Lab Worksheets Indian School Muscat
Lab Worksheets Indian School Muscat
SENIOR SECTION
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
CLASS X
LIST OF EXPERIEMENTS
LAB WORKSHEET -1
Different Types of Chemical Reactions
Combination Reaction
Experiment-1(a) Date:………
Objective:
To study the Combination reaction of Quick lime (CaO) in water.
Points to remember:
1.CaO is a white powder
2.It reacts with water to form slaked lime [Ca(OH)2].
3.This process is called slaking of lime
4.Slaked lime is a suspension of Ca(OH)2 in water.
5.Clear solution of Ca(OH)2 in water is known as lime water
6.Slaking of lime is an exothermic reaction releasing a lot of heat energy.
7.CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s/aq)
Procedure:
1.Take about 50 ml of water is a beaker and note its temperature and record as T10C
2.Add 2 spatula of CaO to it.
3.Stir well
4.Note the temperature again and record the same as T20C
5.Compare the temperature. (Which is greater? T1 or T2?)
Observations:
Initial temperature: T10C = ………….0C
Final Temperature: T20C = ………… 0C
Result:
Reaction between CaO and water is an example of combination reaction and it is an
exothermic reaction.
Precautions:
1.Water used may boil due to chemical reaction and hence touching the hot beaker
with bare hand should be avoided.
2.Use goggles and lab coat
3.Hg thermometer should be handled with care.
Answer the following questions:
1.What is meant by combination reaction?
Answer: A chemical reaction in which two (or) more reactants come to form a single product.
Requirements:
Iron sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4.7H2O), test tube, spatula, Bunsen burner, etc.
Points to remember:
1.Ferrous sulphate hepta hydrate crystals are light green (pale green) in colour.
2.On heating iron sulphate undergoes decomposition to form solid iron oxide and sulphur
dioxide and sulphur trioxide gases. (2FeSO4.7H2O Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 + 14H2O)
3.The gases formed has smell of burning sulphur
4.Iron sulphide is brown in colour.
5.The sulphur oxide gases produced are acidic and can be tested using moist blue litmus paper.
6.Both SO2 and SO3 are soluble in water
7.SO2 + H2O → H2SO3 (Sulphurous acid)
8.SO3 + H2O → H2SO4 (Sulphuric acid)
9.SO2 will dissolve in water and can be tested using acidified potassium dichromate
solution (Yellow solution turns green)
10.The seven water molecules present in the crystal are known as water of crystallisation.
Procedure:
1.Take a few crystals of iron sulphate hepta hydrate in a clean dry test tube.
2.Heat the test tube strongly on a Bunsen burner.
3.Introduce a moist blue litmus paper near the mouth of the test tube
Observations:
1.Green colour of the substance gradually changes to brown
2.The white fuming kind of gas released has smell of burning sulphur
3.Blue litmus paper turns to red.
Result:
Light green iron sulphate undergoes decomposition to form brown iron oxide and acidic SO2
and SO3 gases. It also loses its water of crystallisation.
Precautions:
1.Do not inhale the gases that are released.
2.Avoid your eyes getting exposed to the gases.
3.Wear goggle and lab coat.
3.What is the colour of the residue formed after the experiment? What is it chemically?
Name the gases evolved .
Answer: The colour of the residue formed is brown(Ferric Oxide-Fe2O3). It is chemically anhydrous
Ferrous Sulphate (FeSO4). The gases evolved are Sulphur di and Trioxide (SO2 & SO3).
Requirements:
Iron nails, thread, test tubes, copper sulphate, distilled water, spatula, TT stand, sand paper,etc.
Points to remember:
1.Colour of pure iron is greyish
2.Colour of pure copper is brownish.
3.Aqueous solution of copper sulphate is blue due to the presence of Cu2+ ions and ferrous
sulphate is light green due to the presence of Fe2+ ions.
4.Fe is more reactive than Cu. Due to their difference in reactivity, copper gets deposited on
iron when iron is kept in a solution of copper sulphate and metallic iron dissolves in water to
form iron sulphate.
Due to the above mentioned reactions, the colour of the solution gradually changes from
blue to light green.
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s).
This is an example of a single displacement reaction. (Fe2+ ions displace Cu2+ ions).
Procedure:
1.Take 10 ml each of copper sulphate solution in two test tubes and keep on a TT
stand.
2.Take two iron nails and clean them using a sand paper to remove any rust.
3.Put one iron nail in one of the test tubes.
4.After 15 minutes, take out the iron nail keep it on a filter paper next to the clean
iron nail and compare them.
5.Compare also the solutions in both the test tubes.
6.Record your observation in the following table.
Nature of the- Observation Inference
Silvery grey in Metals are lustrous.
Iron nail before
colour and
the experiment
lustrous
Iron nail after the Brown deposit Copper is deposited on the nail due the displacement
experiment on the nail reaction that takes place between Fe & Cu.
Solution before Light blue and Copper sulphate solution is peacock blue in colour
the experiment transparent
Solution after the Light green and Due to the chemical reaction, Fe displaces Cu
experiment dirty fromCuSO4 and FeSO4 is formed in the solution.
Dirtiness is due to the rusting of iron.
Conclusions:
Fe displaces Cu from CuSO4 and forms FeSO4 in the solution hence the colour of the
solution changes from light blue to pale green. The displaced copper gets deposited on iron
nail. It appears as brown coating on iron nail.
Precautions:
1.Iron nail should be clean; otherwise impurity such as rust will cause interference to the
expected reaction.
2. During the experiment the test tube should not be disturbed. (The deposit of copper might
fall off) More the time taken better will be the result.
Questions:
1.What is meant by displacement reaction?
Answer: A highly reactive element displaces the less reactive element from its compounds.
3.Name the reaction that takes place, when an iron nail is kept in copper sulphate
solution.
Answer: Single displacement or REDOX.
6.Which out of the following get coated on iron nail? What is its colour?
(Copper oxide, copper sulphate, copper sulphide, copper metal)
Answer: Reddish brown copper metal.
Requirements:
Solutions of Na2SO4 & BaCl2, test tubes etc.
Points to remember:
1.Sodium sulphate contains 2 sodium ions and one sulphate ion.
2.On mixing the solutions a double displacement reactions takes place.
3.Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(aq).
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Take 1 ml of Sodium A white precipitate is The white precipitate formed is
sulphate solution in a test formed BaSO4
tube and add 1 ml of BaCl2
solution to it. Record the Na2SO4+BaCl2 →
change observed. BaSO4+2NaCl
Add 1 ml of con. HCl acid to The precipitate remains Confirms the presence of BaSO4.
one portion of the precipitate insoluble.
taken in another test tube.
Questions:
1.What is meant by displacement reaction?
Answer: When a highly reactive single reactant displaces a less reactive element form its solution is
known as displacement (or) Single displacement reaction.
5.What is the colour of barium chloride solution? What is the colour of barium sulphate
precipitate?
Answer: Barium Chloride Solution: Colourless
Barium Sulphate: White coloured Precipitate
Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O22W1ffjZCc
LAB WORKSHEET -5
Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH
paper/universal indicator
Experiment-2(A) Date:………
Objectives:
To Finding the pH of the following samples by using pH
paper/universal indicator.
(i) Dilute Hydrochloric Acid
(ii) Dilute NaOH solution
(iii) Dilute Ethanoic Acid solution
(iv) Lemon juice
(v) Water
(vi) Dilute Hydrogen Carbonate solution
Theory:
The pH is the measure of the acidic (or) Basic power of a solution. It is a scale for
measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. The pH scale varies from 0-
14. At 25C(298K), a neutral solution has pH equal to 7. A value less than 7 on
the pH scale represents an acidic solution whereas basic solution has pH value
more than 7.
pH is defined as the negative logarithm(base 10) of the hydrogen ion
concentration in moles litre.
pH=-log[H+]
Chemicals Required:
Dilute HCl, Dilute NaOH, solution, Dilute CH3COOH solution, Fresh Lemon
juice, Water and Dilute NaHCO3 Solution.
Apparatus Required:
Test tube, Test tube stand, Dropper, Glass Rod, pH Paper strips and pH colour
chart.
Procedure:
Step:1
Six clean test tube is placed in a test tube stand.
Step:2
Dilute HCl, Dilute NaOH Solution, Dilute CH3COOH solution, Lemon juice,
Water and Dilute NaHCO3 solution are taken separately in six test tubes and
labelled.
Step:3
One (or) two drops of each test solution on different strips of pH papers are put
using a glass rod. Glass rod used for one sample must be washed with water
before used for the other sample
Step:4
Note the pH by comparing the colour appeared on the pH paper with those on
colour chart for paper.
Step:5
For determining the pH of lemon juice, squeeze the fruit and place 1 or 2 drops of
the juice on the pH paper.
Observation:
S.NO Sample Solution Color appeared on pH pH of the solution Inference
paper (Approximate)
Precaution:
1.The test sample solutions should be freshly prepared and the fruit lemon juice
samples should also be fresh.
2. Glass rod used for one sample should be used for the other sample only after
washing it with water.
3.Acids must be handled carefully.
Video Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hEnqBPoL_4E
STUDY OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HCl ACID & NaOH
Experiment-2(b) Date:………
Objectives:
To carry out reactions of Hydrochloric acid and NaOH with:
(a) Blue / red litmus, (b) Zn Metal, and (c) Sodium Bicarbonate.
Requirements:
Test tubes, litmus papers, Zn granule, solid NaHCO3, match box, dil. HCl acid,
dil. NaOH solution, etc.
Procedure:
Take one test tube full of dil .HCl acid and keep it on one end of the test
tube rack for further use
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Put a drop of dil HCl on blue litmus Blue colour Litmus is red in acid solutions
paper and observe the change changes to red
2. Put a drop of dil HCl on red litmus Red colour does Litmus is red in acid solutions
paper and observe the change not change
3. Take a small granule of Zn in one test Slow evolution of 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2↑
tube and add 1 ml of dil HCl acid to a colourless,
it. Keep the test tube aside and not odourless gas
the change after 2 minutes.
4. (i) Take little of solid NaHCO3 in one Brisk HCl liberates CO2 gas from
test tube and treat it with 1 ml of dil effervescence of a sodium bicarbonate
HCl acid colourless, NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O
(ii)Insert a burning matchstick in to odourless gas + CO2↑
the test tube. Fire gets CO2 does not support
extinguished combustion.
Procedure: Take one test tube full of NaOH solution and keep it on one end of the test tube rack for
further use.
S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Put a drop of NaOH Blue colour does not Litmus is blue in alkaline/basic solution
solution on blue litmus change
paper and observe the
change
2. Put a drop of NaOH Red colour changes to Litmus is blue in alkaline/basic solution
solution on red litmus paper blue
and observe the change
3. Take a small granule of Zn Very Slow evolution of a 2 NaOH + 2 Zn + 2H2O→ Na2 [Zn(OH)4]
in one test tube and add 1 colourless, odourless gas + H2↑
ml of NaOH to it. Keep the
test tube aside and not the
change after 2 minutes.
4. Take little of solid NaHCO3 No visible reaction
in one test tube and treat it
with 1 ml of NaOH solution
Precautions:
1.For best result use a small amount of chemicals as possible.
2.Students should not handle solid NaOH with bare hands as it is very corrosive in nature.
Questions:
1.What is a base?
Answer: A substance which reacts with acids to form salt and water as the only product is called a base.
2.What is an alkali?
Answer: A soluble base, which furnishes OH— ions when dissolved in water, is called an alkali.
3.Classify the following as acids and bases: (HCl, NaOH, KOH, HNO3).
Answer: HCl,HNO3→Acids NaOH, KOH→Bases
Principle: More reactive metals displace less reactive metals from their compounds.
Example: CuSO4 + Fe → FeSO4 + Cu
Precautions:
1.Use concentrated solutions of copper sulphate, magnesium sulphate and ferrous
sulphate.
2.The metal pieces should be free from rust (oxide coating) on their surface.
Questions:
What happens when (Write balanced chemical equations for the reaction involved):
Iron filings are kept in blue coloured copper Brown solid Cu settles down and blue colour of
sulphate solution for 30 minutes and why? the solution changes to light green due to the
formation Iron sulphate (FeSO4) as Fe displaces
Copper from Copper sulphate.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
Black precipitate of Fe settles down and light green
Zinc shavings are kept in green coloured Ferrous solution becomes colourless as Zn displaces Fe from
sulphate solution for 30 minutes and why? FeSO4.
Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq) → Fe(s) + ZnSO4(aq)
3.Railway tracks are connected to Mg or Zn metal after a particular distance. Give reasons
for the same. Write balanced chemical reaction involved.
Answer: This is done in order to prevent rusting of Railway tracks. Mg being more reactive will
not allow railway track to undergo rusting. This type of prevention of corrosion is
known as sacrificial protection as Mg sacrifices itself to protect Fe from rusting.
3Mg + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + 3MgO
4.Zinc blocks are welded to the hulls of ships. Give reasons. Write balanced chemical
reaction involved.
Answer: This is done in order to prevent rusting of hull of the ship. Zn being more reactive will
not allow hull to undergo rusting. This type of prevention of corrosion is known as
sacrificial protection as Zn sacrifices itself to protect Fe from rusting.
3Zn + Fe2O3 → 2Fe + 3ZnO
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. Out of the following pairs of metallic salts, the pair of salts whose each salt forms coloured
solution when dissolved separately in two beakers containing water is (a)CuSO4 , ZnSO4
(b)FeSO4 , ZnSO4 (c)FeSO4 , CuSO4 (d)CuSO4 , Al2(SO4)3
Answer: (c)
2. A piece of granulated Zinc was added to 5 mL of freshly prepared CuSO4 solution kept in a
test tube. After one hour the colour of the solution was observed to change from
(a)Blue to colourless (b)Green to colourless (c)Colourless to blue (d)Blue to green
Answer: (a)
Video Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3FldTkbqcA
END OF THE SESSION
THANK YOU