#2

FLEX Course Material

Examine differential
equations analytically by
studying specialized
techniques for obtaining

SOLUTION OF
implicit and explicit
solutions

FIRST-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

 Separable Equations
 Variable Transformation
 Exact Equations
 Non-Exact Equations
 Integrable Combinations
 Linear Equations
 Bernoulli’s Equation

Prepared by:
Joseph D. Retumban, ChE, MS EnE
Department Chair – General Engineering
Linear Equations

Linear Equations
A first-order differential equation of the form

dy
a1 x + a0 x y = g(x)
dx

is said to be a linear equation in the dependent variable y.

Standard Form:
dy
+ y ∙ P x = Q(x)
dx

Solution of Linear Equations

1. Write the linear equation into the standard form.

P(x)dx
2. Get the integrating factor, u x = e .

3. The solution of the DE can be formulated as follows: u x ∙ y = u x ∙ Q(x) dx.

Note: (Other Form)

Linear Equation in the Dependent Variable x

dx
+ x ∙ P y = Q(y)
dy

Method of Solution:

1.Write the linear equation into the standard form.

P(y)d𝑦
2.Get the integrating factor, u y = e .

3.The solution of the DE can be formulated as follows: u y ∙ x = u y ∙ Q(y) dy.

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Linear Equations
Example:

Solve the following first-order linear differential equations.

dy
1. x dx + y = x3

Write the DE in standard form first and solve the integrating factor.

dy
x + y = x3
dx
dy 3 x
2
x
dx + y = x
x x x
dy 1
+y = x2
dx x
(Linear in y)
1
P x = ; Q x = x2
x
P(x)dx
u x =e
1
dx
u x =e x = eln x = x

u x ∙y= u x ∙ Q x dx

x∙y= x ∙ x2 dx

xy = x3 dx

x4
xy = +c
4
x4
4 xy = + c 4
4
4xy = x 4 + 4c

4xy − x4 = c

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Linear Equations
Example:

Solve the following first-order linear differential equations.

2. x2 y′ = 1 − 2xy; y 1 = 2

Write the DE in standard form first and solve the integrating factor.

x 2 y ′ = 1 − 2xy
dy
x2 = 1 − 2xy
dx
dy
x2
dx = 1 − 2xy
x2 x2 x2
x
dy 1 2
= 2−y
dx x x
dy 2 1
+y = 2
dx x x
(Linear in y)
2 1
P x = ; Q x = 2
x x
P(x)dx
u x =e
2
dx
u x =e x = e2 ln x = x2

u x ∙y= u x ∙ Q x dx

1
x2 ∙ y = x2 ∙ dx
x2

x2 y = dx

x2 y = x + c

x2y − x = c

Solve for the value of c given y 1 = 2.

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Linear Equations
x2 y − x = c

Solve for the value of c given y 1 = 2.

x2y − x = c
2
1 2 −1=c

c=1

x2 y − x = 1

dy sin y
3. =
dx x cos y−sin2 y

Write the DE in standard form first and solve the integrating factor.

dy sin y
=
dx x cos y − sin2 y
xcos y − sin2 y dy = sin y dx

xcos y − sin2 y dy sin y dx

=
sin y dy sin y dy
sin y
xcos y sin2 y dx
− =
sin y sin y dy
dx
xcot y − sin y =
dy
dx
−sin y = − xcot y
dy
dx
+ x − cot y = −sin y
dy
(Linear in x)

P y = −cot y ; Q y = − sin y
P(y)dy
u y =e

u y =e −cot y dy
= e− ln sin y = (sin y)−1 = csc y

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Linear Equations
u y = csc y

u y ∙x= u y ∙ Q y dy

csc y ∙ x = csc y ∙ (− sin y) dy

1
xcsc y = − sin y dy
sin y

xcsc y = − dy

xcsc y = −y + c

x csc y + y = c

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Bernoulli’s Equations

Bernoulli’s Equations
A first-order differential equation of the form

dy
+ y ∙ P x = Q(x) ∙ y n
dx

is called a Bernoulli’s equation in y.

Solution of Bernoulli’s Equations

1. Make the DE linear by multiplying (−n + 1)y−n and substitute

dz dy
z = y−n+1 ; = (−n + 1)y−n
dx dx
2. The general solution of the linear differential equation in terms of the variable z can be
accomplished by using the method of solution for linear equations.

Example:

Solve the following differential equations.

dy 3y
1. dx
+ x = x4 y3

dy 3
+y = x4 y3
dx x
Eliminate y 3 from the left side of the equation.

dy 3
y −3 +y = x 4 y 3 y −3
dx x
y −3 dy 3
+ y −3 y = x 4 y 3 y −3
dx x
y −3 dy 3
+ y −2 = x4
dx x
Transform the equation into one that is linear in the variable z.

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Bernoulli’s Equations

y −3 dy 3
+ y −2 = x4
dx x
Transform the equation into one that is linear in the variable z.

Let z = y −2

dz = −2y −3 dy

y −3 dy 3
−2 + y −2 = x4 −2
dx x
−2y −3 dy 3
+ y −2 −2 = −2x 4
dx x
dz −6
+z = −2x 4
dx x
(Linear in z)
−6
P x = ; Q x = −2x4
x
P(x)dx
u x =e
−6
dx
u x =e x = e−6 ln x = x−6

u x ∙z= u x ∙ Q x dx

x−6 ∙ z = x−6 ∙ −2x4 dx

x−6 z = −2x−2 dx

−6
x −1
x z = −2 +c
−1
2
x−6 z = +c
x
z 2
− =c
x6 x
y−2 2
− =c
x6 x

1 2
− =c
x6 y2 x
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Bernoulli’s Equations

2. y 6y2 − x − 1 dx + 2x dy = 0

y 6y 2 − x − 1 dx + 2x dy = 0
0
y 6y 2 − x − 1 dx 2x dy 0
+ =
2x dx 2x dx 2x dx
dy y 6y2 − x − 1
+ =0
dx 2x
dy 6y 3 −x − 1
+ +y =0
dx 2x 2x

dy −x − 1 6y3
+y =−
dx 2x 2x
Eliminate y 3 from the left side of the equation.

dy −x − 1 6y 3
y −3 +y =− y −3
dx 2x 2x
3
y −3 dy −x − 1 6y 3 y −3
+ y −3 y =−
dx 2x 2x
y −3 dy −x − 1 3
+ y −2 =−
dx 2x x

Transform the equation into one that is linear in the variable z.

Let z = y −2

dz = −2y −3 dy

y −3 dy −x − 1 3
−2 + y −2 =− −2
dx 2x x
−2y −3 dy −x − 1 6
+ y −2 −2 =
dx 2x x

dz −x − 1 6
+z − =
dx x x

dz x+1 6
+z =
dx x x
(Linear in z)

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Bernoulli’s Equations

dz x+1 6
+z =
dx x x
(Linear in z)
x+1 6
P x = ; Q x =
x x
P(x)dx
u x =e
x+1 x 1 1
dx + dx 1+ dx
u x =e x =e x x =e x = e(x+ln x) = ex eln x = xex

u x ∙z= u x ∙ Q x dx

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xex ∙ z = xex ∙ dx
x

xex ∙ z = 6ex dx

xex ∙ z = 6ex + c

xex ∙ z − 6ex = c

xex ∙ y−2 − 6ex = c

xex
− 6ex = c
y2

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Bernoulli’s Equations
2x
3. dx − y
dy = x4 dy

2x
dx − dy = x4 dy
y
2x
dx y dy x 4 dy
− =
dy dy dy
dx 2x
− = x4
dy y
dx 2
+x − = x4
dy y
Eliminate x 4 from the left side of the equation.

dx 2
x −4 +x − = x 4 x −4
dy y
x −4 dx 2
+ x −4 x − = x 4 x −4
dy y
x −4 dx 2
+ x −3 − =1
dy y

Transform the equation into one that is linear in the variable z.

Let z = x −3

dz = −3x −4 dx

x −4 dx 2
−3 + x −3 − =1 −3
dy y
−3x −4 dx 2
+ x −3 −3 − = −3
dy y
dz 6
+z = −3
dy y
(Linear in z)

6
P y = ; Q y = −3
y
P(y)dy
u y =e
6
dy 6
u y =e y = e6 ln y = eln y = y6

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Bernoulli’s Equations
u y = y6

u y ∙z= u y ∙ Q y dy

y6 ∙ z = y6 −3 dy

y7
y6 z = −3 +c
7
3
y6 z = − y7 + c
7
3
y6 z + y7 = c
7
3
7 y6 z + y7 = c 7
7
7y 6 z + 3y 7 = 7c

7y 6 x −3 + 3y 7 = c

7y6
+ 3y7 = c
x3

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