LORD’S ANGELS MONTESSORI SCHOOL, INC.

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Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences

Module No. 2
I. TITLE:
Lesson 2: COUNSELING
2.1: The Discipline of Counseling
2.2: Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling
2.3: Clientele and Audiences of Counseling
II. INTRODUCTION
The introductory course covers the theory and philosophy of counseling, the different goals and roles of
counseling. This topic provides an overview of the major theoretical approaches in conducting counseling.
III. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson you should be able to:
1. Identify the goals and scope of counseling.
2. Explain the principles of counseling.
3. Discuss the core values of counseling.
IV. PRE-TEST
Activity #1
Direction: Think of a time in your life when you felt you were in crisis. What constituted that crisis? To whom
you approach during those trying moments? Did seeking help relieve you from the crisis?
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V. DISCUSSION

Meaning of Counseling

Michael S. Nystul (2003) defined counseling as basically an art and a

science wherein you endeavor to weigh the objective and subjective
facets of the counseling process. Counseling as an art is the
subjective dimension of counseling. Counseling as a science, on the
other hand, is the objective dimension of the counseling.
In practical terms, counseling happens when a person who is
distressed asks for help and permits another person to enter into a kind of connection with him/her to speak
and who will not condemn and criticize him/her. It is indicative with formal of someone of counseling
requests for time and attention from person who will listen, who will allow him/her to speak and who will not
condemn and criticize him/her.
Counseling is not to be confused with psychiatry, which is a branch of general medicine that deals
with the treatment of the mentally ill by medically-trained professionals using clinical interventions including
drugs, surgical procedures, and non-physical approaches. The branch of psychology that deals with the
design, administration, and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological
variables such as intelligence, aptitude, and personality traits.
Philippine Republic Act no. 9258 (Guidance and Counseling Act
of 2004)
Guidance and Counseling is a profession that involves the use of
an integrated approach to the development of a well-functioning
individual primarily by helping him/her to utilize his/her
potentials to the fullest and plan his/her future in accordance
with his/her abilities, interests and needs. It includes functions
such as counseling, psychological testing, (as to personality,
career, interest, study orientation, mental ability and aptitude),
research, placement, group process, teaching and practicing of guidance and counseling subjects, particularly
subjects given in the licensure examinations, and other human development services.

Goals of Counseling

 Development Goals - assist in meeting or advancing the client’s human growth and development
including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.
 Preventive Goals – helps the client avoid some undesired outcome.
 Enhancement Goals – enhance special skills and abilities
 Remedial Goals – examining options, testing of skills
 Exploratory Goals – examining options, testing of skills, trying new and different activities, etc.

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  Reinforcement Goals – helps client in recognizing that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is
fine.
 Cognitive Goals – involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills.
 Physiological Goals – involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health.
 Psychological Goals – aids in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and
developing positive self- concept.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

The idea here was

layers were all ‘deficiency’ or ‘lower-order’ needs – so that, for example, a person who doesn’t have enough
food would not be focused on needs relating to the higher levels. You cannot exchange one need for
another, for example exchanging the need to breathe air for the need to have shelter: each level of the
triangle must be met before progressing to the next level.
This highlights the importance of people having access to what they need at a more basic level
before they can fully engage in counselling.
Thus, if a client presents to a counselling service with housing problems, for example, it will probably
be necessary to signpost or refer them to an organization to help them sort this out before they will be
ready to begin counselling.

Roles and Functions of Counselors

1. Individual assessment- Individual assessment is a systematic process intended to assess and predict
the performance and behavior of an individual within an organization. It is currently most often used
when selecting new staff and in staff development (assessment of potential). A combination of
situational and psycho-diagnostic procedures and the involvement of a further qualified third party
(peer review) provides a consensus of opinion about a candidate's intellectual potential, motivation
to succeed, and social skills.

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 2. Individual counseling- defined as a type of psychology and therapy focused on typical and normal
developmental issues as it applies to the human experience.
3. Group counseling and guidance- A counseling group is usually comprised of six to eight students who
meet face to face with one or two trained group therapists and talk about what most concerns them.
Members listen to each other and openly express thoughts and feelings about what other members
do or say. These interactions give members an opportunity to increase understanding of self and
others, try out new ways of being with others, and learn more effective ways to interact.
4. Career assistance- Career Counseling is a process that will help you to know and understand yourself
and the world of work in order to make career, educational, and life decisions.
5. Placement and follow-up- It refers to the formal and systematic monitoring of the individual
progress of current students who have undergone academic advising, counseling, referral,
placement, or any special intervention program.
6. Referral- refers to the practice of helping clients find needed expert assistance that referring
counselor cannot provide
7. Consultation- Consultation is an indirect process in which a human service professional assists a
consultee with a work-related (or caretaking-related) problem with a client system, with the goal of
helping both the consultee and client system in some specified way.
8. Research- Research is important for clients, for practitioners and politically to continue to
demonstrate that counselling changes lives. Research provides evidence for the range of issues
where therapy can be effective and the positive outcomes for clients.
9. Evaluation- is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria
governed by a set of standards.
10. Prevention- the action of stopping something from happening or arising.

7 Competencies of Counselors
1. Interpersonal Skills
Ability to listen, communicate, empathize, be present aware of non-verbal communication, sensitive
to voice quality, responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of language.
2. Personal Beliefs and Attitude
Capacity to accept other, belief in potential for change awareness of ethical and moral choices and
sensitive to values held by client and self.

3. Conceptual Ability
Ability to understand and assess the client’s problems, to anticipate future problems, to make sense
of immediate process in terms of wider conceptual scheme, to remember information about the client.

4. Personal Soundness
Must have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self- confidence,
capacity to tolerate strong or uncomfortable feelings in relation to clients, secure personal boundaries,
ability to be a client, must carry no social prejudice, ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.

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5. Mastery of techniques
Must have a knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess
effectiveness of interventions, understanding of rationale behind techniques, possession of sufficiently wide
repertoire of interventions.

6. Ability to understand and work within social system

Compromise of awareness of family and work relationships of the client, the impact of agency on the
clients, the capacity to use support networks and supervision, sensitivity to client from a different gender,
ethnicity, sexual orientation.

7. Openness to learning and inquiry

Capacity to be curious about client’s backgrounds and problems, being open to new knowledge.

Career Opportunities and Areas of Specialization of Counselors

1. Marriage and family counseling- refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with
couple or family and appreciate the complications in the family system.
2. Child and adolescent counseling- is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The
counseling strategies focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of
resiliency positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and other qualities that
promote optional development.
3. Group counseling- is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as a practice
can be located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of counselor’s system. Group
counseling offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from observing other group members ;
can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to discover that you others have similar concerns ;
members are encouraged to offer help to others ;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the
therapeutic climate created similar as the client’s family origin.
4. Career counseling- is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids
individual on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach includes integrating
theory and practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 )adopted the model of Wagner ( 1971)
on structural analysis of personality to the realm of vocational psychology. The model consist of vocational
career services, occupational placement , vocational guidance , career counseling , career education , career
therapy, and position coaching.
5. School counseling- refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and
peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and considers diversity in
enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on consultation, counseling’s exceptional students
and with the ability to handle problems such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents,
dropping out of school.
6. Mental health counseling- is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental
disorders. Mental disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental health
counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems. The job requires patience, humility,
kindness and compassion.

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Rights, Responsibilities of Counselors

1. Client Welfare
2. Respecting diversity
3. Client rights
4. Clients served by others
5. Personal needs and values
6. Dual Relationships
7. No Sexual intimacies with clients
8. Multiple clients
9. Group work
10. Fees

Core Values and Ethical Principles of Counseling

Ethical Principles

Autonomy of Individuals  Based on the right to freedom of action and

freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of
these freedom does not interfere with the
freedom of others, counseling cannot
happen unless the client has made a free
choice to participate.
 Personal autonomy is not a simple one and
not sufficient as a guide to action and good
practice in all circumstances.
Principle of Justice  Concerned with the fair distribution of
resources and services, unless there is
some acceptable reason for treating them
differently
 For counseling, the principle has particular
relevance to the question of access.
 Commitment to be fair goes beyond that of
the ordinary person, in view of the
agreement to promote worth and dignity of
each individual, counselors are required to
be concerned with equal treatment for all
individuals.
Principle of Fidelity  Shares to the presence of loyalty, reliability,
dependability and action in good faith;
 The rule of confidentiality reveals the
importance fidelity; entering into a contract
means to stay with the client and give the

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 case his/her efforts.
Principle of Non-maleficence  This refers to instruction to all helpers or
healers that they must, above all, do no
harm.
 Beneficence refers to the order to promote
human welfare;
 Both non-maleficence and beneficence
occur in the prominence in codes of
practice that counselors must warrant that
they are trained to an appropriate level of
competence, that they must monitor and
maintain their competence through
supervision, consultation and training and
they must work only within the limits of
their competence
Principle of Beneficence  Reflects the counselor’s responsibility to
contribute to the welfare of the client
 It means to do good, to be proactive, and
also to prevent harm when possible
(Forester-Miller & Rubenstein, 1992).
Beneficence can come in many forms, such
as prevention and early intervention
actions that contribute to the betterment
of clients.

Clientele and Audiences in Counseling

Individuals and groups of people who receive service from various counseling professions constitute
the clientele and audience.
INDIVIDUAL
Individual counseling is a personal opportunity to receive support and experience growth during
challenging times in life. Such kind of counseling facilitates one deal with a variety of life topics such as anger,
depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, substance abuse, parenting problems, school difficulties and
career changes. Otherwise known as talk therapy, this type of counseling is done in a confidential
environment where clientele work one-on-one with a trained professional, example, in school a guidance
counselor.
This counseling activity allows individuals to explore their feelings, beliefs and behaviors, work
through challenging or influential memories, identify aspects of their lives that they would like to change,
better understand themselves and others, set personal goals and work toward desired change. It is focused
on the individual’s immediate or near future concerns. It is facilitated to talk to through mental health
concerns and help clients heal, grow and move toward more productive lives. It is usually lasts between 45
and 50 minutes.
GROUP

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 Group counseling is a form of counseling where a small group of people meet regularly to discuss,
interact, and explore problems with each other and the group leader. Group counseling seeks to give
students a safe and comfortable place on campus where they can work out problems and emotional
concerns. Members gain insight into their own thoughts and behavior, and offer suggestions and support to
others.
ORGANIZATIONAL
Counseling is an effective and preventive people management strategy for organizations to help
employees’ better managing stress, personal issues or work related problems. Benefits to the organization:
Improvement in employee performance & therefore increase in productivity.
The five most common goals of counseling include:

 Facilitating behavioral change.

 Helping improve the client’s ability to both establish and maintain relationships.
 Helping enhance the client’s effectiveness and their ability to cope.
 Helping promote the decision-making process while facilitating client potential.

COMMUNITIES
Community counseling takes the service outside of the hospital and puts it directly into the community, and
that’s where this particular type of counseling gets its name. Instead of visiting a hospital, patients can generally visit
their counselor at a smaller, private practice.

PEOPLE WHO MAY UNDERGO COUNSELING:

A. People Who Use Tobacco
 Users find it difficult to stop smoking
 Smokers desire to quit tobacco were added to the list of the
counselor’s audiences

B. People Who Abuse Alcohol

 Alcoholism is seen as a disease and alcoholics find it difficult to stop
drinking on their own
 A weakness of self-control and self-discipline
 Requires intervention other than treatment

C. Women
 Men still predominantly control purchasing and
decision-making powers
 Most men still have less participation in household
responsibilities and child care
 Women’s advancement is constrained

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  Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes and
interests and to utilize these to develop their full potential. (Gibson and Mitchel, 2003)

D. Older Adults
 The aging population is increasingly rising and
demands more attention.
 Retirees who are adjusting to life outside work feel
lost and ignored.
 Transition from a busy life to retirement stage must
be instituted.
 Loss of partner, decline mental capacity and
mobility, increased loneliness, decline in financial
security.

E. People with AIDS

 Counselors help to improve their quality of life and to
handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem
 Counseling approach requires sensitivity and appreciation
of the intricacies of the disease
 Aid in assisting and educating the victim’s support system

F. Victims of Abuse
 Represents victims of domestic violence characterized
by spouse and child abuses
 Spouse abuse is often associated with poverty drug
abuse and career disappointments
 Causes psychological damage to the victims
 Counselors are increasingly being utilized to help the
victims.

G. Gay Men and Lesbian Women

 Discrimination
 Victims of harassment, violence, discrimination
and isolation
 Suffer from peer denial, family clash, health
uncertainties and prejudgment
 Counseling will focus on self-awareness, self-
acceptance and understanding.

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VI. ASSESSMENT
Activity # 1
Direction: Write True if the statement is correct, if it’s not, write False.
________1. A person seeing counselor a psychologist, a psychiatrist, or any mental health practitioner has
mental illness.
________2. The Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004 is also known as the Republic Act No. 9258
________3. Guidance is the heart of guidance services, accomplished a therapeutic relationship between the
counselor and the counselee.
________4. One goal of counseling is promoting the problem-solving process.
________5. Unconditional regard means that your counselor will be very respectful and accepting of your
own insights and personal feelings about your situation.
________6. Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes
and interests and to utilize these to develop their full potential.
________7. Counseling approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease.
________8. Victims of abuse does not cause psychological damage to the victims.
________9. The principle of beneficence refers to instruction to all helpers or healers that they must, above
all, do no harm.
________10. Principle of Justice is concerned with the fair distribution of resources and services, unless
there is some acceptable reason for treating them differently.

Activity # 2
Direction: Give the definition of each terms based on your own understanding, kindly write your answers on
the space provided.

Term Definition
1. Community Counseling

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2. Principle of Justice

3. Principle of Beneficence

4. Group Counseling

5. Individual Counseling

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REFERENCES:

[1] https://www.academia.edu/43633071/COUNSELING

[2] https://www.slideshare.net/aybipolidario/counseling-210904528

[3] https://www.yourdictionary.com/psychometrics

[4] https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2004/03/02/republic-act-no-9258/#:~:text=a)%20Guidance%20and
%20Counseling%20is,her%20abilities%2C%20interests%20and%20needs .

[5] https://quizlet.com/328381742/goals-of-counseling-flash-cards/

[6] https://counsellingtutor.com/counselling-approaches/person-centred-approach-to-counselling/maslow-hierarchy-
of-needs/

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