are set free after the decay of the host tissues, The diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and then three mitotie di haploid nuclei are formed. The: ‘oospore then takes rest for some tim ick wall around itand becomes an oospore, visions, Asa result, 32 le.(4 a|fs Tater the onspore absorbs moisture sells up. Hs nucleus divides repeat, | form 100 or more nuclei, Hach of the nuclei pets a piece of cytoplasm to become a biftisetin, womre ; . s i Zoospores Sporangium (N (N) ) 1 Sportngiophores Asexual (N) Reproduction } \ Germination Albugo ZY Mycelium OO Germination SS, hypha (N) Female hypha (N) Haploid Phase Resting spores (N) Aatheidium Oogonium Sexual (N) ™) Reproduction } Oosph tae Zoospores ep ete eo @) . y wen Female Meiosis "Diploid Phase \ nucteus (N) \ Male’ Oospore_(2N) \ nucleus (N) i Zygote (Ny Fetilization Fig.25.8: Graphic life cycle of Albugo, \as MEEPublication ¢ The sporangiophore develops a series of sporangia at its tip. Sporangium ae (N) ) Asexual Reproduction Sporangiophores \ Germination Albugo 7 a Mycelium "2 Docu Female hypha (N) _Hoploid Phase Phase ~~ Resting spores (N) a Oogonium Sexual ) Reproduction | aos Oosphere Fertilization oa a tube wes Female Meiosis \” Diploid Phase nucleus (N) \ Male Oospore . nucleus (N) Zygote (QN) Fertilization L Fig.25.10: Graphic life cycle of Albugo,OTL Chap.25. ALBUGO porangium is tyatine and spherical in sl © Itis multinucteate and smooth, porampia are joined together by a mucilaginous pad called gelatinous dise or intercalary dise, he sporangia are arranged in basipetalous manner. auch sporangium develops 6 to 8 uninucleate zoospores. ‘ontinuous formation of sporangia, ruptures the host epidermis and the White mass of sporangia is expo: ¢ The sporangia are released free and d © On reaching the suita zoospores, ¢ The zoospores swim in water and lose their flagella, ¢ The zoospore produces a germ tube and penetrates the leaf, It grows into anew mycelium. * Sexual reproduction is oogamtous type, © Albugo is homothalli ¢ The male sex organs are called antheridia and they are borne on the male hypha. © The female sex organs hypha. f The oogonium is multinucleate, ¢ Only one nucleus becomes functional and it remains in the ce Jasm, All the other nuclei disintegrate. ¢ Antheridium of Albugo is multinucleate. Ithas 12 nuclei, only one is functional and acts as the male nucleus. ¢ The antheridium comes in contact withtheoogonium ¢ At the point of contact the oogonium produces a small protuberance called receptive papilla. ¢ The antheridium produces a fertilization tube that pierces the receptive pa- pilla and grows into the oogonium. The tip of the fertilization tube ruptures and releases the male nucleus into the ooplasm. ep ¢ The male and female nuclei fuse together and forma diploid nucleus. © The fertilized egg is called zygote. « The zygote secretes a thick wall around it aid becomes an oospore. © The oospore has a diploid nucleus. ¢ The diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and mitosis to form, 32 haploid zoospores. The zoospores are released by the rupture of oospore. © The zoospores germinate into miycelinm. In the life cycle, haploid vegetative thallus alternates with the diploid oospore. L So there is alternation of generations. eminated by wind, bic host, the sporangial wall ruptures and releases the are called oogonia and they are borne on the. female ntre of the vop-| ) EOROED: SOY sttication Antheridium shaped stacture with many muted » tamale Aye near the tomate hypha only one ately ay the mnale nucleus eEwith the oogoniuny, At the S point ofcontact, a stall we oXgoniam, Geamtination Zoospore : (N) un xual Cyele Sporuygiun (N) Spor Sporangio- phow Oogonium [ Anpheriinm Nuclei Resting spore @ Haploid Phase Zootpore ——- Sextial Cycle y-Zeospores o Nuclear fusion Fig.25.9: Diagrammatic life eyele of Albugo, | \ \ | |Chap.25; ALBUGO The wall becomes very thin i ee A slender tubular outgrowth arises from the antheridium and Peet at It grows until it reaches the ‘granule coenocentrum in the oosphere. This tube is fertilization tube . The fertilization tube ruptures and releases the male nucleus into the ovplasin Themale and female nuclei fuse together to form a iploid nucleus (2X), — The fertilized eggs the sygote, The zygote then secretes a thick wall around it to become is the diploid phase in the lif After having a period of rest, the ‘otic divisions to form many nuclei [produces many uninucleate biflagellate zoospores. Now the oospores are Teleased by the decay of host tissue. When the oospore wall ruptures, th Zoospores are released free in the soil They reach the seedlings and produce germ tubes, The germ tube enters the host and forms a mycelium. Itis haploid. Conclusion Albugois a haploid coenocytic mycelium(N). 1 Teproduces asexuall (N). ploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and then several mi y by sporangia By sexual fusi diploid phase (2N) The diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and forms haploid meiozoospores, Each haploid meiozoospore gives rise toa new haploid mycelium, Thus the haploid phase alternates with the, diploid phaseina regular manner, This typeof lite eyeleis called alternation of generations Highlights Life Cycle of Albugo ° Albugo is a fungus, included in the class Oomycetes, ° It is popularly called white rust (fungus because it causes yp on land plants, * All species of Albugo are parasitic. 2 The vegetative body of Albugo ig haploid (N), * The plant body isa mycelium The mycelium Consists of many branched, Septate, coenocytic hy, orp pubhal eels are muinneteate, Pt Coenoeytichyphg, . qebspha Produces knob-like haustorium, * {he haustorium penetrates the host cell and absorbs fo, i * Nuttition is heterotrophic. Pood materials, * Albugo Teproduces asexually and Sexually, . ne a refFoduction takes place by ‘Sporangia, * The hypha produces Vertical branches called i * They are club-shaped, Porangiophores, ion of antheridium with. Oogonium a diploid Sospore is formed. This is the ). thite rust disease