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Multiple Access TDMA

Multiple access refers to techniques that allow multiple users to share limited bandwidth resources like wireless spectrum or cable connections simultaneously. There are several multiple access methods including frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and spatial division multiple access (SDMA). TDMA divides each communication channel into time slots that are assigned to different users, allowing them to transmit data in their assigned time slot without interference. For example, a T1 transmission line can carry 24 voice calls using TDMA by assigning each call its own 64-kbps time slot in a recurring frame.

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53 views

Multiple Access TDMA

Multiple access refers to techniques that allow multiple users to share limited bandwidth resources like wireless spectrum or cable connections simultaneously. There are several multiple access methods including frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and spatial division multiple access (SDMA). TDMA divides each communication channel into time slots that are assigned to different users, allowing them to transmit data in their assigned time slot without interference. For example, a T1 transmission line can carry 24 voice calls using TDMA by assigning each call its own 64-kbps time slot in a recurring frame.

Uploaded by

Jasman Singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What Does Multiple Access Mean?

Multiple access is a technique that lets multiple mobile users share the allotted
spectrum in the most effective manner.

Since the spectrum is limited, the sharing is necessary to improve the overall
capacity over a geographical area. This is carried out by permitting the available
bandwidth to be used simultaneously by different users.

In computer networks and telecommunications, the multiple access method permits


various terminals to connect to the same multi-point transmission medium to
transmit over it and share its capacity.

A few examples of shared physical media include bus networks, wireless networks,
star networks, ring networks, half-duplex point-to-point links, etc.

In terms of Satellite Communication:

Sometimes a satellite’s service is present at a particular location on


the earth station and sometimes it is not present. That means, a
satellite may have different service stations of its own located at
different places on the earth. They send carrier signal for the
satellite.

In this situation, we do multiple access to enable satellite to take or


give signals from different stations at time without any interference
between them.
In other terms, we say:

Access methods are multiplexing techniques that provide


communications services to multiple users in a single-bandwidth wired
or wireless medium.

Communications channels, whether they’re wireless spectrum segments


or cable connections, are expensive. Communications services providers
must engage multiple paid users over limited resources to make a profit.
Access methods allow many users to share these limited channels to
provide the economy of scale necessary for a successful communications
business.

There are five basic access or multiplexing methods:

frequency division multiple access (FDMA),

time division multiple access (TDMA),

code division multiple access (CDMA),

orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and

spatial division multiple access (SDMA).

Each one of these takes advantage of multiplexing methods, dividing the


bandwidth of the signal into different sub-bands, which are then
assigned to different users in order to allow multiple users to share a
single channel.

Multiplexing is a communications technique that multiplexes, or


combines, multiple signals into a single signal. The reverse process is
called demultiplexing. For example, the voice signals of many telephone
callers can be multiplexed over a single data link by using time-division
multiplexing (TDM).

The multiplexing methods for FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, and


SDMA are all generally similar.

In each case, a plurality of communication channels is multiplexed


together to form a single communication channel. T

he communication channels are then divided into a plurality of sub-


channels, each of which is assigned to a different user.

Each user is then allocated a time slot in which to transmit data.


In FDMA, the time slots are assigned to the users in a sequential fashion.

In TDMA, the time slots are assigned to the users in a random fashion.

In CDMA, the time slots are assigned to the users based on their code
sequences.

In OFDMA, the time slots are assigned to the users based on their
frequency offsets.

In SDMA, the time slots are assigned to the users based on their location.
Users can then transmit data in their assigned time slots. The data is
then demultiplexed at the receive end and sent to the appropriate user.

TDMA

As the name suggests, TDMA is a time based access. Here, we give


certain time frame to each channel. Within that time frame, the
channel can access the entire spectrum bandwidth

Each station got a fixed length or slot. The slots, which are unused
will remain in idle stage.

Suppose, we want to send five packets of data to a particular


channel in TDMA technique. So, we should assign them certain time
slots or time frame within which it can access the entire bandwidth.

In above figure, packets 1, 3 and 4 are active, which transmits


data. Whereas, packets 2 and 5 are idle because of their non-
participation. This format gets repeated every time we assign
bandwidth to that particular channel.

Although, we have assigned certain time slots to a particular


channel but it can also be changed depending upon the load bearing
capacity. That means, if a channel is transmitting heavier loads,
then it can be assigned a bigger time slot than the channel which is
transmitting lighter loads. This is the biggest advantage of TDMA over
FDMA. Another advantage of TDMA is that the power consumption
will be very low.
Note − In some applications, we use the combination of both TDMA
and FDMA techniques. In this case, each channel will be operated in
a particular frequency band for a particular time frame. In this case,
the frequency selection is more robust and it has greater capacity
over time compression.

TDMA

TDMA is a digital technique that divides a single channel or band into time slots. Each time slot
is used to transmit one byte or another digital segment of each signal in sequential serial data
format. This technique works well with slow voice data signals, but it’s also useful for
compressed video and other high-speed data.

A good example is the widely used T1 transmission system, which has been used for years in the
telecom industry. T1 lines carry up to 24 individual voice telephone calls on a single line (Fig.
2). Each voice signal usually covers 300 Hz to 3000 Hz and is digitized at an 8-kHz rate, which
is just a bit more than the minimal Nyquist rate of two times the highest-frequency component
needed to retain all the analog content.

2. This T1 digital telephony frame illustrates TDM and TDMA. Each time slot is allocated to one
user. The high data rate makes the user unaware of the lack of simultaneity.
The digitized voice appears as individual serial bytes that occur at a 64-kHz rate, and 24 of these
bytes are interleaved, producing one T1 frame of data. The frame occurs at a 1.536-MHz rate (24
by 64 kHz) for a total of 192 bits. A single synchronizing bit is added for timing purposes for an
overall data rate of 1.544 Mbits/s. At the receiving end, the individual voice bytes are recovered
at the 64-kHz rate and passed through a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that reproduces the
analog voice.

The basic GSM (Global System of Mobile Communications) cellular phone system is TDMA-
based. It divides up the radio spectrum into 200-kHz bands and then uses time division
techniques to put eight voice calls into one channel. Figure 3 shows one frame of a GSM TDMA
signal. The eight time slots can be voice signals or data such as texts or e-mails. The frame is
transmitted at a 270-kbit/s rate using Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK), which is a form
of frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation.

3. This GSM digital cellular method shows how up to eight users can share a 200-kHz channel in
different time slots within a frame of 1248 bits

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