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Problem Solving

The document discusses several topics related to computer networks and power systems: 1) A 10 microsecond switching time is unlikely to significantly impact response time for a client-server system connecting New York to California due to fiber optic propagation speeds. 2) The minimum response time for a client-server system using a satellite network at 40,000km altitude is about 533 milliseconds due to propagation delays. 3) Transmission times for an uncompressed image file vary significantly depending on the connection speed, from over 15 minutes over a 56kbps modem to under 1 second over a 100Mbps Ethernet. 4) Fiber optics have advantages over copper for transmission including higher bandwidth capacity and immunity to interference, though

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enes erçin
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61 views

Problem Solving

The document discusses several topics related to computer networks and power systems: 1) A 10 microsecond switching time is unlikely to significantly impact response time for a client-server system connecting New York to California due to fiber optic propagation speeds. 2) The minimum response time for a client-server system using a satellite network at 40,000km altitude is about 533 milliseconds due to propagation delays. 3) Transmission times for an uncompressed image file vary significantly depending on the connection speed, from over 15 minutes over a 56kbps modem to under 1 second over a 100Mbps Ethernet. 4) Fiber optics have advantages over copper for transmission including higher bandwidth capacity and immunity to interference, though

Uploaded by

enes erçin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELK455E

Computer Networks for Power Systems


Problem Solving
Introduction
 A factor in the delay of a store-and-forward packet-switching system is how
long it takes to store and forward a packet through a switch. If switching time
is 10 μsec, is this likely to be a major factor in the response of a client-server
system where the client is in New York and the server is in California? Assume
the propagation speed in copper and fiber to be 2/3 the speed of light in
vacuum.

 No. The speed of propagation is 200,000 km/sec or 200 meters/µsec. In 10 µsec


the signal travels 2 km. Thus, each switch adds the equivalent of 2 km of extra
cable. If the client and server are separated by 5000 km, traversing even 50
switches adds only 100 km to the total path, which is only 2%. Thus, switching
delay is not a major factor under these circumstances
Introduction
 A client-server system uses a satellite network, with the satellite at a height
of 40,000 km. What is the best-case delay in response to a request?

1 2 3 4
 The request has to go up and down, and the response has to go up and down.

The total path length traversed is thus 160,000 km. The speed of light in air
and vacuum is 300,000 km/sec, so the propagation delay alone is
160,000/300,000 sec or about 533 msec.
Introduction
 An image is 1600 × 1200 pixels with 3 bytes/pixel. Assume the image is
uncompressed. How long does it take to transmit it over a 56-kbps modem
channel? Over a 1-Mbps cable modem? Over a 10-Mbps Ethernet? Over 100-Mbps
Ethernet? Over gigabit Ethernet?

1 byte = 8 bits
 The image is 1600 × 1200 × 3 bytes or 5,760,000 bytes. This is 46,080,000 bits.

At 56,000 bits/sec, it takes about 822.857 sec.

At 1,000,000 bits/sec, it takes 46.080 sec.

At 10,000,000 bits/sec, it takes 4.608 sec.

At 100,000,000 bits/sec, it takes about 0.461 sec.

At 1,000,000,000 bits/sec it takes about 46 msec.


Physical Layer
 A noiseless 4-kHz channel is sampled every 1 msec. What is the maximum
data rate? How does the maximum data rate change if the channel is noisy,
with a signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB?

 A noiseless channel can carry an arbitrarily large amount of information, no


matter how often it is sampled. Just send a lot of data per sample. For the
4-kHz channel, make 2x4000=8000 samples/sec.

If each sample is 16 bits, the channel can send 128 kbps.

If each sample is 1024 bits, the channel can send 8.2 Mbps. Signal power
Bandwidth Noise
Shannon limit

A signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB means S/N = 1000. ( 30 dB = 10.log(1000) )

Using eq with B = 4000 we get a maximum data rate of about 39.86 kbps
Physical Layer
 Television channels are 6 MHz wide. How many bits/sec can be sent if four-
level digital signals are used? Assume a noiseless channel.

6Mx2
 Using the Nyquist theorem, we can sample 12 million times/sec.

(Nyquist proved that if an arbitrary signal has been run through a low-pass filter of bandwidth B, the
filtered signal can be completely reconstructed by making only 2B (exact) samples per second)

Four-level signals provide 2 bits per sample, for a total data rate of 24 Mbps
00
01
12 M sample/sec x 2 bits per sample = 24 Mbps
10
11
Physical Layer
 If a binary signal is sent over a 3-kHz channel whose signal-to-noise ratio is 20 dB,
what is the maximum achievable data rate?

20 dB = 10.log(100)

 A signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB means S/N = 100.

Since log2(101) is about 6.658, the Shannon limit is about 19.975 kbps. The Nyquist
limit is 3x2x1 = 6 kbps for a binary signal (with 1 bit per symbol). The bottleneck is
therefore the Nyquist limit, giving a maximum channel capacity of 6 kbps.
Physical Layer
 What are the advantages of fiber optics over copper as a transmission
medium? Is there any downside of using fiber optics over copper?

Fiber has many advantages over copper.

• It can handle much higher bandwidth than copper.

• It is not affected by power surges, electromagnetic interference, power


failures, or corrosive chemicals in the air.

• It does not leak light and is quite difficult to tap.

• Finally, it is thin and lightweight, resulting in much lower installation costs.

There are some downsides of using fiber over copper.

• It can be damaged easily by being bent too much.

• Fiber interfaces cost more than electrical interfaces.


Physical Layer
 It is desired to send a sequence of computer screen images over an optical
fiber. The screen is 2560 × 1600 pixels, each pixel being 24 bits. There are 60
screen images per second. How much bandwidth is needed, and how many
microns of wavelength are needed for this band at 1.30 microns?

 The data rate is 2560 × 1600 × 24 × 60 bps =5898 Mbps. For simplicity, let us
assume 1 bps per Hz, so that we require roughly 6 × 109 MHz of bandwidth.
From (λf=c) we can convert wavelengths to bandwidth. Let the wavelengths
range from 1.3 microns to 1.3 + λ microns.

 With (f=c/λ), 3 × 108 /1.3 × 10−6 − 3 × 108 /[(1. 3 + λ) × 10−6 ] = 6 × 109 .


Solving, λ = 3.3 × 10 −5 microns. The range of wavelengths used is very short,
even with slightly different assumptions.
Physical Layer
 Calculate the end-to-end transit time for a packet for both GEO (altitude:
35,800 km), MEO (altitude: 18,000 km) and LEO (altitude: 750 km) satellites.

up + down
c
 Transit time = 2 × (Altitude/Speed of light).

The speed of light in air or vacuum is 300,000 km/sec.

This evaluates to,

239 msec for GEO,

120 msec for MEO,

and 5 msec for LEO satellites.


Physical Layer
 How many frequencies does a full-duplex QAM-64 modem use?

 Two
one for upstream
one for downstream

The modulation scheme itself just uses amplitude and phase. The frequency is
not modulated.
Physical Layer
 Ten signals, each requiring 4000 Hz, are multiplexed onto a single channel using
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). What is the minimum bandwidth required
for the multiplexed channel? Assume that the guard bands are 400 Hz wide.

 There are ten 4000 Hz signals.


We need nine guard bands to avoid any interference.
The minimum bandwidth required is 4000 × 10 + 400 × 9= 43, 600 Hz
Physical Layer
 A cable company decides to provide Internet access over cable in a
neighborhood consisting of 5000 houses. The company uses a coaxial cable and
spectrum allocation allowing 100 Mbps downstream bandwidth per cable. To
attract customers, the company decides to guarantee at least 2 Mbps
downstream bandwidth to each house at any time. Describe what the cable
company needs to do to provide this guarantee.

 A 2-Mbps downstream bandwidth guarantee to each house implies at most


100/2 = 50 houses per coaxial cable. Thus, the cable company will need to
split up the existing cable into 5000/50 = 100 coaxial cables and connect each
of them directly to a fiber node

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