Diode A semi conductor device with two terminals

typically allowing the flow of current in one direction only

It's a non linear circuit element

unlike resistor diode has non linear i v characteristics

IDE ECE
anode cathode II
Forward bias
1,11
ReverseBias
Si silicone
diode o voltage Battery at t f mfr
art Diode at act as an open
drop 0.7N circuit
canon go.sn
armor no current
diode
idealact like current flow
will circuit
a short ppr
Note Real diode I 0.7 V Si and 0.3 v Ge
voltage drop 37 ideal diode a voltage drop

It can be seen from the

Reverse
graph that diode has
Bias tygard
non linear i v characteristics
so a non linear curve that
consists of straight line
segments is said to be
piecewise linear
Diode in forward Bias
Igor
ti
inn

o Inn NT or

i
Ifs 10mA

Diode in Reverse Bias

lov lov

gt

the T It
b
oma or I
w

Using diode as a Rectifier

FEET
I I I

In A C current MI is a sinusoidal source

so it looks like this

 NI n
positive voltage VI 20
forward bias 20
our output voltage
y
MMM 2921
For Ideal diode VD 20
SO Vo INI
Negative voltage input
diode reverse bias s connected
80 V0 0 Vpiode Vinput
very important
so output voltage graph

Diode voltage up graph

acts V
positive half cycle o
giggle
as a short

negative half cycle diode open D input voltage

circuit
AND
O
ND
VIS O ND VI E

w
 Vorswegraph ransfer characteristic
G Idk what
that means lol
input voltage negative no o

VI

11 11 VI Positive No VI
Noa

VI

SOI
Npeak ION
R I KN
10 MA
EDpeak
FL
DC component of No
G means arearse value of No

No.pe ME 1a 3 18N
 KI

Éffa voltage 24 Cara 24 251

2kt source voltage Us 12 V BUT circuit a

Total voltage negative so diode reverse bias

9 connect no current

Vs 12 V Vs 12 V 12 V 12 v 0 current 0

Vs 12 Total V t so forward bias

so current will increase

Vs increase of 100710 24 a crew Total voltage 24 12 12

V

own current maximum more boron orzo so

Vs 29 V 12 v co car rip O

so the diode conducts when vs exceeds Izu

if we take the voltage signal as sine graph
then zu sin 0 12
O 30
Let's make it simple
y zu sind 24 Since
take a sin graph 12
i D 30 150
Ya
24

1
Kiso
CORN
so 3001 I 150 2oz print y 92 value 12 A 218

Diode a graph 28.355 30 3 150 72 Name 120 angle92 ME current

flow ma front 120 en ont 27 conduction angle
d
third
which is one
of the cycle 360

so maximum Diode current i p when source voltage is maze

24ft
so
Kpmg 0.12 A

zoo source voltage 0 out diode 92 across a voltage

12 V C which is a reverse voltage

But when source voltage 24 Peak negativevoltage

own Reverse voltage 24 12 36 V
so maximum reverse bias voltage 1 364 36 V

Any

VA 1k
MMM arr Su 2ft
d
bias

vcod and it will be short circuit

Reverse Bias
y.my so Mazor
I o
If
Vamos Vy
Tyla
o

K E I 1
O O O O
if any one voltage is 5v
0

5
5 0 5
f output Sr
O O 5 if all o output o
0 0 5 5 or gate
Kat
 AndGate
I I 1 I
pv
O o o

O O

two
5 O

NA 0

W o 5 0
B 0
I 0 0 5
ve t 5 5 0 0

0 5 5 0

Y A B C 5 0 5
anorectic tea to 5
5 5 5
AND
IIEI.gg Output
SOI
both diodes are conducting
4 6 a Assuming act as a short
Therefore they will
circuit

gov

ion
II
t

I 2 1 MA
ftp

I Ima and v o

current is positive
as the
19 the D diode is conducting

b assume both diodes are conducting

g6
lot
ID2 of 2mA
sun
LIDL V D
0 0

Ej of
I 2

I 1 2 1 MA

4,10km original
since its not possible our
assumption was not correct
tou
so we start again assuming
D is off Da is on
Reverse bias so current 1 0
 Ng
5hr LIDL lout
sun

É
If
10hr

You
10 5 it 10 i 10 0

151 20

I 1.33mA
Y
ID 1 33mA

and 1 33 3.334
VB.gl VB

Thus D is reversed biased as asumed and

I 0 open circuit and voltage V 3 33N

a

IF I 2mA
V OV

b
I O MA
45 V

I O
e
u Su Potential difference
d I 02.51 2mA

v or

solid or no a voltage 8 or 1 so razor

Reverse bias
V
3 3
gt3
so a
3 MA
I
É
IL Fon OR Gate pick the
largestvoltage input
a

57222 AND SV WINE SV 2k IV at

An current flow 230.0 possibility for
so By intuition we can
say that the diode with
Iv input will surely conduct
Mayor out Reverse bias
tsu
g v ti v
II inn
9mA
IV
I
III
I
hesmallestinputnltagf
For.ANDGate.pk
 Note V and Beate same or
solid peak to peak

you peak to Peak

lov
f
i
Up to p 2X Vp wave a Orff negative value
time diode reverse bias So no
given Up to p 20 current
Up LOV lov
Varg 1 17 3.1831
 1 103 R 3.133hr
i
Er 1

De Terminal Characteristics of Junction Diodes

The characteristic curve consists of 3 distinct regions

1 Forward Bias Region u so

2 Reverse Bias Region N co

3 Break down Region v e Van

Forward Bias Region u o

terminal voltage is positive

the c v relationship formula

saturation current
I Scale current
i Is etui Vt Thermal voltage
 Facts about Is

Normally Omar 822 EE N diode Reverse Bias I omit

current flow 27 or because majority charge carrier flow
MEN That is not true Majority carrier zn.ir current
1
flow or zero minority charge bar ya or level at 10 A

to 10 A level current flow 22 win saturation current an

so The diode saturation current is the current due to the
motion of minority charge carriers when the diode is
reverse biased

Is is directly proportional to the cross sectional area of

the diode
 Is is a very strong function of temperature
Is doubles in value for every 5 e rise in temp

Now Thermal Voltage Vt

K gt
k
f 1 3 1.1
23
K 1.38 10 The 1
1
9 1 6 10 c

Ny 0.0862T MV

at room temp 20 c Vt 20 c 25.3 MV

so at room temp Up 225mV

so the i v
een i tÉ
For appreciable current i in the forward direction i s Is

i 2 Is EMT

eat

ME Yu V
YIn

Now i II N Y I Is CUT
i Iz I V2 Iz Is e VT

E e

II int

72,1 logoff
K Y 2 3037
4 4 412

2 303 I 60mV
so if Iz 10 I TV voltagedrop Vt
rum FigI
i is small for voltage 05 V
so 0.5 v is cut in voltage

at 0.7 v the current increases

noticably So for a fully
conducting diode the voltage
drop is around 0 Fv silicon
current 2 flow 12ns
no
diode Ta across a voltage
drop 0.7 V

De Reverse Bias Region

i Is e
Tt 1

if I is negative and I Nsl Up

then it Is

that is the current in the reverse direction is constant

This current is called saturation current

Real diodes exhibit reverse current that are much

larger than Is nano ampere level

Is doubles for every 5 e rise

Reverse current doubles for every lo c temp rise
d
A large part of the reverse current is due to
 A large part of the reverse current is due to
the leakage effects

Sold
for ve Iv the diode is in reverse bias
So the current flowing will be reverse saturation
current
field
10 A I MA
Is zoe eye

i Is zo c
2X Is 20

Is yo i 4 5 w 9MA

Koi 4 10 X 106 Gu

Iffy 106 V 0.25 V

Voi

mail.MY
Iff current increases rapidly
The exponential Model

Mm I Vp ID Rt'D

D I
MIMI i

É
again we know ID Is e
J
if Vpp 0 5V Ip Is
so ID Is e
Mt Is

ID Is e It D

Assuming that up and Is is known we need to find

value of VD and ID
Graphical approach
There are two ways for doing this
Iterative approach

Y C E VD
Ip MEI ai
In f E VD
YI
In t d
YI slope Yr
t su
FDD
y D O Mate
N
Im YI UDD
2382 graph A GEWOG ND Az Ip Grrrl
repeatative
Iterative analysis process

Assuming VD 0.7 v VDD 5 V R Ikr

É 4 ID
5 01 4.3mA

K Y 2.3 U log II 4 0.7 60 153109 43

again
0 738 V
V2 Wit 2.3 Vt of FYI
5 0738 A
 5 4 262mA
Again Ip 9731
V2 0.7384 0.06 x 108,0 4434

0.738 V

i ID 4 262 MA
VD 0.738 V

1H Constant voltage Drop Model

This model assumes that A forward conducting diode has

a voltage drop of 0.7W
i n

oh
i 0 Up 0.7 V

Up or short circuit Forward

Ideal Diode Model Bias

VD Upp open circuit

 m 0
t 07
LI 5 ipx ion
I up
Ep 0.43 MA
VD O FV

Me Small Signal Method

no A C source
I e us
At
initially id AC Vd

in Det Al
Igt
D

thy
Det Ae

Then we add an A C source small then the voltage

across the diode will be the sum of the d c voltage

up and time varying Ac voltage Malt

i Up E a ND Md t
fat_
IF
Up t Up malt

and current ip Is e

Ip t Is e
Dt
Wally
Nt dat y
Is e e

if no A c source Nd t o i ID Is emt
C
up y I EMT
 Id small
if t Nda cc

now en it set
E of
similar y end't 1
my www.t

end ut
É
i w it

ID this is the small signal

ID
Yett
t I it
approximation

signal current component

ibct
Tenterden
Ip
I'ufrent
II wait
a signal voltage
small signal
p sup AI
II t Ip id t

here id t
If Walt
diode small signal
v
conductance mho

and diode small signal resistance r

II
r a Ep
 Ide key
ie R
I

NM MD OI
D tact
Y I

again I I e
t

ems
Is emit
I Ey Ig
conductance
ga É be Bias
current

again Md at ip ID slope If
y
i
Point
CDC Bias
wg
 after the D c analysis is performed the small signal
equivalent circuit is obtained by eliminating all the D.c
sources J
short circuit be voltage source
and replacing the diode
open circuit D e current
by its small signal resistance

DD
pint D

so1

10 0.7 093 A
 i 1001 0.93mA
ND 0.7 V ID

26.91
ra
YI 33mg
at
2 68mV
i Id peak Is I
147,2

At
ÉIÉY ode is a
heavily doped semi conductor
diode which designed to conduct
is current in reverse
bias and regulate voltage across it

Zener Diode

Characteristics
in Forward Bias Zener diode acts like a normal diode
Reverse in conducts current and regulate voltage
when the voltage across it is
equal to
or greater than Zener
voltage

It regulates voltage across it which is equal to the

Zener voltage a reverse Breakdown voltage
 so Ohr of Zener diode Az across a 30 ME Zener diode
activate za Bond Frog diode Az across a voltage amor 20
MAN Zener voltage 20 V

YÉJ But voltage will eventually be

go gauge g you

In case of Zener diode

In case of Forward condition

f
Replace diode
with a voltage 4
source Con

In case of Reverse Bias 2 condition

1 When Applied voltage Zener voltage

so open circuit

2 When Applied cottage Zener voltage

Zener voltage
f th v
y
 IT
A

Vs In
35m
No current through Zener diode
if Vs lov VAB 5 v f 20 v
which is in Rever seBias

if vs 3Ou VAB 15 z or No current

if vs if there was no Zener diode

Gov VAB 3 or
But as 30 20W Zener diode will activate and
VAB 20 V Zener voltage

Vs wordZAB VAB will always be 20N

so Zener diode activate zen it can be replaced by a 200 source

It

Fg
y
SOI Note Circuit 122270 Circuit 727hr
Solve Zener diode
at effect on 247 Foot

So
VAB 16V
1 2
FIFE

8.73 V C 100

in so Zener diode replace

a with open circuit

Iz 0

12V 7100 Replace with a

in Fig b VAB 113 16
Cov source

FÉÉIm

at A KCL I IZ TIL

If Iz if
 Iz G
It 83 2.67 A

A Zener diode can be used as a constant voltage source

in reverse Bias connection

constant voltage

ITZIK Ijm
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is a combination of elements designed
to ensure that the output voltage of a supply remains constant

In reverse bias

FYI
t
Vz
Vz
gVz

withhtify

here W is variable and Reis fined

 so if somehow the voltage
IR
VIII d
across the diode can be

kept constant w is also constant

In Iz t IL 11
since they are in parallel
thus Zener diode is being used
Ic YE YE y as a shunt regulator

Now if

f Iz constant
Ni f IR f since dI is

constant
so by increasing input voltage Ys L constant
Zener current reverse will increase
and when the current will cross a certain limit
the diode will be destroyed
5011
Vz Uzo Iz Nz
3
6.8 Uzo 5 10 20

i Nzo G TV

at no load

W It 0.5 10346.7 20 12 0

It ftp.q Iz 6.34mA IR
1 No Vzo Iz Rz
6.7 6 34 10 202

6.82628 V

b s no but
at II X o I 138.5mV
Cine Regulation 38.5 MNT
 e As we know Ia Iz Ie so if ILM Iz d
d
constant O Iz L negative
as source voltage
constant

when a load resistance Re that draws a Ie 1mA

Zener current It will decrease by IMA

A Iz IMA
ME DIZ 20 1 20mV
Ivo
20 MUMA
i Load Regulation
JEF
d

ÉI

3 UMA
In
Effy
I II z 3.4mA

AW 2 D Iz F a 3 Y X 202 68mV

e at 0.5hr load Resistance

which is not possible
Il
off 93.6mA
as
1,2 6.34 MA

Therefore Zener must be cut off

 So No 8 V
WIFE 10 X 5V 6
q
so the diode will
act like an open circuit
No 5V

e For the Zener still operate It

Izu 0.2M A
VE VEN 6.7 V
The lowest supplied voltage 10 1 9 V

841
ÉMIj
I a 6mA
gg
Egypt i I

IL
It
96
In
0.22 9 U MA

NZ Ic Re 122
É yo
3 1.52 km
5011
a
t.IE
m

No load I
TIL 7.9mA

3.22
i
nd each Yet 35.56
re 3rd series 3 3.21 9.61

3
i DN II
Xp p
I lX
1 9.6
119 10 V I 9.5mV

TN per diode I 13.16 MV

931

b when Ikr load is connected IL 2.1 MA

i s Iz e 2 IMA

Sw 2 I Xr 2 1 9.6 20.16 Mv

i s each diode 1
203 6.72mV
SOI
ra
EI Pdo ma 2501

Vima 251

10mA 2 51

Is emit
i emt.edu
ip t Is e't Is e I

I
end thy

I f
ID t e

ID t I ID I
7ft
ID t ID t Valt

small signal model

ordain d
game up
my
 By exponential model
gÉ
J
total instantaneous
current
MT
ID t Is e

ID Is emit
IDF ID
If Vds

ÉDz Ip
D2 Is e fry If Nd

3
e
É change in current

si D Nd 2 Udi
II
e

sip
af
i

Note V Uac tract d

small signal model
DI VDC Vdi
V
D2 UDC t Ud 2

i
AND S Nd

s'D do ett 1

IDI IMA DID LEFT J

why
 exponential
singing ID D
ma
sin ett 1 ma

Hymes
te
sip Is Sud

Given Jud

only sidesmalesisnat ftp.genm

n
0 181 MA
0.2mA
5mV
0.22mA
C 5mV 0.2mA
d 10mV 0.4mA 0.4918 MA
Tatpraw the small circuit equivalent

As I O

Us
Q Timia ra va
ANo

OIL
AND
DID
Oud
did

IEt
1
are 84 4
4 51
i
rd

5 MA
ID WE 2,5mg

at no load No zu given Us 15 u given

gift 133
3
5 10 15,32

R 24001 2 4 kN

b Is Ip ett
3 0.75 v
as No zu voltage drop per diode
i Is 5 10
3
e 5 3
9.7 10 A

ID no load ID IL

ID ID N D IL
25 I 4mA

D Y In Est 25 10 In 15 1
Up 0.79931 V

i 4N 0 749 3 2.977 V

3 0.023 V 23mV
OU 2.977

very se re incremental resistance

if diode current is Half

Iz I DI 5 10 5

TV 50 1 5 250mV 0.25 V
 V2 10 2 0.25

V2 10 0.25 9.75 V

again if I double II 20 10 10 MA

TV 50 10 500 MV 0.5 V

i
V2 10 0.5 V2 10 05 10.5 V

We know VEUzo t Ift

3
Uzo Vz Iz rz 10 10 10 50 95V

SMI Iz 5XIzK 5mA

I
I
is.tt IBr

I
r
EIta
R
153 03
9701
 I 15 5 MA 20mA
here
i The maximum power dissipationof Zener diode
3
20 10 0.112 a
Pz Nz Iman 5.6 X
112MW

NZ
5.1 970
Vzot Iz rz
50 10
3
7
E
Uzo 9.75 V

at no load Non Vz 5 IV

Myr
2,1k
line regulation 33.81
2 7

road Regulation Eli R z

III
7
7
i Load Regulation 7mV ma
 Rectifier

Half wave Full wave

Center tap
Bridge Rectifier

Half wave Rectifier

Us VD Vo O

Ns I ND Vo Us VD
In selecting diodes 2 things must be specified

1 The current handling capability determined by the

largest current the diode is expected to conduct

2 Peak Inverse Voltage PIV that the diode must be able

to withstand without breakdown

PIV Ms CPeak of the supplied A C voltage

Us Up two o
IÉÉÉ
R
am

let vs Us sin wt

EEN
9 A 20
conduction angle

Us Vs Sino O sin
F
know Um peak V2 Urms
Now we
YET
d u

VS Upeak 1252 V

O sin 2.369

i conduction angle 180 20 175.27

b Volans
I Sto t dt

ft sino

a O
Vp do

us
f end un

a a a
us ask a car up

Vp a za
In V f 290

VD t 20
2 Vs ca o
 ca 0 1 and A 2025
assuming

No cars 2K ND T

E E
No
avg
Vs Ml

I 12 V2 OE

5 05 V

01
4 Peak diode current I
4,1 12,12

112163mi
and PIV a Us 1252217J

Full Wave Rectifier

1 The transformer secondary winding is center tapped

to provide two equal voltages u across the two
halves of the secondary with the polarities
winding
indicated

2 The current through R always flows in the same

 direction and thus so will be unipolar

3 PIV 2Vs Up Full wave Rectifier

 9 output is o
during
A D to a to
X o Ato at 0 20

D Vs since
D sin

ssiW 20 25in
I
Vp Vssin

b No
avg ftvolts at
ELSE
A D
D do
1 p do

Us Sino ND do
f 2

A D
o
C up
Is
come

If Ns Coca D Y Ca
of year up a
 I
us Cao VD at MDD Us cos a up D
I
Vs Ca 2ND Q VDT
z
I
0 0 NoCars 2K VDT Ns UD

É EI g UD ti peak R 0

YI i
peak kid
W 20
70 during 2

521
2
7 Te x loot

PIV ZU ND

Ns IV ms N
peak Vs 1252 N

ND 0.7 V
R Coo r
e D sin
f
sin
II 2.364
 131
2 1007 97.377
i
Ttc

NoCavs 0.7 10 IV
Ns Np 3,1252
12
ID
KII 81 163mA

PIV 2K Up 2X 12 V2 0.72 33.24 V

T.is
es tt uine center tapped transformer
2 Requires four diodes
3 current flows through R in the same direction
always so N will be
positive
4 P IV e
Ns UD

5 Half many turns required for the secondary

winding compared to center trap rectifier
Sof
2ND Vs sin D

a a sin is full wane

go
2 Us sin 01
2 Vp d 01
ang I got

is sing d of
I J
z up
 f
o d o
Ya Vs 9 2nd

ca D A 20
12ns Zug
I
Ch 21
Osman

i Vocaus I 24 5
24

E Ns 2ND

1252 0.7 9.4 V

I
2

E
KEI
P IV e
NS UD
By Rectifier with a filter capacitor Peak Rectifier

ice E
I a er
edge
ID ie q

c'D
egg til

Up Peak input voltage

No Up Wr
Wr Ripple voltage
when Time constant T
Cro Vr 20

V Up
i IL YE
Vo Up Ur avearge of the extreme values of No

Vo Up e diode off
During the interval

at the end of discharge e

m

typ
i n

Up Up 2 Up e
ER I since or t

ter
e z I
Ir
1
 Up Ur up l
Er
Up Np l I
Er
VrIVp
t
since f
f up a up get up
I
half wave
Wr if peak rectifier

Y É
T
E cm

Up Cos Wat Vp Vr

Now cos cast 2 I

I
wat
CON I
IT 2,1

Up l I lost Vp Vr

wat up
Vr

last 5 1

E if staff
conduction angle
 Now charge supplied to the capacitor

supplied Ic cang At Q lost Cur

ID avg
deCang IL

Now Qsupplied Q lost Chr

ie
avg.MYfim gI I cur T.IJ
Now
St
EMI II ZANE
i
Kang IL
ZANE IL
ATE
I IL
Dang Cang

IL
ATE IL

memorise
I
Dang IL It
tf
and ID man IL It
ZANE
 we know CY TIL

c
ECE
c fur YE got E The
0
2
83.3347

conduction angle cost

V ME 0.2

The diode conducts for

Efx 1007 03.187 of the cycle
Dang IL it a
FI
TECH AVE
C it a Ft
IDarg 324 15MA
and ID man 10 It 25 Ff
EDman
I
638 IM

Summary

1 Half wave peak Rectifier

est
JE
Ur Er
Dang IL Ittf
Dman IL It 2 A
TE
2 Full wave Peale Rectifier
we will a capacitor
Ur
1h half the
required in
size of that
the half wave
rectifier
i
rang
IL it A
Er
ID man ICH ZA
ME
 Note This formula is for Ideal diodes

For real diods Replace up with

Vp Up half wave

Vp 2ND full wave