‭B.TECH.

PROJECT ON‬

‭Universal Filter Design Using CMOS‬

‭Second Order Multifunction filters‬

‭Submitted By‬
‭ ohit Kumar(2020UEI2824)‬
R
‭Soni Paswan(2020UEI2819)‬
‭Ashutosh Prasad(2020UEC2586)‬
‭Nitin Kumar(2020UEC2595)‬

‭Under the Guidance of‬

‭Dr. Urvashi Bansal‬

‭Project-I in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of‬

‭B.Tech. in‬
‭Electronics & Communication Engineering‬

‭Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering‬

‭NETAJI SUBHAS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY‬
‭NEW DELHI-110078‬
‭December- 2023‬
 ‭CERTIFICATE‬

‭Certified‬ ‭that‬ ‭Rohit‬ ‭Kumar‬ ‭(2020UEI2824),‬ ‭Soni‬ ‭Paswan‬ ‭(2020UE12819),‬

‭Ashutosh‬ ‭Prasad(2020UEC2586),‬ ‭Nitin‬ ‭(2020UEC2595)‬ ‭has‬ ‭carried‬ ‭out‬ ‭their‬
‭project‬ ‭work‬ ‭presented‬ ‭in‬ ‭this‬ ‭project‬ ‭entitled‬ ‭"‭U
‬ niversal‬ ‭Filter‬ ‭Design‬ ‭Using‬
‭CMOS‬‭"‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭award‬ ‭of‬ ‭Bachelor‬ ‭of‬ ‭Technology,‬ ‭Department‬ ‭of‬ ‭Electronics‬ ‭and‬
‭Communication,‬‭Netaji‬‭Subhas‬‭University‬‭of‬‭Technology,‬‭New‬‭Delhi,‬‭under‬‭my/our‬
‭supervision.‬ ‭The‬ ‭project‬ ‭embodies‬ ‭results‬ ‭of‬‭original‬‭work,‬‭and‬‭studies‬‭are‬‭carried‬
‭out‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭student‬ ‭himself/herself‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭contents‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭project‬ ‭do‬ ‭not‬ ‭form‬ ‭the‬
‭basis‬‭for‬‭the‬‭award‬‭of‬‭any‬‭other‬‭degree‬‭to‬‭the‬‭candidate‬‭or‬‭to‬‭anybody‬‭else‬‭from‬‭this‬
‭or any other University/Institution.‬

‭Signature‬
‭Dr. Urvashi Bansal‬
‭Assistant Professor‬
‭[email protected]‬

‭Date:‬
 ‭ACKNOWLEDGEMENT‬

‭ e would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who make it possible to‬
W
‭complete this project. Special thanks to our project supervisor Dr. Urvashi Bansal whose help,‬
‭stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us in writing this report. We also sincerely‬
‭thank our colleagues for the time spent proofreading and correcting our mistakes.‬

(‭ Sign of student)‬
‭Rohit Kumar (2020UEI2824)‬
‭Soni Paswan(2020UE12819)‬
‭Ashutosh Prasad (2020UEC2586)‬
‭Nitin Kumar(2020UEC2595)‬
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Universal Filter Design Using CMOS
Second Order Multifunction filters
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Netaji Subhas
University Of Technology, New Delhi: 110078

December 8, 2023

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 Universal Filter Design Using CMOS
Second Order Multifunction filters

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Netaji Subhas University Of Technology, New Delhi: 110078

December 8, 2023

Contents
1 Introduction 2

2 LT1228 3
2.1 Some Common applications of LT1228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Pin Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Why LT1228? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Significance of Second Order Filters 6

3.1 MISO Universal Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1.1 Challenges in MISO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Proposed Three-Input Single Output Voltage Mode Universal Filter . . . 7

4 Why we are using CMOS for filter design 9

4.1 Comparison Of BJT based circuit and CMOS based circuit: . . . . . . . 9
4.2 CMOS equivalent of LT1228 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Simulation Results 11
5.1 Band pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 Band stop filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 High pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4 Low pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.5 All pass filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6 Practical Applications 13

7 Conclusion 16

8 Future work 16

1
 Abstract
In electrical and electronic engineering, the filter is a very important circuit.
This report presents a voltage-mode three-input single-output second-order mul-
tifunction filter based on an RLC parallel circuit. The main active element used
is the commercially available IC from Linear Technology Inc., LT1228. The filter
consists of a single LT1228, a single resistor, and two capacitors, allowing for five
output second-order filter responses: bandpass (BP), band-stop (BS), high-pass
(HP), low-pass (LP), and all-pass (AP) functions without the need for component
matching conditions or double gain amplifiers. The quality factor and natural fre-
quency can be electronically controlled. PSpice simulation results using the macro
model of LT1228 are in close agreement with theory.

1 Introduction
In the field of electrical and electronic engineering, filters play a fundamental and in-
dispensable role. Filters are electronic circuits designed to selectively pass or block
certain frequencies of signals, making them a crucial building block in various appli-
cations. Among the numerous filter types, the second-order filter, often referred to as
a biquadratic filter, holds particular significance. These filters serve as the foundation
for designing higher-order filters, making them a key component in signal processing and
electronic system design [1].
Second-order multifunction filters, which can provide multiple filter responses within
a single circuit, have gained considerable attention and represent an intriguing area of
research. Among these multifunction filters, the multiple-inputs single-output (MISO)
universal filter stands out as a prominent category. Voltage-mode MISO filters enable
the selection of output responses by switching input voltages on or off, all without neces-
sitating passive and active component matching conditions. Crucially, they eliminate the
need for additional double gain amplifiers, simplifying circuit design and implementation
[2].
In existing literature, several MISO universal filters have been proposed, each with
its unique characteristics and limitations. Unfortunately, many of these filters require
specific matching conditions, additional amplifiers, or components that are not readily
commercially available. This report introduces a novel second-order voltage-mode MISO
multifunction filter that overcomes these limitations. It leverages the LT1228 integrated
circuit (IC) from Linear Technology Inc. as the primary active element. This IC offers
versatility by combining an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) and a current
feedback amplifier. Notably, the proposed filter can generate five standard second-order
filter responses: bandpass (BP), band-stop (BS), high-pass (HP), low-pass (LP), and all-
pass (AP) functions. Importantly, these responses can be selected without the need for
component matching conditions or double gain amplifiers. Moreover, the filter allows for
the electronic control of quality factors and natural frequencies, enhancing its flexibility
and adaptability. The core circuit of the filter comprises a single LT1228 IC, a single
resistor, and two capacitors [3].
The following sections of this report will provide a detailed analysis of the circuit
configuration, the theory behind the proposed filter, simulation results, and a conclusion
highlighting its key contributions and implications for practical applications.

2
2 LT1228
The LT1228 is an integrated circuit (IC) manufactured by Linear Technology, now part
of Analog Devices Inc. It is a high-performance operational amplifier (op-amp) designed
for precision applications. Op-amps are electronic components used in a wide range of
analog circuitry for amplifying signals, buffering inputs, and performing other analog sig-
nal processing tasks.

Here are some key features and specifications of the LT1228 op-amp:

• High Voltage Gain: The LT1228 has a high voltage gain, making it suitable for
applications requiring amplification of weak signals.

• Low Input Offset Voltage: It has a low input offset voltage, which helps minimize
errors in precision applications.

• Low Input Bias Current: The op-amp has low input bias currents, which is impor-
tant in applications where input currents need to be minimized.

• High Slew Rate: The LT1228 offers a high slew rate, enabling it to quickly respond
to changes in input signals.

• Wide Supply Voltage Range: It can operate over a wide range of supply voltages,
typically from ±5V to ±15V.

• Low Noise: It is designed for low noise performance, making it suitable for appli-
cations where noise is a concern.

• Rail-to-Rail Outputs: The op-amp can provide output voltages that can swing close
to the supply rail voltages, allowing it to work well in single-supply applications.

• High Open-Loop Gain: The LT1228 typically has a high open-loop gain, which can
be useful in applications requiring high precision and stability.

• Single and Dual Versions: It is available in both single and dual package configura-
tions, allowing for flexibility in circuit design.

• Precision Applications: Due to its low offset voltage, low noise, and high gain, the
LT1228 is often used in precision instrumentation and measurement applications.

It’s important to note that the LT1228 is a specific op-amp model from Analog Devices
(formerly Linear Technology), and its exact specifications may vary depending on the
specific version or package chosen. When using the LT1228 or any other IC, it’s es-
sential to refer to the manufacturer’s datasheet for detailed information on its electrical
characteristics, pinout, and recommended operating conditions.

3
2.1 Some Common applications of LT1228
• Video DC Restore (Clamp) Circuits

• Oscillators

• Video Differential Input Amplifiers

• Video Keyer/Fader Amplifiers

• AGC Amplifiers

• Tunable Filters

4
2.2 Pin Configuration

Figure 1: Pin confifuration of LT1228

2.3 Why LT1228?

In comparison with OTA IC’s from CA3080 from Intersil, LM13700 from National Semi-
conductor, MAX543 from MAXIM etc. Let’s explore why the LT1228 might be considered
better:

Frequency Range: The LT1228 is known for its impressive frequency range, extend-
ing from DC (Direct Current) to several megahertz (MHz).

• DC Gain Control: The LT1228 features DC gain control through the adjustment
of the DC bias current (IB). This feature allows for precise control of the transcon-
ductance gain (gm).

• OTA and Current Feedback Amplifier Combination: The LT1228 combines the
features of an OTA with those of a current feedback amplifier.

• Availability:Availability from a reputable manufacturer like Linear Technology In-

tegration and Simplification: Having both OTA and current feedback amplifier
functions in a single IC simplifies circuit design and reduces component count.

• Known Brands and Proven Performance:The LT1228 benefits from the reputation
of Linear Technology for producing reliable and high-performance components.

5
3 Significance of Second Order Filters
Second-order filters are a common type of electronic filter used in various applications.
They are significant and widely used because they offer a balance between complexity,
performance, and practicality. Here are some of the key significances and advantages of
second-order filters:

• Frequency Response Control: Second-order filters allow for precise control over the
frequency response of a circuit. They can be designed as low-pass, high-pass, band-
pass, or band-stop filters, depending on the desired application. This flexibility
makes them suitable for a wide range of signal processing tasks.
• Improved Roll-off: Compared to first-order filters (which have a 20 dB/decade
roll-off rate), second-order filters have a steeper roll-off rate of 40 dB/decade. This
means that they attenuate frequencies outside the passband more quickly, providing
better selectivity and rejection of unwanted frequencies.
• Enhanced Bandwidth: Second-order filters often have a wider bandwidth compared
to higher-order filters. This makes them suitable for applications where a compro-
mise between selectivity and signal bandwidth is needed.
• Minimal Phase Distortion: Second-order filters generally introduce less phase distor-
tion to the filtered signal compared to higher-order filters. This property is crucial
in applications where phase relationships between different frequency components
of the signal must be preserved, such as in audio and communication systems
• Simplicity: Second-order filters are more straightforward to design and imple-
ment than higher-order filters. They require fewer components, making them cost-
effective and easier to tune and maintain.
• Resonance Control: Second-order filters can be designed to exhibit resonance at a
specific frequency. This property is useful in applications such as audio equalizers,
where resonance can enhance the response at certain frequencies.
• Real-World Compatibility: Second-order filters are often preferred in practical ap-
plications because they strike a balance between performance and real-world con-
siderations such as component tolerances, noise, and stability
• Amplitude and Phase Trade-off: Second-order filters allow designers to make trade-
offs between amplitude response (filtering characteristics) and phase response (delay
introduced by the filter). This flexibility is essential in applications like audio
equalization.
• Versatility: Second-order filters are commonly used as building blocks in more
complex filter designs. By cascading or combining them, higher-order filters or
filters with specialized characteristics can be created.
In summary, second-order filters are significant because they offer a practical and
versatile solution for controlling the frequency response of electronic circuits. Their com-
bination of performance, simplicity, and versatility makes them a valuable tool in a wide
range of applications, including audio processing, telecommunications, control systems,
and more.

6
3.1 MISO Universal Filters
A Multiple-Input, Single-Output (MISO) universal filter is a type of electronic filter
that accepts multiple input signals and produces a single output signal while providing
flexibility in shaping the frequency response. MISO filters are commonly used in various
signal processing applications to extract or manipulate specific frequency components
from multiple input signals.

3.1.1 Challenges in MISO

• Traditional MISO filters often require component matching, making their imple-
mentation complex.

• Additional double gain amplifiers are often needed, increasing circuit complexity.

• Achieving electronic control over key parameters can be challenging.

• Signal Separation: In MISO systems, one of the primary challenges is separating

and processing multiple input signals effectively. This can be challenging when the
input signals overlap in the frequency domain or are corrupted by noise.

• Signal Separation: In MISO systems, one of the primary challenges is separating

and processing multiple input signals effectively. This can be challenging when the
input signals overlap in the frequency domain or are corrupted by noise.

• Filter Design: Designing MISO filters with the desired frequency response and char-
acteristics can be complex, particularly when dealing with multiple input signals.
Balancing the trade-offs between filter order, bandwidth, and response shape can
be challenging.

• Crosstalk: Crosstalk refers to unwanted interference or coupling between input

signals. In MISO systems, it’s essential to minimize crosstalk to ensure that each
input signal is processed independently without interference from other inputs.

• Alignment and Calibration: Achieving accurate alignment and calibration of multi-

ple input signals can be challenging, especially in systems with analog components.
Any mismatches or errors in alignment can result in signal distortion.

3.2 Proposed Three-Input Single Output Voltage Mode Uni-

versal Filter
The proposed filter is developed from passive RLC parallel circuit which consists of three
input voltages, Vin1, Vin2 and Vin3 and single output voltage Vo. The filter constructed
from single LT1228, single resistor and two capacitors as shown in Fig. 2. Based on RLC
parallel circuit, the output voltage of the filter is obtained as

s2 · Vin2 + s·Vin3
C2 R
+ gCm1 ·Vin1
C2 R
Vo = (1)
s2 + s
C2 R
+ C1gCm2 R

a specific output filter responses can be selected by applying input voltage to node Vin1,

7
Figure 2: Three inputs single output voltage mode filter using CMOS equivalent of
LT1228 IC

Vin2 and Vin3 with following:

To obtain the band-pass (BP) function, the input voltage is applied at node Vin3 while
node Vin1 and Vin2 are grounded, then the voltage transfer function is obtained as:

s
Vo C2 R
= 2 (2)
Vin s + s
C2 R
+ C1gCm2 R

To obtain the band-stop (BS) function, the input voltage is applied at node Vin1
and Vin2, while node Vin3 is connected to ground, then the voltage transfer function is
obtained as

Vo s2 + C1gCm2 R
= 2 (3)
Vin s + C2sR + C1gCm2 R

To obtain the high-pass (HP) function, the input voltage is applied at node Vin2,
while node Vin1 and Vin3 are connected to ground, then the voltage transfer function is
obtained as

Vo s2
= 2 s gm (4)
Vin s + C2 R
+ C1 C2 R

To obtain the low-pass (LP) function, the input voltage is applied at node Vin1, while
node Vin2 and Vin3 are connected to ground, then the voltage transfer function is ob-
tained as
gm
Vo C1 C2 R
= 2 (5)
Vin s + s
C2 R
+ C1gCm2 R

To obtain the all-pass (AP) function, the input voltage is applied at node Vin1, Vin2 and
Vin3, however, the inverting amplifier with unit gain is required at not Vin3, then the

8
voltage transfer function is obtained as
s·Vin3 gm ·Vin1
s2 · Vin2 − C2 R
+ C1 C2 R
Vo = s gm (6)
s2 + C2 R
+ C1 C2 R

4 Why we are using CMOS for filter design

CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is a widely used semiconductor
technology known for its low power consumption, high noise immunity, and compatibility
with integrated circuits.

• Power Efficiency: CMOS circuits are highly power-efficient because they consume
power only when they switch states, making them ideal for battery-powered devices.
BJTs, on the other hand, consume continuous power due to the flow of current
through them even when they are in a steady state.

• Speed: CMOS circuits generally have slower switching speeds compared to BJTs.
However, advancements in technology have significantly increased the speed of
CMOS circuits, making them competitive in many high-speed applications.

• Noise Immunity: CMOS circuits have good noise immunity due to the inherent
property of their design where both NMOS and PMOS transistors are used, result-
ing in noise immunity and better performance in noisy environments. BJTs are
more susceptible to noise.

• Fabrication and Cost: CMOS technology is widely used in modern integrated cir-
cuits because of its compatibility with high-density fabrication processes, leading to
smaller and more cost-effective chips. BJTs are used in specific applications where
their characteristics are crucial, but they are less common in modern integrated
circuits.

• Voltage Levels: CMOS circuits can operate at lower voltage levels compared to
BJTs, which often require higher voltage levels for proper functioning.

In summary, CMOS circuits are generally favored in modern digital integrated circuits
due to their low power consumption, noise immunity, and compatibility with high-density
fabrication processes. However, BJTs still find applications in certain analog circuits,
high-power applications, and in instances where their unique characteristics are necessary
for specific functionalities.

4.1 Comparison Of BJT based circuit and CMOS based circuit:

Performance Characteristics

• BJT: Offers good linearity, high-frequency performance, and is often preferred in

analog applications due to its low noise and distortion characteristics.

9
 • CMOS: Known for its low power consumption, noise immunity, and compatibility
with high-density integration. CMOS filters are commonly used in digital signal
processing and communication systems.

Power Consumption:

• BJT: Consumes continuous power due to the current flow, which might not be
suitable for low-power or battery-operated devices

• CMOS: Highly power-efficient as it only consumes power during state changes,

making it suitable for portable devices and energy-conscious applications.

Frequency Range and Bandwidth:

• BJT: Can achieve higher frequencies and wider bandwidths, making it preferable
in high-frequency applications.

• CMOS: Depending on the technology node, CMOS may have limitations in achiev-
ing ultra-high frequencies, but it offers advantages in terms of scalability and inte-
gration, especially in low to moderate frequency ranges.

Fabrication and Cost:

• BJT: May involve more complex fabrication processes and may be costlier in certain
cases, especially in modern integrated circuits where CMOS dominates.

• CMOS: Known for its compatibility with high-density fabrication processes, result-
ing in smaller, more cost-effective chips suitable for mass production.

Ease of Design and Integration

• BJT: Might be more straightforward in certain analog designs and offers ease in
certain circuit configurations due to its characteristics.

• CMOS: Offers more flexibility in integration with digital circuits, enabling complex
system-on-chip (SoC) designs due to its compatibility with standard digital CMOS
processes.

4.2 CMOS equivalent of LT1228

Figure 3: CMOS equivalent of LT1228

10
5 Simulation Results
5.1 Band pass filter
Circuit:

Figure 4: band pass circuit

Response:

Figure 5: band pass response

5.2 Band stop filter

Circuit:

Response:

5.3 High pass filter

Circuit:

Response:

11
 Figure 6: band stop circuit

Figure 7: band stop response

Figure 8: high pass circuit

Figure 9: high pass response

12
5.4 Low pass filter
Circuit:

Figure 10: low pass circuit

Response:

Figure 11: low pass response

5.5 All pass filter

Circuit:

Response:

6 Practical Applications
• The practical applications of our LT1228-based filter are far-reaching. Its ability
to simplify and adapt electronics finds particular resonance in telecommunications,

13
 Figure 12: All pass circuit

Figure 13: All pass response

where efficient signal processing is vital. In audio engineering, it unlocks new pos-
sibilities for tailoring sound quality.

• In the realm of instrumentation and control systems, this filter design can enhance
precision and accuracy. It also holds promise in medical devices, where adaptable
signal processing is pivotal for diagnostics and treatment.

• Signal Conditioning: It can be used for signal conditioning in various applications.

For instance, it can amplify weak signals from sensors (e.g., strain gauges, thermo-
couples) or attenuate unwanted noise before further processing.

• Active Filters in Communications: Active filters based on the LT1228 can be used in
communication systems to filter out unwanted noise and interference from signals,
ensuring that only the desired frequency components are passed.

• Active Filters in Communications: Active filters based on the LT1228 can be used in
communication systems to filter out unwanted noise and interference from signals,
ensuring that only the desired frequency components are passed.

• Control Systems: In control systems, it can be used for filtering and signal process-
ing tasks, helping to improve system stability and performance.

• Active Filters: The LT1228 can be used to design active filter circuits, including
low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and band-stop filters. These filters can be tailored
to specific frequency responses and are commonly used in signal processing, com-
munications, and instrumentation.

14
• Medical Instrumentation: In medical devices, the LT1228 can be employed for signal
conditioning, filtering, and amplification in applications such as ECG (electrocar-
diogram) amplifiers and patient monitoring equipment.

• Signal Synthesis: The LT1228 can be used in signal synthesis applications to gener-
ate specific waveforms or modify existing ones. This is useful in waveform generators
and synthesizers.

• Audio Equalizers: The LT1228 can be used to implement audio equalizer circuits.
By configuring the op-amp in various filter topologies (e.g., graphic equalizer, para-
metric equalizer), you can adjust the gain or attenuation of specific frequency bands
in audio signals. This is commonly used in audio mixing and processing equipment.

15
7 Conclusion
The report presents the design and analysis of a second-order voltage-mode universal
filter using the commercially available IC, LT1228. The filter offers five different output
responses (bandpass, band-stop, high-pass, low-pass, and all-pass). First we got results
of BJT Basesd filters which were not efficient in comparision to modern world of mini-
tuarisation. And BJT based circuits were having many issues regarding compatibility,
size, complex circuits, and energy efficiency. So we designed CMOS based equivalent of
LT1228 IC. CMOS based innovative filter design combines simplicity and adaptability,
simplifying complex electronic circuits.Electronic tuning capabilities, achieved through
IB and capacitor adjustments, offer precise control over 0 and Q, enhancing versatility.

8 Future work
• Simulate Inverse Filters using CMOS..

• Optimizing circuit performance using ML techniques.

• Feedback Control using control algorithms to adjust parameters.

• Testing and Characterization under various operating conditions and environments.

• Noise Analysis and Reduction.

• Performance comparison with different IC’s CMOS equivalnet in same field.

References
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matec-conferences.org/articles/matecconf/pdf/2017/09/matecconf_
icmme2017_14002.pdf, [1]

[2] A.S. Sedra and K.C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Florida: Holt, Rinehart and
Winston, 5th edition, 2003.

[3] LT1228 – 100 MHz Current Feedback Amplifier with DC Gain Control, Linear Tech-
nology Corporation,
www.linear.com

[4] J.W. Horng, ”Voltage-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter Using Two OTAs,” Active
and Passive Electronic Components, vol. 27, pp. 85–89, 2004.

[5] J.W. Horng, ”High Input Impedance Voltage-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter
Using Two OTAs and One CCII,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 90, pp.
185–191, 2003.

[6] J.W. Horng, ”High Input Impedance Voltage-Mode Universal Biquadratic Filter
Using Two OTAs and One CCII,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 90, pp.
185–191, 2003.

16
 [7] C.M. Chang and H.P. Chen, ”Single FDCCII-Based Tunable Universal Voltage-Mode
Filter,” Circuits Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 24, pp. 221–227, 2005.

[8] A. Ranjan and S.K. Paul, ”Voltage-Mode Universal Biquad Using CCCII,” Active
and Passive Electronic Components, pp. 1-5, 2011.

[9] J.K. Pathak, A.K. Singh, and R. Senani, ”New Voltage Mode Universal Filters Using
Only Two CDBAs,” ISRN Electronics, pp. 1-6, 2013.

[10] W. Tangsrirat and O. Channumsin, ”Voltage-Mode Multifunctional Biquadratic Fil-

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17