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The Respiratory System Notes (1) Changes

The respiratory system consists of the lungs and airways used for breathing. It includes the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen passes from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the air. Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center in the brain and involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Exercise causes both short term increases in breathing rate, tidal volume, and oxygen intake, as well as long term improvements like lowered resting respiratory rate and increased lung capacity.

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22 views

The Respiratory System Notes (1) Changes

The respiratory system consists of the lungs and airways used for breathing. It includes the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli where oxygen passes from the air into the blood and carbon dioxide passes from the blood into the air. Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center in the brain and involves the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Exercise causes both short term increases in breathing rate, tidal volume, and oxygen intake, as well as long term improvements like lowered resting respiratory rate and increased lung capacity.

Uploaded by

Aisha Brown
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Respiratory

System
The respiratory system consists of lungs and air
tubes, and it is used for breathing.
The respiratory system consists of lungs and air
tubes, and it is used for breathing.

Gaseoiis exchange
is taken place here
Parts of the Respiratory Tract
► Nose:- warms and moistens the air entering the body,
traps inhaled dust or dirt and smells odors in the inhaled
air.

► Pharynx (throat) - passage joining the nose, mouth,


windpipe and oesophagus

► Epiglottis – helps prevent food from entering the trachea


Parts of the Respiratory Tract
► Trachea – also known as the windpipe

► Bronchus – air tube in the lung held open by cartilage

► Bronchioles – branches of the bronchi

► Alveoli- air sacs where the site of gas exchange takes


place
Parts of the Respiratory Tract

► Ribs- protect the organs found in the thorax

► Diaphragm – thin strong sheet of tissue, that relaxes and


contracts for breathing to occur
Respiration
As we know respiration is the process of releasing energy
from food. The following processes all have a part to play in
respiration:
► Breathing- the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
► Exchange of gases in the lungs between air and blood.
► Transport of gases in the bloodstream.
► Exchange of gases between blood and cells.
► Energy release in the cells.Add text here
Write the letter
for the word
or phrase from
the word bank
that best
answers the
following
questions.
How does breathing
take place?
Inhaling
► a) The diaphragm muscles contract and
pulls it down.
► b) The external intercostal muscles
contract and pull the rib cage upwards
and outwards.
► (These two movements make the space
in the thorax bigger, forcing the lungs to
expand and draw air in through the nose
and trachea.)
How does breathing
take place?
Exhaling
► a) The diaphragm muscles relax,
allowing the diaphragm to return to its
domed shape.
► b) The internal intercostal muscles
contract, pulling the rib downwards
► (The lungs are elastic and shrink back
to their relaxed size, forcing air out
again.
Composition of air:
Inspired
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Carbon dioxide 0.03%

Other gases: Water vapor is also contained in the 1%


composition of air. The amount of water vapor
depends on the how much moisture is in the
atmosphere.
Composition of air:
Expired
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 17%
Carbon dioxide 4%
Other gases 1%
Water vapor is always present in exhaled air.
This water comes from the layer of moisture
which lines the alveoli. The air exhaled is also
always warm.
Gaseous Exchange
Why is it better in the lungs?
1. The structure of the lungs enables gases to move rapidly
between air and blood. The lungs have:
2. A large surface area- the total surface area of the walls of all
these air spaces is about 85m2.
3. Thin wall- the air of the alveoli is very close to the blood, being
separated by only two (2) layers of cells (the alveolus wall and
capillary walls)
4. An excellent blood supply- a dense network of capillaries
surrounds the alveoli
Structure of the Alveoli
Structure of the Alveoli
Movement of Oxygen
► There is more oxygen in the air in the alveoli than in the blood in
the capillaries, so oxygen moves from air to blood by diffusion
(high concentration to low concentration). To do this the oxygen:

1. Dissolves in the layer of moisture lining the alveolus wall


2. Passes through the alveolus wall
3. Passes through the capillary wall
4. Enters the plasma
5. Passes through the red cell membrane
6. Then joins with the haemoglobin in the red blood cells to form oxyhaemoglobin.
7. The oxygenated blood from the lungs goes into the pulmonary vein and returns to the heart, where
it is then distributed to cells where there is an oxygen shortage.
Movement of Carbon Dioxide
When carbon dioxide reaches the lungs, its
concentration in the blood is greater than in the
air. Therefore carbon dioxide diffuses from the
blood through the capillary wall, through the
alveolus wall and then into the air sac. The
carbon dioxide is then excreted from the body
when the air is exhaled.
Breathing Control Center

► Feedback Loop
► On and Off
mechanism
► Controlled by the
pons found in the
brain stem
The Effect of
Exercise on The
Respiratory
System
Short term effects of exercise

The short term effects


of exercise are the
body’s immediate
responses to exercise
after starting until the
end of cool down.
Short term effects of exercise

► Immediate increase in the rate and


depth of breathing

► More oxygen inhaled in the lungs

► An increase in tidal volume


Short term effects of exercise

The tidal volume in the lungs is


the amount (volume) of inhaled and
exhaled air with each normal
breath.
Long term effects of exercise

The long term effects


of exercise are the
body’s improvements
after weeks, months or
years of exercising.
Long term effects of exercise

► Respiratory rate lowered at rest or during exercise

► Increased strength in diaphragm and intercostal


muscles

► Greater number of alveoli

► Increased vital capacity


Long term effects of exercise

Vital capacity (VC) is the


maximum amount of air a
person can expel from the
lungs after a maximum
inhalation

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