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58 views24 pagesEntropy - Mahesh M Rathore
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Pankaj DoshiCopyright
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Entropy
2,
Introduction
The second law of thermodynamics gives a precise definition of a property called entropy. Entropy can be
thought of as a measure of the disorder in the system. The second law states that the entropy-—that is, the
Aisorder—of an isolated system can never decrease,
This chapter starts with the concept of entropy,
entropy principle, entropy transfer and entropy generation, The temperature-entropy di
ausius’ theorem, Clausius inequality, increase of
fam and the third
Jaw of thermodynamics are also discussed in this chapter.
7 DEFINITION
‘The second law of thermodynamics deals with
reversible and irreversible processes. Entropy is @
property of reversible processes and is an abstract
‘property, which cannot be defined precisely, It may
bbe understood by studying its uses in engineering
processes.
The amount of heat supplied to an engine is not
important but the temperature at which heat sup-
plicd is important, because the heat suppliod at
high temperatures has a greater possibility of con-
version into work than the heat supplied at lower
temperatures.
Entropy is a function of quality of heat (ie,
temperature), which leads the conversion of heat
into work. Thus, the increase in entropy is small
when heat is transferred at higher temperature and
change in entropy is large when heat is transferred
at lower temperatures, Therefore, for maximum
entropy thete is minimum possibility of conversion
‘feat nto work and for minimum entropy there is
‘maximum possibility of conversion
72 TWO ISENTROPIC LINES CANNOT
INTERSECT EACH OTHER
Let us assume two reversible adiabatic (isentropic)
lines AC and BC intersecting each other atthe point
. Leta reversible isothermal line AB join the two
isentropic lines at A and 8 as shown in Fig. 7.1
Fig. 741 Two isentropic lines and one isothermal ine
constitute an impossible cycle 224 Thermal Engineering
The reversible processes AB, BC and CA with
suitable direction, together constitute a reversible
cycle, The area enclosed by the three processes on
ap-V plot is work output
But the operation of any device in such a cycle
is impossible because it exchanges heat during a
single isothermal process AB and produces the net
work. Thus this eycle violates the Kelvin. Planck
statement of the second law. Thus we can conclude
that the two reversible adiabatic lines cannot inter
sect each othe,
Two constant-volume lines, two constant-pres-
sure lines of two constant-emperatue lines cannot
intersect each other, because each line contains a
property whose magnitude differs from the other
line, Similarly, we may imagine that cach revers-
‘ble adiabatic line must have some property, whose
magnitude differs in two lines, thus they are not
intersecting. This property of reversible adiabatic
Iines is referred as entropy. Thus, a reversible adia-
batic process is called an isentropic process.
7.3 CLAUSIUS' THEOREM
It states “a reversible line can be replaced by
two reversible adiabatic lines and a reversible
isothermal line
Fig. 722. A reversble line replaced by tuo isentropic
‘and ome isothermal line
Consider a reversible process 1-2. Let two
reversible adiabatic lines 1-4 and B-2 and a
reversible isothermal lin A-B replace the reversible
line 1-2in such a way thatthe area under 1-A-B-2
‘is equal to the area under the curve 1-2 as shown
in Fig. 72,
Applying the fist law of thermodynamics to the
reversible process 1-2;
O12 Mat Ua U o
or processes I-A, A-B and B-2
Qraea~Mrana? Ur Ur Kid)
Since Wa Miaea
Therefore, 2 - Or ana
O14 Qe0t Ona
But isentropic (reversible adiabatic) lines have
no heat transfer, ie,
Qr4-0 and Qp2-0
Thus Ora -Oxs
The heat transfer during the reversible process
1-2 is equal to the heat transfer during the
isothermal process A-B.
Consider a smooth closed curve representing a
reversible cycle. Let the large number of reversible
adiabatic and reversible isothermal lines be drawn,
in such a way that the original reversible eycle
is approximated by a number of small Carnot
cycles as shown in Fig. 73, The sum of the heat
‘tansferred during all small Carnot cycles should be
‘equal to the heat transferred during the reversible
closed eyeles
Fig.73. A reversible cycle approximated by « number
of small Carnot cycles For a small Camot eyele 1-2-3-4, 50, is the
‘heat supplied at the constant temperature 7; and
80, isthe beat rejetion a constant temperature Ty
‘Thus according to absolute temperature scale for a
reversible eyele
805
iB
Considering sign convention for heat transfer,
ic, ve sign for eat ejection
5, , SO,
5h
Simitay, forthe small Camot eye S~6-7-8,
transfer of het 603 at Ts and sat Ty,
604 , 6
Ty
‘Then
@
and soon.
For all small Camot cycles approximating a
reversible eyele
(&@ $02) (20 sa). o
qT qt, qr Ty,
22 0 fora reversible eycle
a § 22 ~ofaarerenite gee.)
‘This is Clausius’ theorem and it states that the
algebraic summation of att ©2 is atways zero for
‘reversible eyele. T
74 CLAUSIUS, INEQUALITY
‘The second law of thermodynamics often leads (0
inequalities. According to Carnot's theorem, an
actual (ireversible) heat engine is always less ef
ficient than a reversible one, operating between the
‘sume two temperature limits, Similarly, the COP of
‘an actual heat pump ot refrigerator is always less
than a reversible one operating between the same
two thermal reservoirs. Another inequality of ther-
‘modynamies is the Clausius inoquality, that is ex-
pressed as
$220 on
Entropy 225
Hghtergeraiee resent tT
ig. 74 A reversible and an irreversible heat engines
‘operating bettcen the same foo-temperature
‘The cycle integral or summation of 22 for
4 cycle is always less than or equal to zero, This
inequality is true forall ypes of cycles, reversible
orirreversible
Consider the reversible and ireversible eat
engines, both operating between ahigh temperature
seservoirat Ty and. low-temperature reserve T
as shown in Fig. 74, The amount of heat supplied,
‘Qu to both heat engines is same. The reversible
hat engine rejects heat Q,, and docs work Wa
«considering the reversible heat engine
6) spe
According to the Kelvin temperature (absolute)
seale,
Oy
Ty qT,
tom § (82) aa 0 03)
Equation (7.3) is valid for @ totally reversible
‘heat engine as well as an intemally reversible heat 226 Thermal Engineering
engine. Foran intemally reversible heat engine, Ty
and T;, are temperatures of the working Mud at lo
cations where heat transfer take place, not the ter
perature of thermal reservoir.
Now consider an irreversible heat engine deliv
ering less Work Wigs than the reversible engine
Thus it rejects more heat Q,,,
Therefore, 21,7 Or,
Expressingss Or, ~ 01,* Oa
‘Then elie integral for ireverible heat engine
82. 7 80n_ 7 80s,
$2 IT
ot $22 QQ _ Oar
TT Tt
Qa Qu 2 9 er
ut Ou Os 0 tr £4.73)
hs $22 --2et v0
The quantity of heat Quip is positive, therefore,
80
$2 0 4)
The Clausius inequality is obtained by combin:
ing Eqs. (7.3) and (7.4),
G22 0
T
wich vali rl gle, Si the Casas
inequality can also be obtained for refrigeators and
heat pumps. But for any machine
fro a5
imps
Example 7.1 heat engine receives 600 LI of heat
from a hightemperature reservoir at 1000 K daring
«ele: It converts 190 AF of this heat 10 net work and
rejects the remaining 450 J toa low-temperature sinkat
300K. Determine if ths heat engine violates the second
Taw of thermodynamics om the Basis of () the Clousue
inequality, and 2) the Carnet principle
Solution
Given A beat engine with different operating con
Heat supplied, Qy~ 60012
Source temperature Ty = 100K
Werk done W~1508
Heat ejected 2, = 45085
Sink Temperature T, = 300K
Tofind
© ee f/22)
(@ Tocompare she eversibe and actual efficiency of
the engine
nay
50) On
0 $2) -oe-#
(22)
ito) (350
80
sows te te f(22) te na
therefore, the ollie heat engine satisfies
the Claurur inequality of the second law of
thermodynamics,
(Gd) The reversible efficiency ofthe heat engine
n_, 300
1 = 0.1 010%
Me Tet ep
‘Actual efficiency ofthe hest engine
ys 1 - Bbw 1 - 32 0.25 or 25%
Qu '~ 0
The actual efficiency ofthe het engine isles
than the Carnot efficiency, therefore, the Carnot
principles satisfied
Example 72 system undergoes a reversible cycle
by exchanging heat Q,, Oz. and Qs with tree thermal
reservirs at TT; and Ty, respective Show that
O_O
ToT 177
RRR TE
Solution According tothe fist aw of thermodynam
Qi + + Os 4)
BO S
Th h “ [reser sri]. [Resnor2 7]
Fig. 75 Schematic
From Eg, (i), we get Q,~ (01 + 03)
Substituting the value of Qs in Ba (i, we get,
2 (20s)
Again from Eq, (), we get 2 -(Q; + 3)
Siig the vale of sn Eg, we et
(O20), 0%
(}2-°
‘vy
From the identity of Eg. i) and (iv), we get
H ._% %
TT 1) [2-2
th Ts. th th oh
‘which ithe required expression,
Example 73. A heat engine supplied with 1130
of eat ata constant temperature of 292°C and it eects
heat at $C. The fllowing rests were recoded:
(@) 834 1 heat Is rejected, &) 356 407 heat is
ejected, and (¢) 278 AW heat is rejected.
Determine whether resuts report a reversible eyle,
Irreversible or impossible cycle
Entropy 27
Solution
Given” heat engine operates with a diferent quantity
‘of eat jection
2) = 1130 KW
Ty = 202°C +273 = 565K
Ty <9 +273 =278K
‘Tosind Whether the result indicates a reversible ine:
‘ersible oran impossible cycle.
$2 0
2-8-8)
2-2-9)
S82) 8)
‘Therefore, the cycle isan impossible eyle
75 ENTROPY: A PROPERTY OF THE
SYSTEM
rmemahenata qty [£2 duced ve
ithe propery of vei iad hs
pi clon te eect prey
Tiss donsa cy pee,
we carey af wo reine Ps
TSS anon ny 6
The gel moa! re ele procs
andar
ft LLG,
$e 28 Thermal Engineering
Fig. 746 Entropy change betwen too states is same,
twhen the process is reversible
SP)+£), -
pth),
Changing the lint of he sce ier snd
Pann)
L@), - LA), aa
So: pocoes| A 2and2-2-Larenenly
seri mons bavere sae al Pati
Snegalpnte oneal ane amen wh tn
ener eats
6Q
the pocess Ths te guamy (22) iss
‘Thus
property, Clausius stated that he had discovered a
new thermodynamic property and he named this
property as entropy. It is designated as s and is
defined as
(
as 2) uk)...
UT ose
The entropy is an extensive property of the
system, and therefore, sometimes itis also refered
8 total entropy. The entropy per unit mass, called
specific entropy and designated a sis an intensive
property, measured in ki/kg-K.
7.6 CHANGE OF ENTROPY IN
AREVERSIBLE PROCESS.
The entropy change of a system during a process
‘can be obtained by integrating Eg. (7.7) between
initial and final states,
AS 52-5; (2)
(ark) (78)
Engineers are usually concemed with the change
inentropy, not in the absolute value of entropy. The
absolute value of entropy can be determined on the
basis ofthe third law of thermodynamics,
oxy Tein! °2 skganinoite pcs
iota oe aie asad
itn rat sgt
Inova Thess ya moa
Sra tegen sony orn
im ina tree Koen
7.7 TEMPERATURE-ENTROPY
DIAGRAM
If entropy is taken along the x-axis and absolute
temperature along the y-axis, the diagram so ob-
tained is called a temperature-entropy (7-8) dia
ram, Such a diagram for a process 1-2 is shown in
Fig. 7.7. Consider the equation of entropy
as (2)
oF Dine ~ Tas 09
The differential arca dA under the process on.
7S diagram represents the differential amount
Fig. 77. Area under a T-5 diagram for a process
represents the heat transfer for an internally
reversible process of heat transfer (6Q) for an internally reversible
process.
‘The total heat transferred during an internally
reversible process can be obtained on integration of
Eq. (79),
On = f° 7.83) 7.10)
Therefore, we can conclude that, the area under
the process curve on T'S diagram represents the
internally reversible heat transfer, tis analogous to
a reversible boundary work being represented by
the area under the process curve ona p-V diagram.
Ona unitmass basis,
84am = Tas OSB)
etm ff tacaane) 010
78 THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY
PRINCIPLE
Consider an irreversible eyele, consisting of two
process, one internally reversible and the other ir-
reversible as shown in Fig. 7.8
rom the Clausius inequality,
52
SP <0
Foran ee AP
SF) LP), <
The fisting in te hv eon fan
internally reversible process and can be written as.
the entropy change 5; ~ 5. Therefore,
Fig. 78 A cycle composed of a reversible and an
irreversible process
Entropy 229
sso f (22
WT
It can be rearranged as
(50
ssi f (2) oan
Inte dierent om
. (82)
“ (?),. oo
We can conclude that the entropy change of a
closed system during an irreversible process is
50
arcater than the integral of SO, evaluated for that
process,
If the process 1-4-2 is considered reversible
then
as = 92
T
md s,s, = f° 22
Thus the general fxm of Eq, (7.14), becomes
S siz [22 aay
The quantity Sy — S; represents the entropy
change of the system during a reversible process
antiseptic [° 22, wih pce ny
transfer with heat, That is, fora reversible process,
AS-S,-S; or SiS
or = Constant 715)
The inequality sign in Eq. (7.13) represents that
the entropy change of a closed system during an
inreversible process is always greater than the en-
twopy transfer fora reversible process, Thatis, some
entropy is generated or created during an irevers-
ible process due to presence of irreversibilies, The
entropy generated during a process is called entro-
‘PY generation, and is designated as Sye,. Thus for
an reversible process;
ss -f 2+5,. 16) 280 Thermal Engineering
The entropy generation Sq is always a positive
‘quantity for an irreversible process and zero for a
reversible process, or
> | O irreversible process
Soo ~ | Oreversible process
< | oimpossible process
Further, the increase of entropy principle states
that the entropy of an isolated system, (the heat
transfer is zero) either inereases or remains con-
stant
an
Sioned 20 18)
‘hus, the entropy change ofan isolated system
can never dectease, if system and surroundings
together (universe) constitute an isolated system.
Thus, forall possible processes inthe universe,
MS ase 20 19)
OF BSptoe* ASurontngs 20 0.20)
Since no actual process inthe universe is truly
reversible, ome entropy is generated during each
process and therefore, the entropy of the universe
(an isolatod system) is continuously increasing.
The more ireversbilities involved in a process, the
large the entropy generation during that process.
7.9 ENTROPY TRANSFER
‘The entropy can be transfered to or from a system
by heat transfer and mass transfer, The entropy
transfer is recognised atthe boundary ofthe system.
andentropy is either gained orlost during process,
eat isa disorganised form of energy and some
Alisorganisation (entropy) always flows with heat
transfer. The heat tansfer to a system increases
the entropy of that system and thus the level of
‘molecular disorder and randomness also increase
The heat rejection from a system decreases the
cntropy of the system, Hence, the entropy transfer
takes place inthe direction of heat flow.
The entropy does not transfer with work trans-
fer, because work is an organised form of energy,
and thus can perform tasks such as raising a weight
or generating electricity. The first law of thermody-
‘namics makes no difference between heat and work
transfer, two forms of energy. But the second law
cxplains that an energy transfer with entropy trans
{fer is heat transfer and an energy transfer without
‘entropy transfer is work transfer
The total entropy isa product of mass and spe-
cific entropy. When the mass transfers within an
open system, entropy transfer also takes place
Both energy and entropy transport takes place into
‘rout ofthe system with stream of mass flow. The
closed system does not involve any mass transfer,
and thus no entropy transport.
710 ENTROPY GENERATION
Al actual processes involve ireversiilities ike
friction, mixing of fluid streams, chemical reac~
tions, heat transfer through finite temperature dif.
ference, unrestrained expansion, non quasi-static
compression or expansion. These inreversibiltes
always cause entropy of a system to increase, This
(a) The entropy decrease of the
reseroir i 5y—Sy
{prestenster |
(©) The entropy increase ofthe block
5,5, s greater than 5,~S,
Fig. 79 increase in entropy of a system is called entropy
‘generation and is designated Sem
For a reversible process, the entropy generation
is always zero, and thus entropy change ofa system
is always equal to entropy transfer into the system.
Consider the heating of a steel block from
temperature 7; t0 T;. The heat is supplied from a
constantfemperature reservoir at the temperature
Ty(T.> T,) The block and reservoir together con-
stitute an isolated system. The transfer of heat from
the reservoir tothe block through the finite temper-
tue difference is irreversible, and thus entropy of
an isolated system increases, The entropy increase
of the block is greater than the entropy decrease
of the reservoir. The difference of two quantities
of entropy is entropy generation, Its illustrated in
Fig. 79,
741 ENTROPY BALANCE
741A Entropy Balance for Closed Systems
A closed system does not involve mass transfer
‘acrossits boundaries thus its entropy change during
process isthe sum of entropy transfer due to heat
‘transfer and entropy generation within a system.
Tan
58 - f2 a5,
Q
«5-H aap
Tot. an
For an adiabatic process (Q ~ 0), the above
expresion dues 0
S251 =Syoe
(ADatatoie ~ Soo (722)
7AL2 Entropy Change for Open Systems
‘An open system involves mass transfer and heat
‘transfer across its boundaries. Therefore, the rate of
entropy change of an open system isthe sum of net
rate of entropy transport due to mass flow, entropy-
transfer rate due to heat transfer at is boundaries
and the net rate of entropy generation within the
system due to ireversibilities involved in the
process. Thus, for one dimensional flow.
Entropy 231
Lae
a
am"
2,
LF Sen 028)
Fora sendy ow device, & = 0
2
Suu = H0,-8)- DL 724)
sa = ,-8)~ 02%)
732 PHYSICAL CONCEPT OF ENTROPY
Entropy is considered as a measure of molecular
disorder or molecular randomness in the mater
When the entropy of a system increases, the posi-
tions of molecules become less predictable, oF the
molecules become highly disordered
Al he solids have fixed positions for their mol-
cules. Thus molecules can only oscillate about
their mean positions and the entropy change for
solids is lowest. It is highest in the gaseous phase.
Tae molecules in the gascous phasc possess a
considerable amount of kinetic energy. Thus they
randomly collide with each other, vibrate and can
‘move in any direction, When heat is added toa gas-
cous substance, the uncertainty of molecules fur
ther increase with increase in their energy level. But
these disorganised molecules as show in Fig. 7.10,
are unable to do any work, They cannot rotate a
paddle wheel. Probably the diferent directions of
‘molecules nullify thei net effect causing the wheel
to remain motionless,
Fig.710 Unorgansed energy of molecules cannot
create useful fet
Now consider a paddle wheel working on an
amount of gas in a closed container as shown in
Fig. 7.11. The work done by the stirrer on the gas
is converted into internal energy of the gas causing
rise in temperature and entropy, creating higher
level of molecular disorder. The organised paddle-
wheel energy is converted toa highly disorganized 232 Thermal Engineering
3G
Fig. 741 The energy is degraded during the proces,
‘and entropy increases
we
form of energy, which cannot be converted back
to the paddle wheel by lowering the temperature
‘of the gas, although a part of this energy can be
converted into useful work by using a heat-engine
cycle, Therefore, the energy is degraded, entropy
inereases during this process and the ability to do
work is reduced
‘The quantity of energy is always preserved in
citer form during an actual process (dhe fist law,
but the quality of energy decreases (the second
law) This degradation of energy always causes an
increase in entropy.
The concept of entropy as a measure of dis-
‘organisation can be applied to all areas. Efficient
people have low-entropy (highly organised) lives.
‘Therefore, they perform their jobs with minimum
delay. On the other hand, inefficient people are
disorganised and lead high entropy lives, They per
orm ther obs in disorganised manner, and hardly
et their goals in the stipulated time
We ean conclude that all natural disorganised
processes are in the direction of increase in mo-
lecular disorder, Further, all processes in the uni-
verse are ireversible, molecular disorder increases
day by day, and thus increases ofthe entropy of the
7.13 Tds RELATIONS
‘The differential form of the conservation-of-energy
equation is
60 = w+ av
Foran internally reversible process, Eq, (7.9)
60 -Tas
and 8W = pd¥
Using, we get
Tas ~pav av 28)
For a unitsmass system
Tas = pdo+ du (726)
Equation (7.26 is called the first Tds relation oF
Gibbs relation
Further, the specific enthalpy is expressed as
hawt po
{In differentia form,
dh = du pdo + vdp
or du pdo = adh vdp
Using in Eq. (7.26), we get
Tas = dh—vdp an
‘This equation isthe second Tas retrion.
‘Thus, the entropy change during a quasi-equilib-
rium process can be obtained by integrating ether
relation given below:
728)
and ds~ (729)
7431 Entropy Change for an Ideal Gas
pom RT and du~ Cyd?
2.2
"Fe
Using in Eq. (7.28) and integrating, we get
~ cyn( 2) + ein 22
as con(B) a (2) 0.30)
Similany for an ideal gas
2-2, ang an- car
T >
Using in Eq (7.29) and integrating, we get
won a-m(2) som
7.32 The Entropy Change of
Solids and Liquids
Solids and most ofthe liquids are considered as in-
compressible since their volume remains constant.
‘Thus, for solids and liquids, dv = 0 and Eq. (7.26)
reduces 10
Tas
Car 732) Since C,= C=C for solids and incompressible
‘uids, therefore du = Ca. The entropy fora process
whose specific heat depends on temperature is
Free wine 039
Ferconst specie ts
‘win
7
744 THuKD LAW oF
THERMODYNAMICS
so 034)
As discussed above, entropy isa measure of the un-
certainty of molecular position in matter in ether
phase. This uncertainty of molecular position in
‘matter is a function of temperature and it decreases
as temperature decreases. It is du to different ener-
ay levels of molecules in the matter. The molecules
‘of a substance become motionless at absolute 2er0
temperature, thus having zero entropy. Therefore,
the entropy of a pure substance at absolute zero
‘temperature is zero, Tis statement is known as the
third law of thermodynamics
‘The third law of thermodynamics isan indepen-
ent principle and it cannot be deduced ftom the
first and second laws of thermodynamics or any
‘other principle of nature. But itis important that the
third law of thermodynamics provides an absolute
reference point (S =0 at 7(K) = 0) forthe determi
nation of entropy.
Example74 Airexpandsina nro system revers-
‘ily from 200 KPa, 167°C to 100 Pa, 112°C. Caldate
‘the change in entropy forth follwing processes:
() A reversible constant-volume process followed by
‘areversibe contantpressare process
0) A reversible adiabatic process followed by a
reverie constansprestire process
(A reversible isorhermal process followed by a
reversible constane pressure process
(If air expands reversibly between ‘wo states
‘assuming Cp and Cyare constants and are 1.015
and 0.728 KK respectively.
Entropy 233
Solution
(i) 1-a-2; Reversible constant volume fllowed by
constant pressure process.
(Gi) 1-6-2; Reversible adiabatic process followed by
constant pressure process.
«i thermal process followed by isobar
(iv) 1-2: Reversible process,
Fig. 712 p-vand T-sdiagroms
Given Reversible expansion of ae
state 2: Pi =200KPa,
67°C +273 = 440K
‘uate 2: 00 KPa
PC ITB = 385K.
O15 kag K
G, -0.728 kg: K
‘To find Entropy change in exch combination of pro-
Analysis
(i) The reversible constant-volume process followed
Dy reversible constant presse process, .e path
a2 234 Thermal Engineering
axing constant-voume process, Yj = V4 and
Pia Pe Pe
it
Using numerical values,
(220) (ss
Using ax = 0.728% In{ 222) 1.0153
‘* (Ho) (%)
0.5086 + 0.568 ~ 0.0634 kirkg-K
(@ Isemropie process followed by isobaric process
tring path 1-6-2
Ratio of specifi heats,
_S Lois |
C0726
Temperature after itentropic expansion
& (2)" (2)
nla a
y= 40x (12) Po s6r7K
200,
The snp hanging ih 1-62,
o PEPE S
®
388)
wera)
0.0634 ag-K
(il) When isothermal process is followed by isobaric
process, path I<-2
Specific ges constant,
R=C,-Cy= 1018-0728
= 0387 Kikg-K
=o 101s
During isothermal process (7) ~ 7) and
Ke Pp _ 20
Hp p20
and 7, = )=440K
‘The entropy ehange during the path I-e-2,
1) golf
ar-nult) ee,uB) 0
= 0.287 x1n2)~ varsxie( SS)
co
0.0634 Irs:
(iv) When air expands reversibly Between two states |
and?
For an ideal gs, the change i pect entopy is
expressed as
wealth
tors (388) -o2mrxi( 2)
0) 0,
=n6s4 ag
1 rove tht enroy ra propery and therefore,
change i ts vale cepnds on end tater non
path flowed ring the proces
Example 75 4 thermal energy source at 800K loses
2000 1F of heat to sink at (a) 500 K, and (0) 750 K.
Determine which heat transfer process i more irrevers-
‘tle
Solution
Give Thayne” 800K, Qruce= 2000 KF
‘Tofind More ireversible process.
© Tua 00K,
(8), Ty = 750.
Analyse The entopy change foreach reservoir ean be
detormined as as= 2
T
(@) When eat is transferred toa snk at 500K
2000 1
300 and AS ~ ASrare* BS
25740-4158 KmK
(When hea ix ranfered toa sink at 750 K
ASace ~-2510K
Sgt = OOH = 2.7K
750K
0d Spa 2542.7 = 40.2 KIIK
‘The total entropy change for the process (a) is large
and, therefore, more irreversible
Example 76 1.5 ofairat | bar 200K is contained
inarigidinsulated tant. During theprocess, 18 Lofwork
is done on the gas through a paddle-shee! mechanism.
Determine thefnal temperate final pressure of air in
‘the tank and change in entropy. Assume specific heat of
sir be constant.
Solution
maiske
y= Your = 100 Pa
7; =300K
W = 18) (Work done on the system)
¥ = constant (rigid tank)
Q = 0nsulated tank)
Tesi
(i) Final temperature of arin the tank,
(i) Fina pressure of ain the tank, and
(i) Change in entropy of at.
Assumpti
(O) Airisanideal gas.
(i) Specific hesteof sic as
(Gp 1.005 Kreg, Cy = O.716 kig-K.
ig For an insulated and rigid tank, heat transfer
‘ed Boundary work ae zero However, the paddle-wheel
work is added to sytem of ar Hence, according tthe
first law of thermosiynamies, for a closed system,
0 0 = Wase® AU
oO =-1BKI Hau
AU =18K
But AU =me,(F;—T)
Ie = 150.716 (Z; ~300)
oe Ty“ S1676K = 43.76°C
Entropy 238
(Gi) Parts, for constant volume process
auh
aT
or py = MSI yes) = 10sse bar
300
(Gi), Change in entro
as ncsw( 2) ' maw()
canbe caleulated as
‘ince volume remains constant, thus
=15xorex a 2625)
= 00584 KK.
Example 77 Two kg of a certin gas with
6, = 085 hig K and C, = 0.70 hig K is allowed to
expand adiabatically through a party open vale, where-
by its volume changes from 00113 m? to some higher
volume and during the procers the entopy increases by
O.8KIIK. Find the volume afer expansion of gas.
Solution
Given =D,
C, ~ 088 ike K
070K K
¥; 00113 m
2 = 0(Since adiabatic)
W = 0 (Since throttling process)
AS - 081K
Teftad Fol ena fom
Andes The stop cng nb cea y
4s -mczi( 3) +m!)
3
i H)
According tothe first aw of themosynamies,
Q-wiau
For fee expansion Q=0,
Thus, AU -0
Therefore, T=T
The gas constant 236 Thermal Engineering
m
te asm!)
Va
f os -2nottni( gt)
:
ais) 206
: is soca se
= 0.1627 m?
Example 78. 4 30-kg block of rom casting at 500 K
is trown ino a large lake whch is ata temperature of
285 K: After the inom block reaches thermal equ
‘wth the fate water determine
(a) Envoy change ofthe iron book,
(6) Entropy change ofthe lake water,
(©) The taal enoopy change during ths proce
Assume average specific heat for the iran Block as
045 Lig K.
Solution
Given Oks 00K
Tite “285K.
‘To find
(@) Enwopy change of the iron block,
Gi) Entropy change ofthe lake, and
(i) Total entropy change during the process
‘Analys
(©) Theenoopy change ofthe iron block
85ya- J 22 = Jc
oa
500.45 x In (8)
“1265 AIK
(Gi) The enropy change of he ake water
“The hea recive bythe lke water at constant
temperature
The beat ejected by he on block
aie = MCT, ~ Ta)
= 5010.45 «($00 288)
=4875
Seu - 28
and ASgy, ~ Rite
Tae 285
“The toal entropy change for this process is the sum
‘ofthese two proceses, ince the block and lake together
form an isolated sytem,
Sal =ASioq + ASyte= 12.65 +1697
437 kK
Example79 Onekgoficeat-20°C is exposed 0 the
tmonphore whichis ot 2°C. The ice melts an comes
{nto thermal equilibriam with the atmosphere. Caledate
the envopy increase of the universe. Take Cy of ice as
2.003 Likg-K and latent heat of the fusion of ice at
3345 biks
Solution
Given m= 1 kg ofice
1, =-20°C+293=253K
T, =20+273 =293K
Latent heat of fision = 334.5 kirk
Sp. heat ofc, Cpe 2.093 Kk -K
‘Tosind Entropy change ofthe universe
neh pf
Fig 7213
Assumption Sp. heat of water, yy ~ 4.187 Akg: K
Analysis Entropy change during heating of ice from
SHC Orc
Process 1-2:
sin f(B) font
= mCpiae( BE) =1x2003x0( 22)
an 283
= 01592 Kuk. Entropy change during fusion of ice (Process 23)
(=m)
ss [(
Entropy change during sensible heating of water from
orc to20°C,
of)
wf oul #)=n6om(
(:
veaneran (FS 0.296 KJ/K
Im,
O _txs34s
12289 4K
Tot entropy change oft candor ten
B54 AS. AS. 91 AS, 4
011599 1.225 + 0396~La8O LIK
Hentabrorbed by the ix-watr sytem from the
sinorphre to each 30°C
Heat bored in warming oie
“Latatheatof sion
+ Heat sbeorbed ding sensible ting
oft ova its gern on
oe w20
= mls ST B+ Cr Tra)
=(4) > (2093 Ekg) (0-20)1°0)
“3345 ita)
(4.87 kagK) « 0-0) C0)
= 460 kd
atropy decreas of the atmosphere
Sum ~ 2-42 21 570 4K
Ts
ntropy change ofthe universe
= Entopy increase ofthe ice-water system
nttopy decrease of atmosphere
= 1.680 1.570~ 0.109 kK
Example 7.10.4 4g of water at 27°C is mixed with
Lig oftce a OC Assuming adiabatic mixing, determine
the final temperature ofthe mixture of water and lee
Coleulate the net change of enropy: Assume enthalpy of
fusion oftce ar 335 Bik
Solution
Given Water mixing with ice
im = Akg of water
7) 29°C or 300K
Entropy 237
m= Lig ofice
7-0
Latentheat of fision ~335 Kk
‘Tofind The net change of entropy
Assumption Specie heat of wate, Gy. = 4.187
tke: K
Analysis On mixing of ice and water, sty inal tem-
perature is 7.
Heat loss by water
= Heat gsin by the ice-water system
eat gain in fusion of ice + esting of water
mya 5)
= ma [lent eat of fusion + Cy (Fj—0)]
Since temperstaredifeence is involved in the rela
tion, therefore, either temperature sale can be used
Using Celsius scale fr ealeulation of Tyof mixture,
44187 x07 7) ~1% (338 +4187)
452.196 16742, ~ 395 + 4.1877;
209297, = 117.196
Ty =55999°C » 56°C =2786K
Entropy change sing temperature in K
(i) Bateopy decrease of 4k of water from 27°C to
sec
1;
Sort =m Cp In|
i
= 4 4187 «In (27867300)
123910
(G atropy change of kg of ex = Entropy increase
during fusion of ce
sy, = myst 14 BS
To mM.
= lam ik
Gi Btropy increase of | of water from 0° to
sec
Tr
see Gul)
arena 284)
= 0.0850 KK -
= 5 cet ASwar?
Swi =1:227 + 00850 = 1.312 RK. 238 Thermal Engineering
[Net entropy change due to mixing of 1 kg of ee
and kg of water
Spt = BS AS
= 0.30 kK
312-1239
Example 711 4 bg of aris compressed from 40°C
land 125 kPato 250°C and 875 kPa. Tes then thotled
257 a Finally itis cooled ta pressure of 125 KPa and
180°C. Caeulte the overall change in entopy and also
Jor each process.
Take C,~ 1,005 Rkg-K and) Cy 0.717 Riig-K
Solution
Given Compression, throng and cooling of ait.
m= akg
Gp = 1.008 Kk K
Cy = O71 kg K
state p= 2SKPa
7) -49'C-#273~313K
state ps =8TS KPa
Ty = 280°C +273 -823.K
Sate 257 kPa
hy
Site y= 12S kPa
T,= 1R0C +273 = 453K
‘To find Change in entropy foreach process and net
‘ange:
‘Analysis The gas constant for a
R=G,-Cy
= 11005 “0.717 = 0.288 kitke K
(0) The process !-2, a polytopic process
i
= ax {saa( 2
4x (0516-1
(i) The process 2-3, doting process
in=hy
ohh
woof
fom
= 141 kai
(i) The process 4, poltrople cooling process
sserafoa(8)-f a
~ vfunsxn($2) oan (25)
4.0144 00075) ~028
vera chansin eons,
BStuat = ASi2 + ASr-3 + BS
fore tait--0ase7
asta
Example 712. Show tha for an ideal gas, the slope
ofthe constant pressre line is ess tha that ofthe con-
stan-volume line
Solution For | kg of el gs, rst Tas rlation
Tds = du+ pdo=CylT + pdo
Fora constantvolume process £0 ~0
Tas = Cyl?
1 _(ar
« €-(), °
‘Again fom the scond Ts veation
Tis = dh=edp
‘Fora constant-pressure process, dp
Tas = dh= Col?
1 (ar
« g- .. si
rh gay (7) set sp tn
cn ign 66 il pte
(3), <@)
‘Therefore asshownin Fig. 7.14, the slope of constant
pressure line less than the constant volume line.
Fig. 714 Example 743 Two identical bodies of same heat
capacity are atthe same inal temperature Ty =A re
{figerator operates Beween these v0 bodies, antl one
body is cooled tothe temperature Ts. Ifthe bodies are at
‘constant temperatures and donot undergo any change of
Phase, prove thal the minimnen cmon of work nected by
‘he refigerator is
Ban
ofE t 21
Solution Consider two bodies A and B. Heat i te
moved from the body 4 to bring it
Heat eomoved perk from the body 4
4 ~ GATT)
“eat discharged perk by reftgestor tothe body 3
naw GET)
‘where T becomes the temperature of the body B afer
heat addition
Workinput tothe eigerator,
w=GAT-1)~ G(T -T3)
G(r-2T +t) ®
‘The decrease of entropy ofthe body 4
au- fre, (£ h)
fol F)-on()
“The etoy ines ofthe oy B
20 (a r)
an= fie (Z)=cm(Z
fo(P)-om(7)
Net eaopy change ofthe seveniberetigeton
oo
Thus eye 2 ary +000
(n\
Therefor, Cyt 7) Gal) 0
wT) -
os
Entropy 239
(BE).
UP)
oe re
ty
Substituting in Ea.)
weg (Ee roves)
Example 718 A mass m of fid ato temperature
fr mized with an equal mass ofthe same fd a 9 tem:
perature Ts Prove that the resultant change in entropy of
‘he verses
amc, In +7)
ih
Solution 1fequal mass oftwo this are mine then
‘he equilibrium temperature Tsay) canbe cbuined x
imply mGyTy = MGT
7 Wmilitmt) _ Ciet)
aad m=2m,
The entropy change canbe expressed as
wren | nef
(2
mC, In lm,
Substituting the value of Tin the above rslaton, we
et
Ur,+ aN TO
AS =m
Gem
‘The arithmetic mean
esometicmean JCF). Thtfre.in (2) }
's always positive. ht
isalvays greater than 240 Thermal Engineering
Example 715 4 heat engine having a working sub-
stance of mast m and specific heat C, works between a
source at temperature Ty anda sink ata temperature
T Prove that the maximum obtainable work fom such
rome inghen
(Vi -vRy
Solution The reversible engine gives maximum
work, Sine it works Between the source temperature
1 and the sink temperature T;, Let the engine produces
‘work at the temperature .
(sean)
Wes
Fig. 715
[Net entropy change atthe engine = Entropy decrease
of source ~ Entropy increase of snk
7 59 fh 60
td
~ nezu( Enc)
For reversible engine operating in cycle
as=0
as~
Therefore,
“o(e) =n)
= olf) -a)
Boge Penh
or 1 (ih
Now the work doe by the engine
Heat suppl ent jected
Wau = MCT, -T)~mET-T3)
= mGytT 201)
= mC, -2YT Ts +7)
Waa =m (ATR
Example7.16 Show thatthe enropychange between
states! and ?in a polstropic process po" ~ constant is
(Proved)
_ivenby the following raion
Pt pial 2
oon aadg Pal)
q
none Zot an( 2)
Onn yn
Solution Fora polytropic process,
prot= pret
th _(m
= 2-(3)
“Taking natural logon bth sides
og) nn (a)-226(3)-
‘The general relations for change in enttopy of &
system
acaceu(Seae(2)
mo ncon(iin(a)
a
(vz 1 (B
ving (32) = [2 Ji) from Eq (in
Ea di.wese
n)__k
aaa = Gla B
“(FB -atn()
wenae G,
f. 1 th
“ (a-a)()
ges "=P pin( 2) Proved (a)
28 Fp MT ‘
om)
gi) we get
(252) —(22) fom ea 0 in [ersten aul)
y=) a
Aio(2) Proved)
y=
Example 7.17 Calculate the minimum work required
teh 2g of drinking water froma temperature of 25°C
to PC. TheC, of water as 4.184 RIK.
Solution
Given m= 2g of water
Tyg ~ Ty 25°C = 298K
Tofind The minimum or reversible) work ogi
Astumption Asioming constant ese ding cook
=
Anaya Dering cooling process of drinking water
Entropy decease of ater,
as, =mcyi( Zt)
3
And eat remove fromthe water
1 mGsTy-T)
Heat sup tthe stmoepber,
Qa = Win Oe
CJ Qe = Win + mE p(T Te)
The entropy increase of amospere
Wat mC, Cin~To)
Ty
Fora effigerator opting onthe reversible yee the
actentopy chang 20. These,
Wat my (Tn ~Ts) 1y
Wea * mCp{T Te) ye, Tit) 0
Ty oe (*)
or mem) med
Entropy 241
eeleterel
wn, -2xaie [een 28
ain smic(23)
79]
J
Example 7.18 A novel reversible heat engine plot on
as diagram is as cirele. The maximum and minimum
‘temperatures are 1100 K and 200K, respectively and the
‘maximum ery change inthe eyes 2 KK; Calewate
‘the heat added to the eel, heat rejected, net work ouput
‘andthe thermal efficiency ofthe eel
Solution
Given T-s diagram is circle as shown in Fig. 7.16
7) = 1100K
1, =200K
AS ~24K
‘Tofind
(i) Hest addition to engine,
(i) Heat rejection by engine,
(i) EMiieney ofthe engine
Analyse Mean temperature
_ st)
z
1, = 2 «9
5
From Fig. 716,
‘Area 1231 ~area 1361
= ares of semicircle 242 Thermal Engincering
=os »(f \xp?
4)
= o5x(%)x(arxan)
whee ay =210K
be At = 1100-20 = 900 x
or Ara 231 = 08x(¥) 2x 900 = 706851
Hea adel = Upper sil ra
+ lower rectangle area
“Ths, heat added = area (1341) ~ area (1365)
= 70685 12% 650 =2006.85 kd
Heat ejection ~ Area of etangle 1365
cea of semicircle 1321
= 2x 650-70685 = 593.151
“The work done in the eyele
Head added heat ejection
= 200685 - 593.15 =1413.7 kd
‘Thermal efficiency of eyele
Work done
~ Gat eupplied
_ 14137
0068s
= 07044 or 70.44%
Example 719. (a) 1 kg water at 0°C te brought into
contact witha heat reservoir at 97°C. When water has
reached 90°C; find
@ Envopy change of water,
(Entropy change of the reservoir
(8) Entropy change ofthe universe
(6) If waters heated frm O°C to PC by fret ringing
fein contact wth the reservoir at 40°C and then with a
reservoir at SPC, what wil be the entropy change ofthe
(6) Esplain how water might be heated from (°C to 90°C
with almost no change ln entropy ofthe universe?
Solution
Given m= ke
T.=0C=29K
T= 90°C = 363K
i
(i) Bntopy change of water,
(a) Entropy change of eservoin,
Gi) Entropy change of usiverse.
Assumption The specific heat of water as 4.1871. K
aly
Ty attuned wae fom se,
we gatehiay
