Module 3 Updated
Module 3 Updated
Nanotechnology
History of Nanotechnology – Stained Glass
As early as 500 AD, glass
artisans were making stained
glass windows with vibrant
reds and yellows. These colours
were much more luminous and
durable than dyes could produce.
•Antibacterial behaviour
•Colour
•Conductivity
•Tensile strength
•Chemical behaviour
•Interaction with water
•“Self-cleaning”
Moor’s law
Moore's law refers to an observation made by Intel co-founder
Gordon Moore in 1965. He noticed that the number of
transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled
every year since their invention.Moore's law predicts that this
trend will continue into the foreseeable future.
• Surface forces are very important, while bulk forces are not
as important.
4 3 πD3 SA = 4 πr 2 = πD2
V = πr =
3 6 SA = π(100 × 10-9 )2
π(100 × 10-9 )3 SA = 3.141× 10-14 m2
V=
6
V = 5.24x10-22 m3
Surface Area:Volume Ratio
• Surface Plasmons
– Recall that metals can be modeled as an arrangement of
positive ions surrounded by a sea of free electrons.
– The sea of electrons behaves like a fluid and will move
under the influence of an electric field
-- - -- -- - --- - -- -- - - ---------------------------
- + - + - + - + - -- -- - -- --
------------- -- + - + - + - + --
- - - - ---------------
- + - + -- + - + - - - - -
------------ + + - + +
E-field
Optical Properties
Surface Plasmons
– If the electric field is oscillating (like a photon), then the
sea of electrons will oscillate too. These oscillations are
quantized and resonate at a specific frequency. Such
oscillations are called plasmons.
• Surface Plasmons
– Formal definition: Plasmons are the coherent excitation of
free electrons in a metal.
– The plasmon resonance frequency (f) depends on particle
size, shape, and material type. It is related to the plasmon
energy (E) by Planck’s constant. E=h*f
– Surface plasmons are confined to the surface of the
material.
– The optical properties of metal nanoparticles are
dominated by the interaction of surface plasmons with
incident photons.
Optical Properties
Surface Plasmons
– Metal nanoparticles like gold and silver have plasmon
frequencies in the visible range.
– When white light impinges on metal nanoparticles the
wavelength corresponding to the plasmon frequency is
absorbed.
– The spectral locations, strengths, and number of plasmon
resonances for a given particle depend on the particle’s
shape and size.
Optical Properties
Surface Plasmons:
Shape dependence of
absorption spectra
•Triangular shaped
nanoparticles produce
plasmons with altered
frequency and magnitude
N
• Energy levels
– In semiconductors and insulators, the valance band corresponds to
the ground states of the valance electrons.
– In semiconductors and insulators, the conduction band corresponds to
excited states where electrons are a free to move about in the
material and participate in conduction.
– In order for conduction to take place in a semiconductor, electrons
must be excited out of the valance band, across the band gap into the
conduction band. This process is called carrier generation.
– Conduction takes place due to the empty states in the valence band
(holes) and electrons in the conduction band.
Ec
band gap
Ev
Eg = 2.26 eV
λ=550 nm
• Energy level spacing and quantum confinement
– The reduction in the number of atoms in a material results in the
confinement of normally delocalized energy states.
– Electron-hole pairs become spatially confined when the dimensions of
a nanoparticle approach the de Broglie wavelength of electrons in the
conduction band.
– As a result the spacing between energy bands of semiconductor or
insulator is increased (Similar to the particle in a box scenario, of
introductory quantum mechanics.)
Bulk Materials
Energy Nano Materials
Eg Increased
Eg
band gap
• Energy level spacing and quantum
confinement
– Semiconductor nanoparticles that exhibit 3
dimensional confinement in their electronic band
structure are called quantum dots.
– What does this all mean?
• Quantum dots are band gap tunable.
• We can engineer their optical properties by controlling
their size.
• For this reason quantum dots are highly desirable for
biological tagging.
• Energy level spacing and quantum confinement
– As semiconductor particle size is reduced the band gap is
increased.
– Absorbance and luminescence spectra are blue shifted
with decreasing particle size.
Jyoti K. Jaiswal and Sanford M. Simon. Potentials and pitfalls of fluorescent quantum
dots for biological imaging. TRENDS in Cell Biology Vol.14 No.9 September 2004
Electrical Properties
• Effect of structure on conduction
– If nanostructures have fewer defects, one would
expect increased conductivity vs. macro scale
• Other electrical effects on the Nano scale:
– Surface Scattering
– Change in Electronic Structure
– Tunneling Conduction
– Microstructural Effects
Chemistry at the Nanoscale
It has already been stated that a nanomaterial is formed of at
least a cluster of atoms, often a cluster of molecules. It
follows that all types of bonding that are important in
chemistry are also important in nanoscience.
Property
SP3 hybridization Insulating
http://www.robaid.com
www.researchgate_net-92862_fig1_Fig-1-Rolling-up-of-graphene-sheet-to-form-carbon-
nanotubes
Different CNTs
Properties
• Strength
• Electrical
• Thermal
• Defects
• One-Dimensional Transport
• Toxicity
Electrical Properties
◼ Young’s Modulus
◼ On the order of 1
Tpa
◼ No dependence on
diameter for
MWNTs but strong
dependence for
SWNTs
J. Salvetat, Elastic Modulus of Ordered and
Disordered Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes,
Adv. Mater. 11 (1999) 161
Strength Properties
• Carbon nanotubes have the strongest tensile
strength of any material known.
• It also has the highest modulus of elasticity.
Young's Tensile Elongation at
Material
Modulus (TPa) Strength (GPa) Break (%)
SWNT ~1 (from 1 to 5) 13-53E 16
MIT/Riccardo Signorelli
J. Fischer, Matt Ray/EHP
Charge Storage
• Single electron transistor
• Use lithography to make it
• Small size allows more switch's to be packed on a
chip
• Switching time is fast, 104 times faster then present
system
Tans et al, Room-temperature transistor based on a single carbon nanotube, Nature 393
• Quantum computing
• Energy technology
– CNT can be used to improve the efficiency of the
conventional Li ion battery
– High surface area
– Good electrical conductivity
– Linear geometry
• Medical sector
Drug delivery, cancer treatment, Tissue
regeneration
How to make nano materials
• Bottom up approach
• In this case molecular components arrange themselves
into more complex assemblies atom-by-atom,
molecule-by-molecule, cluster-bycluster from the
bottom (e.g., growth of a crystal)
Activity:
Silver nano particle
synthesis
Show them how the colour
changes
• Top down approach
• Nano scale devices are created by using larger,
externally-controlled devices to direct their assembly
Example: Photolithography
Si substrate
After Etching
After Etching
Trade offs
Too many steps to prepare micro and nano fabricated system
limitation in high resolution
• Methods to Produce Nano materials
• Mechanical Method( Ball Milling Method)
• Physical vapour deposition method
• Sol gel Method
Quantum Confinement
➢ Trap particles and restrict their motion
➢ Quantum confinement produces new material behavior/phenomena
➢ “Engineer confinement”- control for specific applications
➢ Structures
(Scientific American)
Quantum Confinement in Nanostructures: Overview