EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

1(a). VERNIER CALIPERS

AIM:
1. To measure the outer diameter of a cylinder.
2. To measure the inner diameter and length of a cylinder and hence to
calculate its inner volume.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL USED:

Vernier Calipers and cylindrical object like beaker.
PRINCIPLE:
The difference in the magnitude of one main scale division (M.S.D) and one Vernier
scale division (V.S.D) is called the least count of the instrument.
FORMULAS USED:
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 1 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Least Count = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒

Total Reading = MSR + (CVD x LC)

Inner Volume of the cylinder, V = 𝜋𝑟1 2 ℎ ………… (1)

Where h is the height of the cylinder and r1 is the inner radius of the
cylinder.
PROCEDURE:
(A) Measuring the Outer Diameter of a Cylinder:
1. Keeping the jaws of Vernier Calipers closed, the zero mark of the main scale
is observed and the zero error is noted.
2. The given cylinder is held gently in between the lower jaws.
3. The main scale division and the coinciding Vernier scale division are noted.
4. The total reading is calculated.
5. The steps 2-4 are repeated to obtain the diameter of the body at different
positions on its curved surface.
6. The observations were recorded in the tabular form.
7. The mean of the corrected readings of the outer diameter of the cylinder is
found.
(B) Measuring the Internal Diameter and Depth (height) of the given
cylinder:
1. The upper jaws of the Vernier Calipers are adjusted so as to touch the wall of
the cylinder from inside.
2. The steps 2-4 are repeated as in (A) to obtain the value of internal diameter
of the cylinder. The readings are taken at two different positions of the
cylinder.
3. The steps 2-4 of part (A) of the experiment are repeated to obtain depth of
the given cylinder. The readings for depth are taken at different positions of
the cylinder.
4. The observations are recorded in the tabular form with proper units and
significant figures.
5. The mean of the corrected readings of the internal diameter and depth of the
given cylinder are found.
6. The internal volume of the cylinder is calculated using the formula (1).
FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:
To find the least count of the Vernier calipers
Value of 1 main scale division = ……………………. cm
Total number of divisions in the Vernier scale, n = ………. div

Value of 1 main scale division

Least Count =
Total number of divisions on the vernier scale

= ………………. =…………………. cm
Inner Diameter of the Cylinder:

Trial No MSR(cm) CVD Inner Diameter, D1 = MSR + (CVD x LC) (cm)

1

Mean value of the inner diameter, D1 = ……………………… cm

𝐷1
Mean value of the inner radius, r1 = ……………………… cm
2

Outer Diameter of the Cylinder:

Trial No MSR(cm) CVD Outer Diameter, D2 = MSR + (CVD x LC) (cm)

1

Mean value of the inner diameter, D2 = ……………………… cm

𝐷2
Mean value of the inner radius, r2 = ……………………… cm
2

Height of the Cylinder:

Trial No MSR(cm) CVD Height, h = MSR + (CVD x LC) (cm)

1

Mean value of height, h = …………………… cm

CALCULATIONS:

Inner Volume of the Cylinder, V = 𝜋 𝑟12 h

=
= ……………….. x 10-6 m3
 RESULT:
1.Outer Diameter of the cylinder, D = ………………… x 10-2 m
2.Inner Volume of the cylinder, V = …………………... x 10-6 m3
EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

1(b). VERNIER CALIPERS

AIM: To measure the length (l), breadth (b) and thickness (h) of an object of known mass and
hence to calculate its density.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL USED:
Vernier Calipers, Rectangular block of known mass and cylindrical object like beaker.
PRINCIPLE:
The difference in the magnitude of one main scale division (M.S.D) and one Vernier
scale division (V.S.D) is called the least count of the instrument.
FORMULAS USED:

Value of 1 main scale division

Least Count =
Total number of divisions on the vernier scale

Total Reading = MSR + (CVD x LC)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
Density of rectangular object = 𝑙 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ = 𝑙𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ

PROCEDURE:
Measuring the dimensions of a regular rectangular body to determine its density:
1. The length of the rectangular block is measured by repeating steps 2-4 described in (A)
after holding a block lengthwise between the jaws of the Vernier calipers.
2. Similarly, the other dimensions (breadth b and height h) are also measured by holding
the rectangular block in proper positions.
3. The observations for length, breadth and height of the rectangular block are recorded
in tabular form.
4. The mean of readings taken for length, breadth and height separately.
5. The density of the rectangular box is calculated using the formula.
FIGURE:
OBSERVATIONS:
To find the least count of the Vernier Calipers
Value of 1 main scale division = …………………….. cm
Total number of divisions in the Vernier scale, n = ………... div
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Least Count = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = …………... = ………. cm

Length of the Rectangular Object:

Trial No MSR(cm) CVD Length, ℓ = MSR + (CVD x LC) (cm)

Mean value of ℓ = ………………… cm

Breadth of the Rectangular Object:

Trial No MSR(cm) CVD Breadth b = MSR + (CVD x LC) (cm)

Mean value of b = …………………. cm

Height of the Rectangular Object:

Trial No MSR(cm) CVD Height, h = MSR + (CVD x LC) (cm)

2
 3

Mean value of h = ………………. cm

CALCULATIONS:
Mass of the rectangular object, m = …………………. g =……………………… kg
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚
Density of a Rectangular Object ρ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙 𝑥 𝑏 𝑥 ℎ

𝜌 = …………………… kgm-3

RESULT:

Density of the Rectangular Object, ρ = …………………… kgm-3

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

2(a). SCREW GAUGE

AIM:

To measure the diameter of a given wire.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Wire and screw gauge.

PRINCIPLE:

The linear distance moved by the screw is directly proportional to the rotation
given to it. The linear distance moved by the screw when it is rotated by one division
of the circular scale, is the least distance that can be measured accurately by the
instrument. It is called the least count of the instrument.

FORMULAS USED:
Displacement on the pitch scale
Pitch = Number of rotations given to the screw head

Pitch
Least Count = No of divisons on the head scale

Total Reading = PSR + (Corrected HSR x LC)

PROCEDURE:

1. The zero error and zero correction of the screw gauge are noted by rotating
the screw till the studs touches each other.
2. The pitch of the screw is found out by giving certain number of rotations to
the screw heads. Then the least count of the screw gauge is calculated using the formula.
3. Zero error and zero correction are noted.
4. The given wire is kept between the screw and the stud of the screw gauge
and the ratchet of the screw gauge is rotated till the wire is gently gripped
between the screw and the stud as shown in the figure. The rotation is
stopped when a click sound is heard.
5. The pitch scale and head scale readings are noted.
6. The total reading is calculated using the formula.
7. The measurement is made by repeating the steps 4-6 at different positions.
8. The mean of the different values gives the diameter of the wire.
9. The given glass sheet is taken and the steps 4-6 are repeated at different
positions.
10. The mean of the different values gives the thickness of the wire.

FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:

To find the Least Count:

Number of rotations given to the screw head = …………
Displacement of the screw along the pitch scale = …………… mm
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Pitch = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑…………… = ………... mm

Total number of divisions in the head scale = ……………. Div.

𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least Count = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒…… = ……………mm

Zero error = ………………… head scale divisions

Zero correction, Z = ……………….
DIAMETER OF THE WIRE:

Trial PSR(mm) HSR Corrected HSR, Diameter, d = PSR + (H* x LC)(mm)

(H)
H* = H + Z

2
 3

Mean value of diameter, d = …………………………. mm

CALCULATIONS:

Diameter, d = PSR + (H* x LC) (mm)

RESULT:

1. The diameter of the wire = ………………. X 10-3 m

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

2(b). SCREW GAUGE

AIM:

1. To measure the thickness and hence to calculate the volume of a given sheet.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Glass sheet and Screw gauge.

PRINCIPLE:

The linear distance moved by the screw is directly proportional to the rotation
given to it. The linear distance moved by the screw when it is rotated by one division
of the circular scale, is the least distance that can be measured accurately by the
instrument. It is called the least count of the instrument.

FORMULAS USED:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Pitch = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑…………… = ………... mm

Total number of divisions in the head scale = ……………. Div.

𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least Count = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = ……….… = ……………mm

Total Reading = PSR + (Corrected HSR x LC)

Volume of the Sheet = A x t

where A is the area and t are the thickness of the glass sheet

PROCEDURE:

1. The zero error and zero correction of the screw gauge are noted by rotating the screw
till the studs touch each other.
2. The pitch of the screw is found out by giving certain number of rotations to the screw
head. Then the least count of the screw gauge is calculated using the formula.
3. Zero error and zero correction are noted.
4. The given wire is kept between the screw and the stud of the screw gauge and the ratchet
of the screw gauge is rotated till the wire is gently gripped between the screw and the
stud as shown in the figure. The rotation is stopped when a click sound is heard.
5. The pitch scale and head scale readings are noted.
6. The total reading is calculated using the formula.
7. The measurement is made by repeating the steps 4-6 at different positions.
8. The mean of the different values gives the diameter of the wire.
9. The given glass sheet is taken and the steps 4-6 are repeated at different positions.
10. The mean of the different values gives the thickness of the wire.

FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:

To find the Least Count:

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Pitch = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑…………… = ………... mm

Total number of divisions in the head scale = ……………. Div.

𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least Count = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒…… = ……………mm

Zero error = ………………… head scale divisions

Zero correction, Z = ……………….
Thickness of the glass sheet:

Trial PSR(mm) HSR Corrected HSR, Thickness, t = PSR + (H* x LC)(mm)

(H)
H* = H x Z

Mean value of thickness, t = …………………………. mm

From the outline drawn on the graph sheet:

Area of the sheet, A = ………………... mm2 = …………………… X 10-6 m2

CALCULATION:

Volume of the sheet, V = A x t

= ……………….. x 10-9 m3

RESULT:

1. The thickness of the glass sheet = …………………. x10-3 m

2. Volume of the glass sheet = ………………………… x10-9 m3

EXPERIMENT NO:

DATE:

3. SPHEROMETER

AIM:
To determine the radius of curvature of a given spherical surface using a Spherometer.
APPARATUS USED:
Spherometer, a spherical surface such as a watch glass and a plane glass plate
PRINCIPLE:
The radius of the sphere of which the spherical surface forms a part is called radius of
curvature of the spherical surface.
FORMULAS USED:
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Pitch = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = ………… = ………... mm

𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least Count = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = ………... = ……………mm

𝑙2 ℎ
R = 6ℎ + 2 ;where l is the distance between the tips of the legs and h is the
Spherometer reading.

PROCEDURE:
1. The value of one division on pitch scale of the Spherometer is noted.
2. The pitch of the screw is found out by giving certain number of rotations to
the screw heads. Then the least count of the Spherometer is calculated using
the formula.
3. The given spherical surface is placed on the plane glass plate and then the Spherometer
is kept on it by raising or lowering the central screw sufficiently upwards or downwards
so that the three Spherometer legs rest on the spherical surface.
4. The central screw is rotated till it gently touches the spherical surface. It is ensured
when the screw and its image formed due to reflection from the surface beneath it touch
each other.
5. The pitch scale reading and the division of the circular head scale that is in line with
the pitch scale are noted (H).
6. The readings are recorded on the tabular column and the total reading is calculated as
H1.
7. The spherical surface is removed and the Spherometer is placed on the plane
glass plate. The central screw is turned till its tip gently touches the glass
plate. The corresponding total reading H2 is calculated.
8. The difference between H1 and H2 is equal to the value of sagitta (H).
9. The steps 3-8 are repeated three more times by rotating the spherical surface
leaving its centre undisturbed and the mean value of h is found.
10. The Spherometer placed on a sheet of paper and pressed it lightly to get the impressions
of the tips of its three legs. The three impressions are joined to make an equilateral
triangle ABC and the lengths of its sides are measured. The mean distance between two
Spherometer legs is calculated as l.
11. The radius of curvature R of the given spherical surface is calculated using the formula
given above.

FIGURE:

OBSERVATIONS:
To Find the Least Count:
Number of rotations given to the screw = …………………
Displacement of the screw along the pitch scale = …………… mm
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒
Pitch = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = ………… = ………... mm

𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
Least Count = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = ………... = ……………mm

𝐴𝐵+𝐵𝐶+𝐴𝐶
Distance between Spherometer legs, l = = ………………...= …….….cm
3

l = ……... m.
 Spherometer Readings:

With Curved Surface With Plane Surface

H=H1 –
PSR HSR H1 = PSR+ (HSR x PSR HSR H2=PSR + (HSR
H2(mm)
LC) (mm) x LC) (mm)
(mm) (mm)

Mean value of H = …………… mm = ………… m

CALCULATIONS:
𝑙2 ℎ
R = 6ℎ + 2

= ………………….m
RESULT:
The radius of curvature of the given spherical surface is, R = …………….m