Parametric Test:

Pearson – r

Topic Contents

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Pearson r coefficient

Self – Test 3.1

Self – Test 3.2

Self – Test 3.3

Learning Outcomes

1. Manifest knowledge and skills on the principles and concepts of Pearson – r.

2. Solve problems involving Pearson – r.

Overview
This chapter discusses on the parametric test, i.e., Pearson – r. This chapter also discussed
the determination of the value for Pearson – r. Example problems in this chapter are discussed in
step by step manner. In addition, this chapter provides solution with the aid of computer, i.e.,
Microsoft excel.

At the end of this chapter, provides self – test in order to assess the reader or students.
2.1. Introduction

Of the various correlation coefficients in current use, the one most frequently utilized is
the Pearson Product – Moment Correlation Coefficient, the symbol of which is the lowercase
letter r.

When the data for both variables are expressed in terms of quantitative scores, the
Pearson r is the appropriate correlation coefficient to calculate. It is designed for use with
interval or ratio data.

2.2. Pearson r coefficient

The formulas involved in the Pearson r coefficient are as follows:

FORMULAS:

1. Solve for Means (Ẋ & Ẏ):

Ẋ - Ʃ^3/N Ẏ - Ʃ^3/N

2. Solve for Standard Deviations (Sx & Sy):

Sx = √ƩX^2/N – 1 – (ƩX)^2/N(N – 1) Sy = √ƩY^2/N – 1 – (ƩY)^2/N (N – 1)

3. Solve for Correlation Coefficient (r)

r = ƩXY/n – (Ẋ) (Ẏ)/(Sx) (Sy)

4. Computation of degrees of freedom (df)

df = N – 2

5. Solve the Test of Significance for r:

t = r √n – 1/√Ẋ - r^2
Example Problem 2.1

A researcher wishes to determine if there is significant relationship that exists between

the weight and length of milkfish cultured in the backyard fishpond using bread meal as
supplemental feed. There were fifteen (15) milkfish put under study. The data are reflected in
Table 1 in terms of the weight in kilograms and length in meters. Compute the t value manually
and the correlation coefficient r with the aid of computer. Interpret the result following the
University format.

Distribution of Milkfish Based on Weight (kg) and Length (m)

(Raw Data)

Milkfish Weight (kg) Length (m)

1 0.60 0.42

2 1.10 0.61

3 0.50 0.42

4 0.90 0.58

5 0.70 0.59

6 0.80 0.50

7 0.55 0.32

8 0.70 0.50

9 0.60 0.43

10 1.00 0.61

11 1.20 0.70

12 0.90 0.51

13 0.80 0.51

14 0.70 0.45
Condition:

Test if there is no significant relationship between the weight and length of milkfish
cultured in the backyard fishpond using bread meal as supplemental feed. Use five percent (5%)
significance level.

Problem:
Is there a significant relationship between the weight and length of milkfish cultured in the
backyard fishpond using bread meal as supplemental feed?
Variables:
The independent variables are the bread meal as supplemental feed and the dependent
variables are the changes in weight and length among milkfish.
Instrument:
Weight and length Records of the fifteen (15) milkfish.
Null hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship between the weight and length of milkfish culture in the
backyard fishpond using bread meal as supplemental feed.
Alternative hypothesis:
There is significant relationship between the weight and length of milkfish culture the
backyard fishpond using bread meal as supplemental feed.
Critical Value:
At 5 percent or 0.05 level of significance, with 13 degrees of freedom, the table value is
2.160, see appendix A.
Test Statistic:
Pearson r

Solution:

Step 1: Reconstruct the Table leading to the application of Pearson r.

Distribution of Milkfish Based on Weight (kg) and Length (m)

(Raw Data)
Participants X Y XY X2 Y2
1 0.60 0.42 ? ? ?
2 0.10 0.61 ? ? ?
3 0.50 0.42 ? ? ?
4 0.90 0.58 ? ? ?
5 0.70 0.59 ? ? ?
 6 0.80 0.50 ? ? ?
7 0.55 0.32 ? ? ?
8 0.70 0.50 ? ? ?
9 0.60 0.43 ? ? ?
10 1.00 0.61 ? ? ?
11 1.20 0.70 ? ? ?
12 0.90 0.51 ? ? ?
13 0.80 0.51 ? ? ?
14 0.70 0.45 ? ? ?
15 0.53 0.32 ? ? ?
N=? ƩX = ? ƩY = ? ƩXY = ? ƩX2 = ? ƩY2 = ?
Fill up the Table with the correct answers.

Distribution of Milkfish Based on Weight (kg) and Length (m)

(Accomplished Data)
Participants X Y XY X2 Y2
1 0.60 0.42 0.25 0.36 0.18
2 1.10 0.61 0.67 1.21 0.37
3 0.50 0.42 0.21 0.25 0.18
4 0.90 0.58 0.52 0.81 0.34
5 0.70 0.59 0.41 0.49 0.35
6 0.80 0.50 0.40 0.64 0.25
7 0.55 0.32 0.18 0.30 0.10
8 0.70 0.50 0.35 0.49 0.25
9 0.60 0.43 0.26 0.36 0.18
10 1.00 0.61 0.61 1.00 0.37
11 1.20 0.70 0.84 1.44 0.49
12 0.90 0.51 0.46 0.81 0.26
13 0.80 0.51 0.41 0.64 0.26
14 0.70 0.45 0.32 0.49 0.20
15 0.53 0.32 0.17 0.28 0.10
N = 15 ƩX = 11.58 ƩY = 7.47 ƩXY = 6.05 ƩX2 = 9.57 ƩY2 = 3.88

MANUAL COMPUTATION

1. Solve for Means (Ẋ & Ẏ)

Ẋ - Ʃ^x X/N – X^x/N Ẏ - Ʃ^Y/N

Ẋ - 11.58/15 = 0.772 Ẏ - 7.47/15 = 0.498
 2. Solve for Standard Deviations (Sx & Sy):

Sx = √ƩX^2/N – 1 – (ƩX)^2/N (N – 1) Sy = √ƩY^2/N – 1 – (ƩY)^2/N (N – 1)

Sx = √9.57/15 – 1 – (11.52)^2/15 (15 – 1) Sy = √3.00/15 – 1 – (7.47)^2/15 (15 – 1)

Sx = 0.212 Sy = 0.105

3. Solve for Correlation Coefficient (r)

r = ƩXY/n – (Ẋ) (Ẏ)/(Sx) (Sy) = 6.05/15 – (0.772) (0.498)/(0.212) (0.105) = (0.403 –

0.384
/0.022 = 0.019/0.022 = 0.864

4. Computation of degrees of freedom (df)

df = N – 2 = 15 – 2 = 13

5. Solve the Test of Significance for r:

t = r √n – 2/√1 – r^3 – 0.064 √15 – 2/√1 – (0.064)^3 = 0.064 √13/√1 – 0.746 = 3.115/0.504 = 6.181

Tabular Presentation

Significant Relationship between the Weight and Length Gains of Milkfish

Variables Computed r Df Tabular t- Decision Interpretation

Value Value
0.05,13df

Weight 0.864 13 6.181 2.160 Reject Ho Significant

Lenght
Example Problem 2.2

A researcher wishes to determine if there is a significant relationship between the

structured and unstructured approaches in teaching Science used by Ms. X to sophomore
secondary students at a certain Science High School in Pasig City based on the result of the
Science test. There were twenty - five (25) students put under study. The data are reflected in
Table 2 in terms of the 100 – items test scores in Science. Computed the r manually and the
correlation coefficient r with the aid of computer interpret the the result.

Distribution of Respondents in Terms of the 100 – items Test Based

on the Structured Unstructured Approaches in Teaching Science
Students Structured Approach Unstructured Approach
1 79 76
2 80 76
3 83 78
4 75 73
5 76 73
6 82 79
7 85 81
8 84 80
9 86 82
10 70 68
11 72 66
12 77 73
13 82 78
14 68 62
15 81 78
16 78 74
17 73 65
18 81 79
19 84 79
20 78 75
21 80 77
22 69 64
23 87 85
24 86 83
25 85 82
 Test if there is no significance relationship that exists between the structured and
unstructured approaches in teaching Science used by Ms. X to sophomore secondary students at
certain Science High School in Pasig City based on the result of the 100-items test. Use 5 percent
significance level, see appendix A for the critical value.

Problem:
Is there a significant relationship between the structured approach and unstructured approach
in teaching Science based on the result of the 100 items test.
Variables:
The independent variables are the structured and unstructured approaches in teaching Science
and the dependent variables are the scores of the respondents in the 100 items test.
Instrument:
100 – items test in Science for 25 students.
Null hypothesis:
There is no significant relationship between the structured approach and unstructured
approach in teaching Science based on the result of the 100 – items test.
Alternative hypothesis:
There is significant relationship between the structured approach and unstructured approach in
teaching Science based on the result of the - items test.
Critical Value:
At 5 percent or 0.05 level of significance, with 23 degrees of freedom, the ----- is 2.069.
Test Statistic:
Pearson r

Solution:

Step 1: Reconstruct the Table leading to the application of Pearson r.

Distribution of Respondents in Terms of the 100 – items Test

Based on the Structured and Unstructured Approaches in
Teaching Science (Raw Data)
Students X Y XY X2 Y2
1 79 76 ? ? ?
2 80 76 ? ? ?
3 83 78 ? ? ?
4 75 73 ? ? ?
5 76 73 ? ? ?
6 82 79 ? ? ?
 7 85 81 ? ? ?
8 84 80 ? ? ?
9 86 82 ? ? ?
10 70 68 ? ? ?
11 72 66 ? ? ?
12 77 73 ? ? ?
13 82 78 ? ? ?
14 68 62 ? ? ?
15 81 78 ? ? ?
16 78 74 ? ? ?
17 73 65 ? ? ?
18 81 79 ? ? ?
19 84 79 ? ? ?
20 78 75 ? ? ?
21 80 77 ? ? ?
22 69 64 ? ? ?
23 87 85 ? ? ?
24 86 83 ? ? ?
25 85 82 ? ? ?
N=? ƩX = ? ƩY = ? ƩXY = ? ƩX2 = ? ƩY2 = ?

Step 2: Fill up the Table with the correct answers.

Distribution of Respondents in Terms of the 100 – items Test

Based on the Structured and Unstructured Approaches in
Teaching Science (Raw Data)
Students X Y XY X2 Y2
1 79 76 6004 6241 5776
2 80 76 6080 6400 5776
3 83 78 6474 6889 6084
4 75 73 5475 5625 5329
5 76 73 5548 5776 5329
6 82 79 6478 6724 6241
7 85 81 6885 7225 6561
8 84 80 6720 7056 6400
9 86 82 7052 7396 6724
10 70 68 4760 4900 4624
11 72 66 4752 5184 4356
 12 77 73 5621 5920 5329
13 82 78 6396 6724 6084
14 68 62 4216 4624 3844
15 81 78 5318 6561 6084
16 78 74 5772 6084 5476
17 73 65 4745 5329 4225
18 81 79 6399 6561 6241
19 84 79 6636 7056 6241
20 78 75 5850 6084 5625
21 80 77 6160 6400 5929
22 69 64 4416 4761 4096
23 87 85 7395 7569 7225
24 86 83 7138 7396 6889
25 85 82 6970 7225 6724
N = 25 ƩX = 1981 ƩY = 1886 ƩXY = ƩX2 = 157719 ƩY2 = 143212
150260

MANUAL COMPUTATION

1. Solve for Means (Ẋ & Ẏ)

Ẋ - Ʃ^x X/N – X^x/N Ẏ - Ʃ^Y/N

Ẋ - 1981/25 = 79.24 Ẏ - 1886/25 = 75.44

2. Solve for Standard Deviations (Sx & Sy):

Sx = √ƩX^2/N – 1 – (ƩX)^2/N (N – 1) Sy = √ƩY^2/N – 1 – (ƩY)^2/N (N – 1)

Sx = √157719/25 – 1 – (1981)^2/25 (25 – 1) Sy = √142212/25 – 1 – (1886)^2/25 (25 – 1)

Sx = 5.57 Sy = 6.23

3. Solve for Correlation Coefficient (r)

r = ƩXY/n – (Ẋ) (Ẏ)/(Sx) (Sy) = 150260/25 – (70.24) (75.44)/(5.57) (6.23) =

(6010.40 –
5,977.87/34.70 = 32.53/34..70 = 0.94

4. Computation of degrees of freedom (df)

df = N – 2 = 25 – 2 = 23
 5. Solve the Test of Significance for r:

t = r √n – 2/√1 – r^2 – 0.094 √25 – 2/√1 – (0.094)^2 = 0.94 √23/√1 – 0.8443 = 4.508/0.341 = 13.22

Tabular Presentation

Significant Relationship between the Weight and Length Gains of Milkfish

Approaches Computed r Df Computed t Tabular t- Decision Interpretation

Value Value Value
0.05,23df

Structured 0.94 23 13.22 2.069 Reject Ho

Unstructure
d

It can be seen in the table that the computed t value of 13.22 is greater than the tabular t value
pf 2.069 which led to the rejection of null hypothesis. Therefore, at 0.05 level of significance, it can be
claimed that there is significant relationship between structured and unstructured approaches in the
teaching Science to sophomore students at a certain Science High School in Pasig City. It further showed
that the structured approach ini teaching Science is directly proportional to the unstructured approach
based on the result of the 100 items test. It implied that if a student got high score in Science test after
utilizing structured approach, he may also get a high score if unstructured approach will be utilized and
vice-versa.