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[tis about 0 aunt thick and is reinforced with wire: € toughened gliss. which is manufietured to a specific size and cannot be cut. When this lass Ireaks it shatters into harmless pieves. Car wind= sereens are made from toughened ghass glass ii The method that you use 10 fix ghiss in frames depends on whether the frame is woud or metal Follow these steps (0 fix glass in wood frames 1. Prime the wood to keep the oil in the linseed y putty to the recess in the frame and fit the 3. Pat more purty sound the outside of the joint Where the gliss kes in the frame. 4. Level off the puty so that it slopes to line up with the top of the recess (creating a sight line). 5. If the glass is fixed to an internal door. then bed the glazing in timber glazing beads, which are nailed to the frame on tour sides. This prevents the glass rattling when the door is opened and closed. Follow these steps to fix gt 83 in steel frames: 1. Use a special metal glazing pury. which sticks ‘emer than ordinary putty. 2, Pur che hottom edge of the glass on wo small blocks so that it does not rest on the metal 3. Continue fixing as for wood frames Windows 143 Head and ‘op rail joint Make age ve in the head stn Ito form a ip CO prevent water spreading across the joint. Bottom rail and transom joint Make a groove and puta drip mould in the bottom fail 10 prevent water spreading across the joint. The bottom edge of the rail and the top of the trinsem should slope to meer exch other ill Make a groove in the underside of the cill where ir projects past the masonry fo prevent water sunning back under the cill Cill masonry joint Fill the joint between the cill and the masonry sith mastic Jamb of frame Point this joint with mastic. Jamb and stile joint Make grooves Stile and mullion joint Make grooves. Using meta! windows Meni windows are usually made in ficiesc. of Z-rectin steel, svhich forms the frame und moving pars, They can be ready-made units or custom buile 6 specific dimensions. Mets! has these advan tages over timber windows: 1, The metil sections are smiailer, which increstses the area of the glazing — 2. They are not subject tO rot or insect attacks (ut they may rust near the sea. 3. They are easier to make. igure 16.5 shows fixed into concrete cil you how :etul windows are and lintels Making window cills You cin make window cills in timber, brick. tile or ncrete, Each of these materials must achieve theConcrete lintal Fixing serew in a plugin concre’ Fi Transom Side-hung casement —— Precast concrete cil Fixing windows to openings timber window can be fixed in place as an ing is built or afterwails. Generally, i is er practice to fix the windows later to prevent re of the internal parts to the weather. To ou must fix plugs into the recesses in the d the cill during construction and then in place.© follow the same procedure to fix windows Place while the walls are being built as you do for doors. See Chapter 15, i Metal windows are usually fixed in place atter the walls are constructed. You should leave holes in the frames tor sctews to fit into the plugs in the walls, Alter the frame is inserted, you should fil the joint around the frame with a waterproof mas- tic cement. Figure 16.6 illusteates the correct detail- ing tor a_metal window embedded in a precast concrete cill Keeping out intruders and insects 2X win need to consider security and the exclu sion of insects like mosquiives in the window specification An open window at ground-floor level is almost 19 invitation to someone to enter a building. If the glass can be lified out easily or broken, then you may need to fix metal grilles inside the window. These grilles, often called burglar bars, are made from 6 mm stecl bars welded together in a strong and decorative pattern. The grilles should have success holes large enough for you to put your hand in to operite the window fittings. Figure 16.7 shows you ain example of a decorative pattern for Internal timber cll Winds 145, Insects usually have a daily and seasonal pate tern, Since wire s:reens to exclude insects rede daylight and obscure the view, it is useful to have mporary mesh panels that can be inserted when needed. If the building also has security grilles, then the mesh screens need to be inside the grilles, for removal or they must be hinged. Fixing grilles and screens Security grilles must have projections on each side to slot into the side of the window opening, They also must be small enough so thar the plasterer can work on the opening reveais. Insect screens can be hinged on frames which ate fixed flush with the inside walls so that they fold back when not in use. Removable screens need safe storage space so that the mesh is not damaged. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Windows provide light and ventilation (0 the nterior of a building, ® Windows have glass to admic light while exclud- ing the weather and insects. © Windows may have security grilles and insect screens for added protection when they are open. ® The main structure of a window is the fixed frame and movable sash. Metal windowOpening Details—Heads Openings ~ these consist of a head, jambs and sill. Different methods can be used in their formation, all with the primary objective of adequate support around the void. Details relate to older/existing construction and where thermal insulation is not critical. Applicotion limited ~ see pages 488 and 489. Typical Head Details ~ —————— dpe to extend 150mm beyond ends of lintel precast concrete fintel BS EN 845-2 prestressed plonk linte! with 2 courses of bricks over dpc pressed steel outer lintel ——¥ precast concrete lintel weep holes at 900 ‘je tor exposed walls ‘ond lintels over 1:380 long dpe —— pressed stee! lintel Precast concrete lintel — Bogie mild steel angle outerOpening Details—Jambs Jambs ~ these may be bonded as in solid walls or unbonded as in cavity walls. The latter must have some means of preventing the ingress of moisture from the outer leaf to the inner leaf and hence the interior of the building. Details as preceding page. Application limited - see pages 488 and 489. Typical Jamb Details ~ : 8 no vertical dpc 2 courses of slates to bonded jamb laid breaking joint window. in cement mortar internat wall or door '1:3) finish frame 7 cavity insulation mastic mastic seal .~ seal SOLID WALL Jf CAVITY WALL 1 flexible vertical dpe flexible’ vertical dpc taken into back of taken into back of frame face el gonna eee el 7 (7 SY mastic J seal CAVITY WALL 2 CAVITY WALL 3 metal frame UPVC cavity closer vertical dpc nylon ties Be LL RSOpening Details—Sills Sills ~ the primary function of any sill is to collect the rainwater which has run down the face of the window or door and shed it clear of the wall below. Timber Sill 1. Cost Stone Subsill and Slote Sill hove applicotions limited - see pages 488 and 489. Typical Sill details ~ softwood window frame softwood cosement with hardwood sill quarry tile internat sill _ softwood or mdf window board ——— solid walt “tavity walle cavity insulation. TIMBER SILL 1 TIMBER SILL 2 softwood casement softwood window board combined slate sill and window board. galvanised metat water bor bedded in mastic 38) cast tone or concrete sill os subsill SLATE SILL ation for window’ sills of jte and natural stone.Traditional Construction - frome checked rebates or recesses \ y in masonry solid walls were p> masonry often provided at openings a ia to accommodate door and aa window frames. This detail Typical checked masonry was used as a means to aes complement frame retention ond prevent —-weather intrusion. Exposure Zones - checked reveal treatment is now required mainly where wind-driven rain will have most impact. This is primarily in the south west and west coast areas of the British Isles. plus some isolated inland parts that will be identified by their respective local authorities. Typical Checked Opening Details - sealant cavity insulation Pressed steel stepped lintel 25 mm © overtop ; “+ 25 mm rebate WINDOW JAMB EPDM* rubber anodised weather seal H] | otuminium threshold plate cavity closer tethylene propylene diene monomer DOOR THRESHOLD oe (exposed areas) Ref. Building Regulations, Approved Document C. Section 5: Walls. Driving rain exposure zones 3 and 4.“SF erlormance Requirements A window must be aesthetically acceptable in the context of building design ond surrounding environment gloss and glazing to _ suit I be suitable for window Relerieti hy Liroat tee Position and type 4 froming thermal and sound insulotion properties to be acceptable to client sizing of ‘openings to meet requirements of Building Regulations for limiting heat losses and fire escape és ‘ en ‘should be weather tight Rees ree a jequa’ y msbisagre closed perio : r designed to resist wind loadings. be fety and security. They should be th the outside. ve a window for emergency height and width. 0.450 m. 2sosh side hung opening out — a FIXED LIGHT usuolly used in conjunction with other types sash bottom hung opening in BOTTOM HUNG CASEMENT use as for top hung casement sashes hung on spring | balances or weights | | opening out , Windows—Conventional Types sash top hung SIDE HUNG TOP HUNG CASEMENT CASEMENT simplest ond usually of smal! cheapest type size for controlled of opening window —_—ventilation sash hung on centre A_pivots E VERTICAL HORIZONTAL PIVOT PIVOT high performance windows- dearer than casement types - can be obtained as reversible for easy cleaning sashes run on louvres hung on centre pivots— LOUVRE good ventilation with only small _ projections of louvresRe eT ee ae ee Timber Casement Windows frame head — 70 «45 horn for Duitding in— —top_hung ventilator- 45 «40 sash framing frame transom plastic pom Grought sealer glass side ee framed sash fixed light TRADITIONAL 95 x 57 head top hung ventilator sealer L VERTICAL SECTION DIFIED BS WINDOWHigh Performance Timber Casement Windows The standard range of casement windows used in the UK was derived from the English Joinery Manufacturer’s Association (EJMA) designs of some 5O years ago. These become adopted in BS 644: Timber windows. Fully finished factory assembled windows of various types. Specification. A modified iype is shown on the preceding page Contemporary building standards require higher levels of performance in terms of thermal and sound insulation (Bldg. Regs. Pt. L and E). air permeability. water tightness and wind resistance (BS ENs 1026 1027 ond 12211, respectively}. This hos been achieved by adapting Scandinavian designs with double and triple glazing to attain U values as low as +2 W/mK and a sound reduction of 50 dB. ex. 100 x 75 mm head my ventilator void — ex. 75 x 63 mm sash —+| silicon sealed —= planted bead hellow spacer weather with desiccant strip filling 28 mm factory seates-—+ double glazing unit (20 mm air gap) pvc gasket/ setting block lower glazing bead sash ex. 150 x 75 mm sill void to accommodate, reversible hinge for easy cleaning frame jamb Horizontal section Vertical section Further refs: BS 6375 series: Performance of windows and doors. Classification for weather tightness. Classification for operation and strength characteristics. BS 7950: Specification for enhanced security performance. 369 EeeMetal Casement Windows Metal Windows ~ these can be obtained in steel (BS 6510) or in aluminium alloy (BS 4873). Steel windows are cheaper in initial cost than aluminium alloy but have higher maintenance costs over their anticipated life, both can be obtained fitted into timber subframes. Generally they give a larger glass area for any given opening size than similar timber windows but they con give rise to condensation on the metal components. Page 384 shows an example of an energy efficient improvement. top hung ventlight coon mean” B [si timber subframe head oes Linco side hung cosement | fixed. aan sub-light TYPICAL ELEVATION 4mm glass i factory | pees e 70 x 57 glazed ian framing f transom fixed tight Psi | | i : Poa BS6510 metal aluminium alloy windows framing in mill, anodised or Putty acrylic ae projecting glass or flush sills available 25 x 33 : ofa metal 121 x 70 timber sosh framing subframe sill STEEL FRAME SECTIONS TYPICAL VERTICAL SECTIONS Refs.: BS 4873: Aluminium alloy windows and doorsets. Specification. BS 6510: Steel-framed windows and glazed doors. 370Casement Windows—Ironmongery ] Timber Windows ~ wide range of ironmongery available which can | be factory fitted or supplied and fixed on site Metal Windows ~ ironmongery usually supplied with and factory fitted to the windows Typical Examples ~ malleable iron, curly tail pattern pins mortice plote CASEMENT STAY - malleable iron, leaf pattern, half round section with two pins Sizes: 200; 250 ond 300mm CASEMENT FASTENER hot pressed aluminium, plain end pattern = ———— 7 oe = SS CASEMENT STAY - cast aluminium, wedge | plain end pattern with one pin Bate Sizes: 250 and 300mm CASEMENT FASTENER box Re: stap n Rat pressed brass CASEMENT STAY - steel and brass, Sa sliding screw down pattern Sizes: 250 and 300 mm VENTLIGHT CATCH used with bottom ng ventlights mali¢able iron or brass Sizes: 150 175 CASEMENT STAY - steel, stayput pattern rmZOOmn Arm Sizes: 100; 140 and 175 mm QUADRANT STAY 371Sliding Sash Windows Sliding Sash Windows ~ these are on alternative format to the conventional side hung casement windows and can be constructed as a vertical or double hung sash window or as a horizontal sliding window in timber, metal, plastic or in any combination of these moterials. The performance and design functions of providing daylight. ventilation, vision out, etc., are the some as those given for traditional windows in Windows - Performance Requirements on page 366. Typical Double Hung Weight Balanced Window Details ~ 21mm thick pulley heod3 —— plywood, = parting slip sOrmm long suspended ongle blocks trom patie upper sash Ee head 92x 21 head L709 x14 head outside lining nu inside lining 48x41 sash + —— 19 x 14 removable froming. stoff beod j— lower sash 41 x 22 glazing bar gloss. ELEVATION lywood back fini Ne I— sash cord a 9 porting bead 4 ‘70 x 14 jomb | 49 x 24 splayed inside lining [— statt bead Cie rebel horn— meeting roils sash cord [ a 21 xB parting bead / = cc 41 x 22 glazing eS gloss-——> bar 48 x 41 sash framing L LLaimm thick le 33 x 19 drought | pulley stile 57 x 41 stop lg . bottom --92 x 21 jomb ea i outside lining 135 x 60 flush sill \_—sash weights - access through pocket piece in pulley stile JAMB DETAIL VERTICAL SECTION 372Sliding Sash Windows Double Hung Sash Windows ~ these vertical sliding sash windows come in two formats when constructed in timber. The weight balanced format is shown on the preceding page, the olternotive spring balanced type is illustrated below. Both formats ore usually designed and constructed to the recommendations set out in BS 644 Typical Double Hung Spring Balanced Window Details ~ 21 x8 porting beod 48x 21 head 114 x 33 outside lining sole eos 48 x41 sosh L io xia framing ——— removable Ee oper. sash stoff bead spiral spring siose bolonce +— lower sash 41x 22 glozing bar ELEVATION 114 x 33 solid stile staff bead ;— spring bolance — 49x 24 splayed ond rebated horn —+ meeting rails 21x 8 parting bead glass iss) 1 41x 22 48 x 41 sash framing glozing bar ee x 21 jamb outside = lining {33 x19 57 x 41 drought stop NB. if 114 x60 solid stiles yott9m ore used spring balances = gi can be housed within grooves in the solid stile thickness JAMB DETAIL 135 x 60 flush sill VERTICAL SECTION 373Sliding Sash Windows Horizontally Sliding Sash Windows ~ these ore an alternative format to the vertically sliding or double hung sash windows shown on pages 372 & 373 and can be constructed in timber, metal, plastic or combinations of these materials with single or double glazing. A wide range of orrangements are available with two or More sliding sashes which can have a ventlight incorporated in the outer sliding sash. Typical Horizontally Stiding Sash Window Details ~ timber subframe window head of frame bedded ree in sealant subframe anodised nylon slipper 1— aluminium shoes and framing polypropytene pile seals if integrat i pull i handle . i outer sash inner sash : ELEVATION inner sash factory glazed anodised aluminium horizontal sliding sash outer sash >| bushed = nylon integral pull handie——+| rollers window frame sealant pesded sill of F 4 timber inner sliding sash neo weather sealed meeting stiles | VERTICAL SECTION outer sliding sash timber subframe weather seal = HORIZONTAL SECTION 374Pivot Windows Pivot Windows ~ like other windows these are available in timber, metal, plastic or in combinations of these materials. They can be constructed with centre jamb pivots enabling the sash to pivot or rotate in the horizontal plane or alternatively the pivots can be fixed in the head and sill of the frame so that the sosh rotates in the vertical plane. Typical Example ~ adjustable sie ventilator Rea fitted in top rail of sash 65 x 65 sash froming jomb factory sealed hinge double with sofety glazing catches to unit to window opening pivot sash to lock it when reversed for locking handle connected to a espagnolette giving two fe locking points “ 65 ond night = ventilation ‘9 position ‘weather seal to all rebotes groove for 32mm thick window boord 150 x 75 hardwood sill 375Bay Windows Bay Windows ~ these can be defined as any window with side lights which projects in front of the external wall and is supported by a sill height wall. Bay windows not supported by a sill height wall are called oriel windows. They can be of any window type. constructed from any of the usual window materials and are available in three plan formats nomely square. splay and circular or segmental Timber corner posts can be boxed, solid or jointed the latter being the common method. Typical Examples ~ head - mitred and jointed at corners side frame. ventlights ctronsom 6 90 , jamb fixed or corner | opening post fi} side tight : t corner post fixed or opening projecting ong front lights L_muttion eathered si TYPICAL SQUARE BAY WINDOW (665mm projection) width + learns corner post mutlion corner post mullion: 450, pS 60° SPLAY BAY WINDOW AND 45° SPLAY BAY WINDOW width, @jomb jomb mitred and jointed corner posts 990 TYPICAL 6 LIGHT CIRCULAR OR SEGMENTAL BAY WINDOW Sadie!