PROJECTREPORT

on
ONPHENOMENONOFELECTROMAGNETICINDUCTION

Submittedinpartialfulfillmentoftherequirementfortheaward of

XIIPhysicsofCBSEBY Name:

Akshor Sonu. A.S

2023-2024

NEWJYOTHICENTRALSCHOOL, SENIORSECONDARY
UDIYANKULANGARA, VATTAVILAP.O, NEYYATTINKARA
PIN :695132

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 NEWJYOTHICENTRALSCHOOL,SENIORSECONDARY

Udiyankulangara,VattavilaP.O,NeyyattinkaraPin:695132

CERTIFICATE
CERTIFIEDTHATTHE
PROJECTENTITLEPHENOMENONOFELECTROMAGNETICIND
UCTIONISABONAFIDERECORDOF THE WORK DONE BYAKSHOR
SONU.A. SIN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENTOFREQUIREMENTFORTHEAWARDOFXIIPHYSICS IN
THECBSE BOARD DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024

REGNO:

Principal TeacherIn-charge
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ExternalExaminer

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4
 PagE No
Si.No TiTLE

1 aCKNoWLEDgEMENT 4
2 iNTRoDUCTioN 5

3 aiMoFTHE PRoJECT 6

4 THEoRY 7-16
5 oBSERVaTioN 17
aPPLiCaTioN oF
6 ELECToMagNETiCiNDUCTioNaND 18-19
FaRaDaY’S EXPERiMENT

7 CoNCLUSioN 20

8 BiBLiogRaPHY 21

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Iwouldacknowledgethecontinuousencouragementand timely
SuggestionsofferedbyourPrincipalSmt.KavithaV.G
I extend my heartly thanks for giving me the opportunity to
makeuseofthefacilitiesavailableinthecampustocarryout the
project successfully

IamhighlyindebtedtoSmt.SasiKanthfortheconstant
supervision,providingnecessaryinformationandsupporting in
completing the project . I would like to express my
gratitudetowardsthemforthekindcooperationand
encouragement
Finally I would like to extend my gratefulness to one and all
who helped directly or in directly in the successful completion
of this project work .

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 INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic Induction was discovered by Michael
Faraday in1831 and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically
described it as Faraday’ slaw of induction. Electromagnetic
Induction is a current produced because of voltage production
(electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field. This
either happens when a conductor is placed in a moving magnetic
field (when using AC power source) or when a conductor is
constantly moving in a stationary magnetic field.

Discovery:-
The discovery of electromagnetic induction in the early part of the 19th
Century is one of the greatest scientific achievements of all time,
and it has tremendous technological consequences. The credit for
this discovery rightfully goes to the great English experimental
physicist Michael Faraday.

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 AIM
To Study The Phenomenon Of Electromagnetic
Induction.

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THEORY
Electromagnetic Induction:-
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production
of an electromotive force across an electrical conductor in a
changing Magnetic field.

Magnetic Flux:-
Magnetic flux is defined as the number of magnetic field
lines passing through a given closed surface .It provide the
measurement of the total magnetic field passes through a given
surface area. Hence, the area under consideration can of any size
under any orientation with respect to the direction of the magnetic
field

Induced E.M.F:-
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered then E.M.F
will be generated in the coil. This effect was first observed
and explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and
1831.Faraday discovered than an E.M.F could be either
generated either by, (i) moving the coil or source of flux
relative to each other.(ii)by changing the magnitude of the
source of magnetic flux in some way. For example, consider
two coils as shown in Figure1.

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 Coil A is connected to a galvanometer and coil B is
Connected to a battery and has direct current flowing
through it. Coil A is within the magnetic field produced by
Band an E.M.F. can be produced in A by moving the coils
relative to each other or by changing the size of the current
in B.This can be done by using the rheostat R, switching the
current on or off, or (c) using an A.C. supply for B. (An
E.M.F. could also be produced in coil A by replacing coil B
with a permanent magnet and moving this relative to coil
A.)

Representation:-
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
Difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed
to a varying magnetic field.

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Working:-
Currentisproducedinaconductorwhenitismovedthroughamagnetic
fieldbecausethemagneticlinesofforceareapplyingaforceonthefree

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 electrons in the conductor and causing them to move. This process of
generatingcurrentinaconductorbyplacingtheconductorinachanging
magnetic field is called induction. This is

called induction because there is no physical connection between the

conductor and the magnet. The current is said to be induced in the
conductor by the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take place is that
the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must be perpendicular to
the magnetic lines of force in order to produce the maximum force on
the free electrons. The direction that the induced current flows is
determinedbythedirectionofthelines of forceand bythedirectionthe wire
is moving in the field. In the anti motion above the ammeter (the
instrumentusedtomeasurecurrent)indicateswhenthereiscurrentinthe
conductor.

IfanACcurrentisfedthroughapieceofwire,the
electromagnetic field that is produced is constantly growing and
shrinking due to the constantly changing current in the wire. This
growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce electrical current in
anotherwirethatisheldclosetothefirstwire.Thecurrentinthesecond wire
will also beAC and in fact will look very similar to the current flowing
in the first wire.

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 It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate the
strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping the
coil around an iron bar will further concentratethemagnetic field in
theironbar.Themagneticfieldwillbestrongestinsidethebarandat
itsends(poles).

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Lenz’sLaw:-
The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a
current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux
through the loop in order to ensure that original flux is maintained
through the loop when current flows in it.
NamedafterEmilLenz,Lenz’slawdependsonthe
principle of conservation of energy and Newton’sthirdlaw.It is the
most convenient method to determine the direction of the induced
current.Itstatesthatthedirectionofaninducedcurrentisalwayssuch as to
oppose the change in the circuit or the magnetic field that produces
it.
TheLenz’sLawisreflectedintheformulaofFaraday’slaw.Here
thenegative sign is contributed from Lenz’s law. The
expression is –

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Lenz’sLawApplications:-
Lenz’slawapplications areplenty. Someofthemarelisted
below-


Eddycurrentbalances

Metaldetectors

Eddycurrentdynamometers

Brakingsystemsontrain

ACgenerators

Cardreaders

Microphones

cardreader

metaldetector
microphone

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Lenz’sLawExperiment:-

FirstExperiment:-
In the first experiment,he concludedthat when thecurrent in thecoil
flows in the circuit the magnetic field lines are produced. As the
current flows through the coil increases, the magnetic flux will
increase.The directionofthe flowofinducedcurrentwouldbesuch
thatitopposeswhenthemagneticfluxincreases.

SecondExperiment:-
In the second experiment, he concluded that when the current -
carrying coil iswound on aniron rodwith itsleft end behavingas N-
pole and is moved towards the coil S, an induced current will be
produced. 22
produced. 23
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ThirdExperiment:-
In the third experiment, he concluded that when the coil is pulled
towards the magnetic flux, the coil linked with it goes on decreasing
which means that the area of the coil inside the magnetic field
decreases. According to Lenz’s law, the motion ofthe coil is opposed
when the induced current is applied in the same direction. To produce
the current force is exerted by the magnet in the loop.To oppose the
change a force must be exerted by the current on the magnet.

Faraday’sLawsofElectromagnetic
Induction:- First
law:-
Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic
field,anelectromotiveforceisinduced.Iftheconductor
circuit is closed, acurrent is induced, which is called
induced current.

Second law:-
When the same quantity of electricity is passed
through different electrolytes, the masses of different ions
thatareliberatedattheelectrodesaredirectlyproportional to
their chemical equivalent weigh.

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 Magneticflowmeter:-
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically
conductive liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called magnetic
flow meters. The induced voltage ℇ generated in the
magneticfieldBdueto aconductiveliquidmoving atvelocityvis
thusgivenby:

whereℓ isthe distancebetween electrodesinthe

magneticflowmeter.

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D

Faraday’sExperiment:-
OneofthescientistsFaradayperformedseriesofexperimentsand
basedontheresultshegavelawoninduction.
 Heintroduced thephenomenon of
electromagneticinduction
 Inductionmeanstoinduceortogeneratesomething. 26

ElectromagneticInductionmeansproductionof
ElectromagneticInductionmeansproductionof
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 electriccurrentduetomagnetic field.
 Magneticfieldiscapableofproducingcurrentina
conductor.

 Faradaytookacoilandattachedagalvanometerto it.
 Asthereisnobatteryattachedthereforethereisno
source of current.
 Hebroughtthemagnetnearthe coil.
 Whenthemagnetismovedtowardsthe coil
galvanometer showed deflection.
 Galvanometer even showed the deflection in the
oppositedirectionwhenthemagnetistakenaway
from the coil.
 Whenmagnetwasnotmovedtherewasno
deflection in the galvanometer.
 Thisshowcurrentisrelatedtomagnet.
 Fasterthemagnetismovedthemoreisthe
deflection in the galvanometer .This showed more
andmorecurrentflowsifthemagnetis movedvery fast.
 Sameeffectwasobservedifthecoilismovedandthe
magnet was not moved.

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OBSERVATION
. Relativemotionbetweenmagnetandcoilinduced
electriccurrentin thecoil.

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APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTIONANDFARADAY’SEXPERIMENT
Electromagnetic inductionhas foundmanyapplications,
including electrical components such as inductors and
transformers ,and devices such as electric motorsand
generators.

ElectricGenerator:-TheEMF
generated by Faraday's law of induction dueto relative
movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electricalgenerators.When a
permanentmagnetismovedrelativetoaconductor,or
viceversa,anelectromotiveforceiscreated.Ifthewireisconnectedthrough an
electricalload, current will flow, and thus electricalenergyis
generated,convertingthemechanicalenergyofmotiontoelectricalenergy.A
differentimplementationofthisideaistheFaraday'sdisc,showninsimplified
form on the right.

ElectricalTransformer:-
Whentheelectriccurrentinaloopofwirechanges,the
changingcurrentcreatesachangingmagneticfield.A second
wire in reach of this magneticfield will experience this
change in magnetic field as a change in its coupled

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magneticflux,dΦB/dt.Therefore,anelectromotiveforce is
setup in the second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are
connectedthroughanelectricalload,currentwillflow.

ApplicationofFaraday’sExperiment:-
Faraday law is one of the most basic and important laws of
electromagnetism.This law finds its application in most of theelectrical
machines, industries, and the medical field, etc.

 Powertransformersfunctionbasedon Faraday’s
law
 The basic working principle of the electrical
generator isFaraday’s law of mutualinduction.
 The Induction cooker is the fastest way of
cooking. It alsoworks on the principle of mutual
induction.
 Electromagnetic Flow Meter is used to measure
the velocityof certain fluids.
 It is also used in musical instruments like an
electric guitar,electric violin, etc.

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 CONCLUSION
This experiment provided us the opportunity to know about
phenomenon of electromagnetic induction , application ,
Lenz’s law, Faraday experiment and many more which are
very useful and can be applied in our day today’s life.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Physics Ncert reader

ClassXIIWikipedia.com

https: //www.coursehero.com
https: //www.topper.com https:
//www.teachoo.com https:
//www.learncareers360.comhttps:
//www.vedantu.com
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https://www.byjus.com
https://www.brainly.com

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