7. Applications of Differential Calculus Example 7.1For the function f(x) = x?,x € [0,2] compute the average rate of changes in the subintervals{0,0.5],0.5,1],[1,1.5],[1.5,2] and the instantaneous rate of changes at the points x= 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 Solution: Given f(x) = ‘The average rate of changes between the £@)-s(@) boa intervals x= a and x= bis ba _ (b-a)(b+a) b-a =b+a Hence in the interval [0, 0.5] = 0.5 + 0 = 0.5 (0.5,1]=1+05=15 (15)=154+1 (15,2]=2+15=35 ‘The instantaneous rate of change f/(x) = 2x Hence the instantaneous rate of changes at the point x =0.5 is f/(0.5) = 2(0.5) =1 x=1 is f/(1) =2(1) =2 x =15 is f/(15) = 2(1.5) =3 x =2 is f/(2) =2(2)=4 Example 7.2 The temperature in Celsius in a long rod of length 10 m, insulated at both ends, isa function of length x given by T = x(10 — x) Prove that the rate of change of temperature at the midpoint of the rod is zero. Solution: Length of the rod = 10 m To prove the rate of change of temperature at the mid point of the rod x = is zero. Given Temperature T = x(10 — x) = 10x-x? T/=10-2x Atx=5, T/=10—2(5) = 10-10 0 Hence proved. = Page 1Example 7.3 A person learnt 100 words for an English test. The number of words the person remembers in ¢ days after learning is given by W(t) = 100 x (1-0.18)2,0 st < 10. What is the rate at which the person forgets the words 2 days after learning? Solution: The number of words the person remembers given by W(t) = 100 x (1 —0.16)?,0<¢ < 10. W/(t) = 100 x 2(1 - 0.1¢)(-0.1) —20 x (1—0.1t) w/(2) = -20 x (1-0.2) =20 x (0.8) =-16 The rate at which the person forgets the words 2 days after learning is 16 words. Example 7.4 A particle moves so that the distance moved is according to the law s(t) = = —t? +3. At what time the velocity and acceleration are zero respectively? Solution: Given s(t)="—t? +3 To fine the time at velocity s/(t) and acceleration s//(t) becomes zero. 2 ee sOrz-P +3 I(e) = 38 - si) = —2¢ =t?—2t s/(t) = 2t-2 (® when velocity S/(t) = 0 t?—2t=0 t(t-2)=0 Gives, ¢ = 0,andt=2 (ii) when acceleration S//(t) = 0 2t-2=0 2t=2 t=1 Example 7.5 A particle is fired straight up from the ground to reach a height of s feet in ¢ seconds, where s(t) = 128t — 16t?. (2) Compute the maximum height of the particle reached. (2) What is the velocity when the particle hits the ground? Solution: Given s(t) = 128t—16t? Velocity s/(t) =128—32t ‘The particle reaches the maximum height when velocity becomes zero. + 128-32t=0 32t = 128 = t= 32 =4 (2)The time taken by the particle to reaches the maximum height t = 4 seconds. Substituting in t = 4 in S(t), we get the maximum height reached s(4) = 128(4) - 164)? = 512-16(16) = 512-256 = 256 feet. ‘The time taken to reaches the maximum height is ¢ = 4 seconds, hence the time taken for the downward direction is also ¢ = 4 seconds. (2)The total time to reach the ground is ¢ = 8 s Substituting t = 8,in s/(¢), we the velocity it strikes the ground + s/(8) = 128 — 32(8) = 128-256 = -128 ft/s ‘The velocity when the particle hits the ground is 128 ft/s Example 7.6 A particle moves along a horizontal line such that its position at any time t > Ois given by s(t) = ¢? — 6t?+9t+1, where sis measured in metres and tin seconds?(1) At what time the particle is at rest? (2) Atwhat time the particle changes direction? (3) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 2 seconds. Solution: s(t) = ¢3 — 6t?+9t+1 VO) =s!(t) = 3¢?-12¢+9 (1) The time when the particle comes to rest when velocity becomes zero 3t?-12t+9=0 +3, t?-4t4+3=0 (t-1)(t-3) =0 (t-1) =0,gives t =1and (t-3) =0,gives t =3 Hence at t = 1,t = 3 the particle is at rest. (2) The particle changes direction when V(t) changes its sign. When t lies between 0 and 1 V(t) > 0 When t lies between 1 and 3 V(t) <0 When t lies above 3 V(t) > 0 The particle changes direction when t=landt=3 (3) The total distance travelled by the particle in the first 2 seconds. = [s(0) — s(1)] + Is(1) - s(2)] Now, s(0) = (0)? - 6(0)? +9(0)+1= 1 s() = (1)8 - 6(1)? +9(1) +1 =—649+1 11-6 =5 5(2) = (2)° — 6(2)? + 9(2) +1 =8-244184+1 = 27-24 =3 + Is(0) — s()I + Is(1) — s(2)] =|1-5]+15-3] 4+2 = 6 metres. The total distance travelled by the particle in the first 2 seconds = 6 metres. Example 7.7 If we blow air into a balloon of spherical shape at a rate of 1000 cm? per second. At what rate the radius of the baloon changes when the radius is 7cm? Also compute the rate at which the surface area changes. Solution: Volume of the spherical balloon V = tar3 Given a = 1000cmper second To find = and when radius r= 7 em ae nd ee 1000 50 nT ag om/S (O) The radius changes at the rate of =° cm/s Surface area of the sphere $= 4rr? as ar en AMX Or xT 250 =4nx2x7xe =4x2x2e as _ 2000 0,2, aT m/s (ii) The Surface area changes at the 2x rate of 2 em?/s Heerrereenenieioententtetneriecenneneente Example 7.8 The price of a product is related to the number of units available (supply) by the equation Px + 3P — 16x = 234, where Pis the price of the product per unit in Rupees and x is the number of units. Find the rate at which the price is changing with respect to time when 90units are available and the supply is increasing ata rate of 15 units/week. Solution: The supply and price of the product is xand P. Itis related by Px + 3P ~ 16x = 234 To find, when x = 90 and Sa15 Given Px + 3P — 16x = 234 Px +3P = 234+ 16x P(x +3) = 234+ 16x a _ (x+3)(234+16x)/—(234416x)(x43) ae (era? _ &+3)(16%)-@34+160(4) 7 GF _ [@e+3)(46)-@34+16x)](4) 7 GF [16x+48-234-162]| =i (x43)? _ 1001) 3 -186](45) (0+3)? _ (186)(15) — (3? _ (-186)(05) ~~ (93)(93) = -0.32 Hence the price decreasing at the rate of Rs. 0.32 per unit. "oer cenenanensecesnncnene cee teernenenenene Example 7.9 Salt is poured from a conveyer belt at a rate of 30 cubic meters per minute forming a conical pile with a circular base whose height and diameter of base are always equal. How fast is the height of the pile increasing when the pile is 10 metre high? Solution: Given: Diameter = Height 2r=h a Rate of change of volume < 30 dh To find rate of change of height at h = 10 We know the volume of the cone V=tnrh 3 =in(t)(® = OQ =) Snr WL 32 (a0) a7 Ee (2) 30 = 4x 10x 10 x 30x4__ ah 10x10xn dt ah_ 6 = Smt/min -shotceceaeeenneroniacrinenietenseneeten Example 7.10 (Two variable related rate problem) A road running north to south crosses a road going east to west at the point P. Car Ais driving north along the first road, and car Bis driving east along the second road. Ata particular time car A 10 kilometers to the north of Pand traveling at 80 km/hr, while car Bis 15 kilometers to the east of Pand traveling at 100 km/hr. How fast is the distance between the two cars changing? lution: Solution: : iGiven x = 10 and y = 15 To find the change of the distance between the cars , when = 80, and & = 100 By using Pythagoras Theorem, tytaz (10)? + (15)? = z? 100 + 225 = 2? 2? = 325 = 25x13 z=5VI3 eytez Differentiating with respect to t 2 4 ay = ay ft axa ta =e py OH 2, sata dt (20)(80) + (15)(100) = (sv 78) @ ing by 5, (2)(80) + (3)(100) = (VT) 160 + 300 = (vI3)¢ de 460 = (V73) 460 we 460 365 = 127.6 Km/hr The distance between changes at the rate of 127.6 Km/hr EXERCISE 7.1 1. A point moves along a straight line in such a way that after seconds its distance from the origin is s = 2t? + 3¢ metres. (i) Find the average velocity of the points between ¢= 3 and ¢= 6 seconds. (ii) Find the instantaneous velocities at ¢= 3 and ¢= 6 seconds. Solution: Given s(t) = 2t? + 3t The average velocity of the points between t=aand r=bis SOS boa s(a) = s(3) = 2(3)? + 3(3) =209)+9 = 1849 =27 s(b) = s(6) = 2(6)? + 3(6) = 2(36) +18 =72+18 =90 ‘The average velocity of the points = {2S 90-27 Eee 8 me =21m/s (ii) Given s(t) = 2t? + 3t Hence instantaneous velocity = S/(t) SI) = 4t4+3 Velocity at ¢= 3 seconds S/(3) = 4(3) + 3 =124+3 =15m/s Velocity at ¢= 6 seconds S/(6) = 4(6) + 3 = 2443 2. A camera is accidentally knocked off an edge ofa cliff 400 ft high. The camera falls a distance of s = 16t? in tseconds. (i How long does the camera fall before it hits the ground? (ii) What is the average velocity with which the camera falls during the last 2 seconds? (iif) What is the instantaneous velocity of the camera when it hits the ground? — — -OorommuSolution: (i Given s = 16t, The camera falls down from the height of 400 ft. «Time taken to hits the ground is to find t when s=400 feet. 400 = 16t? 400 2 16 oe 4100 2 16 aie Be + +55¢ Since t = —5, is not possible t=5 ‘Time taken for the camera to hit the ground is t = 5 seconds. (ii) To find the average velocity with which the camera falls during the last 2 seconds is to find the average velocity at ¢= 3 and t=5 seconds. We know that the average velocity of the points between ¢=a and t= bis oo Given s = 16¢? s(a) = s(3) = 16(3)? = 16(9) = 144 s(b) = s(5) = 16(5)? = 16(25) = 400 The average velocity of the points = See 400-144 saa 2 256 Seuss | = 128 ft/s (iii) To find the instantaneous velocity of the camera when it hits the ground is to find the instantaneous velocity at ¢= 5 seconds, Given s(t) = 16¢? Hence instantaneous velocity = S/(t) S!(t) = 32t Velocity at ¢= 5 seconds $/(5) = 32(5) = 160 = 160 ft/s 3.A particle moves along a line according to the law s(t) = 29 — 9¢? + 12¢— 4, +9t+1, where ¢2 0. (i) Atwhat times the particle changes direction? (ii) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 4 seconds. (iii) Find the particle's acceleration each time the velocity is zero, Solution: (@ To find the times the particle changes direction is to find t when S/(¢) = 0 Given s(t) = 2¢3 — 9¢? + 12¢-4 s!(t) = 6t? — 18¢ +12 when s/(t) = 0 gives, 6t? —18t+12=0 +6, t-3t+2=0 (t-(t-2)=0 t-1=0,givest =1and t-2=0,givest =2 + The particle changes direction at t = 1 and t = 2seconds. (ii) To find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 4 seconds Sat ¢ = 0,1,2,3 and 4 seconds. Given s(t) = 2¢3 — 9¢? + 12t-4 s(0) = -4 s(1)=2-9412-4 =14-13 a s(2) = 2(2)3 — 9(2)? + 12(2)-— 4= 2(8) — 9(4) +12(2)—4 = 16-36+24-4 = 40-40 oO s(3) = 2(3)8 — 9(3)? + 12(3)—4 = 2(27) - 9(9) + 12(3) -4 =54-81+36—4 = 90-85 =5 s(4) = 2(4)8 — 9(4)? + 12(4) - 4 = 2(64) — 9(16) + 12(4) -4 = 128-144+ 48-4 = 176-148 =28 t] 0 fij2];3]4 s[-4/1]0]5|28 Total distance travelled in first 4 seconds = |s(0) - s(4)| + Is(1) - s(2)] +ls(2) — s(3)| + Is(3) — s(4)] =|-4-1] + [1-0] +|0—5| +15 — 28] =|-5] + [1] + 1-5] + 1-23] =5+14+5423 = 34 meters, (iii) To find the particle's acceleration each time the velocity is zero. Given s(t) = 2? - 9¢? + 120-4 Velocity s/(t) = 6t? — 18t + 12 when s/(t) = 0 gives, 6t? —18¢+12=0 ?-3t+2=0 (¢-D(e-2) t-1=0,givest =1and t-2=0,givest =2 Acceleration s//(¢) = 12¢— 18 When t = 1, Acceleration s//(1) = 12 — 18 = —6m/s? When t = 2, Acceleration s//(2) = 12(2) — 18 = 24-18 = 6m/s* 4, IF the volume of a cube of side length x is v = x3, Find the rate of change of the volume with respect to x when x = 5 units. Solution: Given volume of the cube v = x3 The rate of change of the volume = © = Se 2 gate = 5 = 3(5) = 3(25) = 75 units. 5. Ifthe mass m(,) (in kilograms) of a thin rod of length x(in metres) is given by, m(x) = V3x then what is the rate of change of mass with respect to the length when it is x = 3 and x = 27 metres. Soluti Given m(x) = V3x = V3VE Rate of change of mass = m/(x) /(x) = V3 ml) = B25 @ Rate of change of mass at x = 3 m/(3) = v3: TA =} Ke/m (@ Rate of change of mass at x = 27 m/(27) = Bing = Bras6. A stone is dropped into a pond causing ripples in the form of concentric circles. The radius rof the outer ripple is increasing at a constant rate at 2 cm per second. When the radius is 5 cm find the rate of changing of the. total area of the disturbed water? Solution: Given The rate of increasing radius <. 2em/s To find the rate of change of area of the 5 aa circle when dt Area of the circle A = mr? aa ar TMX = 2n(5) x (2) = 20m sq.cm/s Senaireeeeeneereeneneenstaneienoreetetet 7. beacon makes one revolution every 10 seconds, Itis located on a ship which is anchored 5 km from a straight shore line, How fast is the beam moving along the shore line when it makes an angle of 45° with the shore? ir Given : one revolution every 10 seconds. It covers in 10 sec = 2 Soluti slsec= 0 Revolution in 1 second © wie ois aia From the given data tan 0 Gives, x =Stan@ ax 29 8 ae = 3 SeC' Oxe when 6 = 45° and % == ans a =5sec24s5° x= fe = 58007459 x 2 =5V2"xE= 2x0 The beam moving along the shore line ata rate of 2 km/s 8.A conical water tank with vertex down of 12 metres height has a radius of 5 metres at the top. If water flows into the tank at a rate 10 cubic m/min, how fast is the depth of the water increases when the water is 8 metres deep? Solution: Given: Height of the tank h = 12m Radius at the top r = 5m Hence = Rate of change of volume oA an To find rate of change of height [at h = 8 We know the volume of the cone sss Fear a 5x5 ye yt at ana 73h Xe Wray dt 144” at Substituting = 10and h = 8, we get 2s a roxis4__ dh ‘25xexaxn dt 2xsx16x9 _ ah 10=2nxexex% ae 25xexaxn — dt ae iow ~ at So, the rate of change of height = m/min9. Aladder 17 metre long is leaning against the wall. The base of the ladder is pulled away from the wall at a rate of 5 m/s. When the base of the ladder is 8 metres from the wall. (i) How fast is the top of the ladder moving down the wall? (ii) At what rate, the area of the triangle formed by the ladder, wall, and the floor, is changing? Given length of the ladder AB=17 mt. Let the foot of the ladder is x mt away from the wall. That is let 0A = x Similarly let the top of the ladder touches the wall y mt away from the floor. Thatis let OB = y By using Pythagoras Theorem, xt ty? =17? Whenx=8, 8% +y?=17? y?=17—8 = (17 + 8)(17 — 8) = (25)) y=(5)G) y=15 @ To find the rate at which the ladder slips down the wall = when = 5 a a From x? +y? = 17? Differentiating with respect to t a a 2xB+2y2=0 a ay +2, xBtyGa0 (5) + a5) Z=0 ay _ _ 40 as Ladder slips down the wall at the rate of $ m/s (ii) To find the rate at which the area of the triangle OAB changes = 4 Area of triangle OAB A = py Differentiating with respect to t 4 224%) BCE HE =j]@(-)+a96] The area of the triangle OAB changes at the rate “* = 26.83 sq.m/s 10, A police jeep, approaching an orthogonal intersection from the northern direction, is chasing a speeding car that has turned and moving straight east. When the jeep is 0.6 km north of the intersection and the car is 0.8 km_ to the east. The police determine with a radar that the distance between them and the car is increasing at 20 km/hr. If the jeep is moving at 60 km/hr at the instant of measurement, what is the speed of the car? Solut b elie = Given x = 0.8 and y = 0.6 The distance between the car and the jeep changes at the rate © = 20 ax dy To find $, when = — 60 By using Pythagoras Theorem,x? + y? (0.8)? + (0.6)? = 0.64 + 0.36 1=2? zel tyra ing with respect to t a a = a % 4 ay axa t Wa + dx, dy +2, x+y? (0.8) (2) + (0.6)-60) = (120) Hence the speed of the car changes at the rate = 70 km/hr. a Example 7.11 Find the equations of tangent and normal to the curve y = x? + 3x—2at the point (1, 2) Solution: y = x? + 3x —2 ay Ramwx+3 & at the point (1, 2) = 2(1) +3 =2+3 Slope m= 5 Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x1,y:) isy —y, = m(x— x4) Substituting m = 5, and the point (1, 2) Tangent equation is y — 2 = S(x — 1) y-2=5x-5 Sx-y-5+2= Sx-y-3=0 Normal is perpendicular to tangent. Hence normal is of the form x +5y +k =0 Itpasses through the point (1, 2) Hence, 14+5(@2)+k=0 1+10+k=0 11+k= k=-11 Equation of the normal is x + 5y — 11 =0 Example 7.12 For what value of xthe tangent of the curve y = x3 — 3x? +x —2is parallel to the line y= x. Solution: Given @ = 3x? — 6x +10 Slope of the first curve m; = 3x?— 6x +1 and y=x ay _ ae Slope of the second curve m, = 1 Since the tangents are parallel, m; =m, 23x? -6x+1=1 3x? -6x+1-1=0 3x? - 6x =0 3x(x-2) = So,3x=0>x=0 andx-2=0>x=2 Substitutingx =Oin y = x?—3x?+x—-2, we get y = —2and x=2in y=x3—3x27+x-2, weget y = 23—3(27)+2-2 =8-12+2-2 = 10-14 y=-4 ‘The tangent is parallel to the line y = x at the points (0,—2)and (2,—4) Example 7.13 Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the Lissajous curve given by x = 2cos3t andy =3sin2t, teRSolution: x = 2 cos 3t = 2x3(-sin3¢) S =~ 6sin3t y =3sin2t = 3x 2(c0s2t) 2 = 6cos2e Slope of the tangent m = = = cos 2t ‘sin3t Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x1,¥1) is y —y, = m(x — x1) cos 2t Substituting m = — °°, and the point (2 cos 3¢,3 sin 2t) Equation of tangent is cos 2t nar % ~ 2.c083t) (y — 3sin 2t) sin 3¢ = —cos 2t(x — 2cos 3t) ysin3t ~3sin2t sin 3t = —x cos 2t + 2cos 2tcos 3¢ (y-3sin2t) = xcos 2t +y sin 3t = 3 sin 2t sin 3t + 2 cos 2t cos 3¢ Normal is perpendicular to tangent. Hence normal is of the form xsin3t—ycos2t+k=0 It passes through (2 cos 3t, 3 sin 2t) (2cos3t) sin 3t — (sin 2t) cos 2t + k = 2cos3tsin 3t —3 sin 2t cos2t + k 0 2cos3t sin 3t ~3(2sin 2t cos 2t) +k = 0 sin 6t —2sin4¢-+k =0 k in 4 — sin 6t So equation of the normal is xsin 3¢ — y cos 2t +3sin 4t— sin 6t = 0 Example 7.14 Find the acute angle between y = x*andy = (x—3)?. Solution: Given y = x? and y = (x — 3)”, So, x? =(x-3)? xt=x?—6x+9 x? = 6x+9-x7 =0 6x +9 6x=9 a 7 3 2 6 ? gives, y = The point of intersection is (2,2) From y =x? Bar Atthe point (2,2) B=2(=3 Slope of the first curve m, From y = (x—3)? yax?—6x49 2a 2x-6 Atthe point ( 3)-6=3-6=-3 Slope of the second curve m, = —3 If6 is the angle between the curves, then lr+mime tan@ = The angle between the curves 6 = tan“ (2)Example 7.15 Find the acute angle between the curves y = x?and x = y?at their points of intersection (0, 0), (1, 1). Solution: If is the angle between the curves, then aml tan@ Jo~29 Fre tan“ 2 ‘The angle between the curves 6 = = @ aay If@ is the angle between the curves, then Fem ‘The angle between the curves = tan“? (2) Example 7.16 Find the angle of intersection of the curve y = sin x with the positive x -axis. Solution: Given y = sinx ay Sy = cosx The given curve intersects with positive x -axis On x-axis y =0, gives sinx = 0 Hence x = nt Slope of the tangent 2 = m = cos x gives m= cosnm = (—1)" Then tan@ = (-1)" @ = tan7(-1)" Ifniseven, @ = tan-*(1) = Ifnis odd, @ = tan“*(-1. Example 7.17 If the curves ax? + by? = 1 and cx? + dy? = 1 intersect each other orthogonally then, > — Solution: ax? + by? = 1 ex? +dy?=1 ab Solving, f al ad —be i al Hd Given ax? + by? 2ax + 2byZ = 0 2by® = —2ax ax” bym, =—2 and cx? +dy? =1 2ex + 2dy@ = 0 ay 2dy® = dy ae ex ay 2x ax =~ 2ay ma ay Given the curves cut orthogonally. mm, =—1 CH)CE) acx? = ~bdy* acx* + bdy? = 0 Substituting the values of x? and y? )=0 ac(d ~ b) + bd(a~c) = 0 + by abed, @-b)+245@-a=0 ‘bed Leeoceenbirocrerpnoncomianieeeseeenedinnnionnisst Example 7.18 Prove that the ellipse x? + 4y? = 8 and the hyperbola x? — 2y? = 4 intersect orthogonally. Solution: Beet @ tee (2) ()- gives, oy? =4 y? Multiplying (2) by 3, 3x? —6y? = 3x*-4=12 1244 16 16 2 Given x? +4y?=8 ax +8yZ=0 Substituting the values of x? and y? A (7/3) 1s =-ig So, the given curves cut orthogonally. ORE ReREeaEEEEERERERRE ESE EEK EXERCISE 7.2 1. Find the slope of the tangent to the curves at the respective given points. @y =x4 + 2x? -xatx=1 (ii) x = acostt,y = b sin’t att = 5. Solution: m, Xm, = — @ yaxt+2x2-x Pa ax8 + 4x—1 atx =1, Slope 2 = 4(1)5 + 4) -1 Substituting 6:Gi) x=acos*t & = 3acos*t(—sint) y=bsintt a in? oe = 3b sin*t(cost) ay __absinte(cost) Slope dx 3acost(-sint) sine cose == dy__ bsin(5) atte» ax acos(") =o ~~ aco) = 2. Find the point on the curve y = x? —5x+4 at which the tangent is parallel to the line 3x+y=7. Solution: y =x? -5x+4 Bix-5 a Slope m, = 2x —5 and from, axty=7 y=7-3x wy ae m, =-3 Given the curve is parallel to the line 2m, =m, 2x-5=-3 2x=-345 2x =2 gives x=1 Since to find the point on the curve, So, at the point (1,0) the curve is parallel to the given line. 3. Find the points on the curve y =x? — 6x? + x +3 where the normal is parallel to the line x + y = 1729. Solution: Given y = x? — 6x? +x+3 Ba axt- 12x41 Slope of the tangent m = 3x? —12x +1 Hence slope of the normal = -- and xty=1729 ay _ 1+2=0 » dx 7 Slope of the line m = 1 Since the normal parallel to the line, Geax) 3x?-12x+1=1 3x? -12x+41-1=0 3x? - 12x =0 3x(x-4) =0 So,3x=0>x=0 andx-4=05x=4 Substituting =0in y=x*—6x?+x43, 3and we get y 3 6x? 4x43 =4in y= weget y=4?-6(4) +443 = 64-96 4443 1-96 y=-25 The normal is parallel to the line at the points (0,4)and (4,—25) 4, Find the points on the curve y? — 4xy = x? +5 for which the tangent is horizontal.Solution: 2y@—4(x2+y) = 2x y? -4xy =x? 45 2y St — 4x ® — ay = 2x Dy B= 4x = ax + Ay Dividing by 2, (g-ag (y - 2x) When the tangent is horizontal, it is parallel toxaxis. So, 2 = 0 tay ow x+2y=0 Gives, x=-2y Substituting x = —2y in y? — 4xy =x? +5 we get y? —4(-2y)y = (-2y)? +5 y? + By? =4y? +5 9y? -4y? = 5 When y = 1,x = —2y gives x = —2 and y=-1,x = —2ygivesx =2 At the points (—2,1) and (2,—1) the tangent is horizontal. BREE EEO EE EEE IE OE 5. Find the tangent and normal to the following curves at the given points on the curve, (Wy =x? — xt at (1,0) Gil) y = x* + 2e* at (0,2) (iit) y = xin xat (£,2) (iv) x = cost, y = 2sin?t,at t = 7 Solution @ y=x?-xt %y = oy 4x? B= 2x ax At(1, 0) gw -4(1)3 = 21) - 40) =2-4 2 2 m= Slope m = Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x1,y,) is y — y, = m(x — x1) Substituting m = —2, and the point (1, 0) Tangent equation is y — 0 = —2(x — 1) ya-dx +2 2xty-2=0 Normal is perpendicular to tangent. Hence normal is of the form x—2y +k =0 It passes through the point (1, 0) Hence, — 1-2(0) +k =0 1-0+k=0 1+k k=-1 Equation of the normal is x — 2y-1= 0 Gi) y=xt+2e* Bs ax3 420° at (0,2) B= 40) +20 =0+2(1) m=2 Slope m= 2 Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (1,1) is y —y1 = m(@ — x4) Substituting m = 2, and the point (0, 2)‘Tangent equation is y — 2 = 2(x- 0) y-2=2x+0 2x-y+2=0 Normal is perpendicular to tangent. Hence normal is of the form x +2y +k =0 It passes through the point (0, 2) Hence, 0+2(2)+k= 0+44+k=0 44+k=0 k= 4. Equation of the normal is x + 2y—4=0 Git) y = xsinx 4 2 = x(cosx) + sinx #3) 4y 8 (cog®) 4 sin® = £(cos®) + sin= =2@)+1 =0+1 m=1 Slope m = 1 Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x1,94) is y — yy = m(x— x4) Substituting m = 1, and the point (2,2) ‘Tangent equation is y—==1 (x -3) yofesct x-y=0 Normal is perpendicular to tangent. Hence normal is of the form x + y +k = 0 It passes through the point (£,2) Hence, = 5 +5+k=0 m+k=Ogives k=—1 Equation of the normal is x+y — = 0 (iv) x=cost, and y= 2sin*t a : * ag Ba-sint S=4sintcost dy _ Asintcost 80, ae maine = —4cost Slope m = -2 (1.91) = (cos, 2sin?2) =(1,2(8) =(.2)) 19 (2 =(2()) 13 =G)) Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x,y) is y —y, = m(x — x) ‘Tangent equation is y — 7 Multiplying by 2, 2y-3=-4(x-2) 2y-3 =—4x +2 4x +2y—3-2=0 4x +2y-5=0 Normal is perpendicular to tangent. Hence normal is of the form 2x —4y +k = 0 It passes through the point (3,2) Hence, 2(2)-4(2)+k=0 1-6+k=0 —S+k=0 k=5 Equation of the normal is 2x — 4y +6. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y = 1 +x? for which the tangent is orthogonal with the line x + 12y = 12. Solution: — Giveny =1+x3 ® gy? = 3x Slope of the tangent m, = 3x? Equation of the given line x + 12y = 12 a 1+122=0 Le w2=-1 ay ait ax 2 Slope of the line my = —+ g Since the tangent is orthogonal to the line, m, X mz = —1 3x?x-2=-1 fel xt=4 x= +2 The points lie on the curve y = 1 +x? When x= 2, y=142? +8 y=9 When x =—2, y= 14 (-2) -8 y Hence (2,9) and (-2,—7) are the points. Atx = 42 Slope of the tangent m = 3x? = 3(£2)? m=12 Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x,,y,) is y — yy = mx — x4) (@ Substituting m = 12, and the point (2,9) ‘Tangent equation is y — 9 = 12(x~ 2) y-9=12x-24 lax-y-24+9=0 12x-y-15=0 (Substituting m = 12, and the point (—2,-7) Tangent equation is y + 7 = 12(x + 2) yr? =12x+24 12x-y +24-7=0 12x-y+17=0 Setoteneencrnoneiennminaeeeenenete 7. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y = = which are parallel to the line x+2y=6 Solution: Given y = Slope of the tangent m, = Equation of the given line x + 2y = 6 a i+2g= Since the tangent is parallel to the line, m, =m, ear war? eee Gn? 4=(x-1)? @-pP=4 @-3)@+D=0 x-3 , gives x = 3and —— en — Ssx+1=0,gives x=-1 x The points lie on the curve y x ys Hence (3,2) and (—1, 0) are the points, @aAtx= = oy? Slope of the tangent m = Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x;,94) is y — ys = m(x — x4) Substituting m = ; and the point (3, 2) ‘Tangent equation is y — 2 = —} (x ~3) 20-2) =-(@- 3) 2y-4s-x43 xt+2y-4-3=0 x+2y-7=0 (ii) At x = -1, Slope of the tangent m = —* = Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (1,1) isy —y1 = m(@ — x4) Substituting m = — . and the point (1,0) Tangent equation is y — 0 = —3(x +1) 2y =-(« +1) 2y=-x-1 xt2y+1=0 x+2y+1=0 Leetibreenneeriennereneniiconainnonbnaraat 8. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve given by x = 7 cost and y =2sint, t € Ratany point on the curve. Solution: x = 7 cost Equation of the tangent with slope m through the point (x1,y;) isy — y, = mx — 4) Substituting m = —2©°5¢ 7sint” and the point (7 cost, 2sin t) Equation of tangent is 2eost Taine (y -2sint) = (x-7cost) (y—2sint)7 sint = -2 cost (x — 7 cost) (7 sin t)y — 14 sin? t = —(2 cos t)x + 14 cos? ¢ (2cost)x + (7 sint)y — 14sin?t — 14cos* t = 0 (2cost)x + (7 sin t)y — 14(sin? t + cos? t) = 0 (2cost)x + (7sint)y — 14(1) = 0 (2cost)x + (7sint)y -14=0 Normal is perpendicular to tangent. Hence normal is of the form (7sin t)x — (2cost)y +k =0 It passes through (7 cost, 2 sin t)(7sin t)(7 cost) — (2 cos t)(2sin t) + k 49 sint cost — 4sint cost +k =0 4Ssintcost +k =0 k= —45sint cost So equation of the normal is (7sint)x — (2 cost)y — 45 sint cost = 0 9. Find the angle between the rectangular hyperbola xy = 2 and the parabola x? + 4y = 0. Solution: Given xy =2 Gives y = 2 Substituting y = 2in x? + 4y = 0, we get x44(2)=0 x+i=0 Multiplying byx, x3+8=0 x? = -8 = (-2)? Gives x =-2 Substituting x = -2, in xy = 2 weget (-2)y =2 —2y =2 gives = y=—1 So, the point of intersection is (-2,—1) Again from xy =2 ye ax 4 Slope of the second curve at (—2,—1) x2 m,=—2=2=1 If @ is the angle between the curves, then tan@= | tan @ = tan“1(3) Her eeeeterebiekennennennoneennReteES 10. Show that the two curves x? — y? = r?and xy = c? where c,r are constants, cut orthogonally. Solution: Given x? — y 2x-2y%=0 Let (x1, 71)be point of intersection. Then slope of the first curve at (x,y) my = 3Slope of the second curve at (x,y) mz = — 2% Product of the slopes m, X mz = ®) x (- 2) =-1 Hence the two given curves cut orthogonally. seneenanenenensetesnenetasnenstenseneneneesnte Example 7.19 Compute the value of 'c' satisfied by the Rolle’s theorem for the function f(x) = x*(1 — x)?,x € [0,1]. Solution: f(x) is continuous in [0,1] and f (x) is differentiable in (0,1) Given f(x) = x2(1 — x)?,x € [0,1] f@) =f =x-x? =0 f@)=fQ)=PU-1? =0 Hence f(a) = f(b) F(x) = x41 — x)? = x*(x? — 2x +1) 4 — 2x3 + x? F/R) = 4x3 - 6x? + 2x fl(c) = 4c3 - 6c? + 2c Substituting f/(c) = 0, we get 4c} — 6c? + 2c =0 c(4c? — 6c +2) =0 Gives, c = 0 and (4c? — 6c +2) = 0 When 4c? - 6c +2 =0 Dividing by 2, 2c? - 3c +1 (2c-1)(e- 1) =0 03 2c=1¢=% and 2c— e-1=05c=1 Hence c = 0,¢ = Lare the values. 2 By Rolle’s Theorem, when f/(c) = 0, € [a,b] € [0,1] Example 7.20 Find the values in the interval (Z,2)satistied by the Rolle's theorem for the function f(x) = x +4, € [2,2]. Solution: f(x) is continuous in [2,2] and (2) is differentiable in (2,2) Given f(x) = x +4,x€ [2,2] fla) =f(2)=3+2= FQ) =f@)=243= Hence f(a) = f(b) fax? fa@)e1-4 fO=1-5 Substituting f/(c) = 0, we get + Lgives =landc=-1 By Rolle’s Theorem, when f/(c) = c€ [a,b] ec=1e[E,2] snessenestenssneneenenteneitenennanentenennenes Example 7.21 Compute the value of ‘c" satisfied by Rolle’s theorem for the function F(&) = log (4) in the interval [2,3]. Solution: f(x) is continuous in [2,3] and (x) is differentiable in (2,3) 100) = 109 (5) F(x) = log(x? + 6) — log(Sx) f(a) = f (2) = log(4 + 6) — log(10) = log(10) — log(10) f(a) =0 Fb) = FB) = log(9 + 6) - log(15) = log(15) — log(15) f(b) = Hence, f(a) = f(b) = 0From f(x) = log (2%) ox c=+V6 Since c = V6 € [2,3], the satisfied value is ¢ = V6 Example 7.22 Without actually solving show that the equation x* + 2x3 — 2 = 0 has only one real root in the interval (0, 1). Solution: Let f(x) = x* + 2x3 —2 (2) is continuous in [0,1] and f (x) is differentiable in (0,1) Now, f/(x) = 4x3 + 6x? Substituting f/(x) =0 4x3 + 6x? =0 2x*(2x +3) =0 2x?=0 and 2x+3=0 2x? = 0 => x = 0 (twice) 2x+3=05x Butx Hence by the Rolle’s theorem there do not exist a,b € (0,1) such that, f(a) = 0 = f(b). Therefore the equation f(x) = 0 cannot have two roots in the interval (0, 1). But, f(0) = -20 tells us the curve y = f(x) crosses the x -axis between 0 and 1 only once by the Intermediate value theorem. Therefore the equation x* + 2x3 — 2 = O has only one real root in the erval (0, 1) Shri bochoncrinneniirereneeresemenioniaetead Example 7.23 Prove using the Rolle’s theorem that between any two distinct real zeros of the polynomial ax” + Gp X"72 4 saeco POX + 4p there is a zero of the polynomial Nayx"-? + (n—1)ag_yx"? + .. Solution: POX) = yx" + dg a2” + stay. stax + ag Let a, B be the two zeros of the polynomial. + P(x) is continuous on [a, 8] P(x) is differentiable on (a, 8) Hence P(a) = P(B) By Rolle’s theorem there exists a value y € (a, B) such that P/(y) = 0 So, POY) = nay x" + (= Dag X"-F $ oe eee PO Leer b i rerberiiinnieaaanerereineen nection Example 7.24 Prove that there is a zero of the polynomial, 2x3 — 9x? - 11x + 12 in the interval (2, 7) given that 2 and 7 are the zeros of the polynomial x* — 6x? — 11x? + 24x + 28 Solution: f (x) = x* — 6x3 — 11x? + 24x +28 f(e) is continuous on [2,7] f(x) is differentiable on (2,7) F(@) = f(2) = @)* ~ 6(2)8 = 11)? + 2402) +28 =16- 6(8) — 11(4) +48 +28 =16- 48-444 48428 =44-48-44448 =0 F() = f= (74 ~ 6(7)3 — 117)? + 24(7) + 28 = 2401 — 6(343) — 11(49) + 168 + 28 = 2401 - 2058 — 539 + 196 597 — 2597 ——Hence f(a) = f(b) = 0 By Rolle's theorem there exists a value c € (a,b) such that f/(c) = f(&) = xt — 6x3 — 11x? + 24x + 28 FU) = 4x3 — 12x? - 22x + 24 fl(c) = 43 — 12c? — 22¢ + 24 When f/(c) = 0, gives 4c? —12c? - 22¢ + 24=0 Dividing by 2, 2c3 — 6c? —11c +12=0 Hence there is a zero of the above polynomial lies in the given internal (2, 7). seresteesereeeneneniesenseeeseeenenesneasesees Example 7.25 Find the values in the interval (1, 2) of the mean value theorem satisfied by the function f(x) = x —x? fori 4. (vi) cos 2x Ee me Solution: aia @e* Function andits | cosxandits | Valueat derivatives derivatives | _x=0 Functionandits | e*andits | Value at derivatives derivatives | _x=0 f@) cosx 1 f@) e 1 fix) —sinx 0 f/@) e* 1 FUG) —cosx -1 FG) e 1 f(x) sinx 0 FING) e 1 f°) cosx 1 Fle) - 1 Substituting the values and on simplification we get the required expansion of the function Substituting the values and on simplification we get the required expansion of the function given by f) = fO +5 (/O) +50) $2 (0) +2 f°) + given by FO) = f(0) +2 6/0) +E f00) +5 flO) +2 f/°(0) + cosy = 142 @+ECD+2O + cosx = 1-F 47 (iv) log(1 — x) er =1F2) +2420 +™ (ii) sinx Function and its sin x and its Value at derivatives derivatives x= f@) sinx 0 f/@) cosx 1 fF) =sinx 0 fl) cos x -1 fe) sinx 0 Function and its | log(1—x)and | Value at derivatives its derivatives | x=0 f@) log(l—x) 0 f/x) -1 f) -1 fe) aaa -2 6 re "G= i ‘Substituting the values and on simplification we get the required expansion of the function given by f@)=fO +5 f/O) +5 //O +2 p10) +E FO) 4 ‘Substituting the values and on simplification ‘we get the required expansion of the function given by F)=$O+F/O +5 // rf AO) + EF) Es log(t- x) = 0+2(-1) += (1)FEO) +E FPO) + log(1— x) =-x-2-E-¥ 4. costx =142(0) +2 (-2) (v) tan“*(x) +2 (O+25@)+ Function and its | tan-*(x) and its | Value at i 2 - derivatives derivatives oe cos?x =1+7(—2) +5 (8) +-~ FG) tan™*(x) 0 2. Write down the Taylor series expansion, of z the function logx about x = 1 up to three fl@) Tex? 1 non-zero terms for x> 0. siovtx Solution: FUG) 2x + 4x3 — 6 x8 0 Function andits | logxandits | Valueat derivatives derivatives | x=1 flix) | -2412x@-30x* | -2 F(x) logx 0 f°) 24x — 120.x3 0 fl) : 1 Substituting the values and on simplification x we get the required expansion of the function fila) ae 1 given by = = - 2 FO) =fO+5//O +E P/O) FIG) = 2 x xt | 6 +E pO) +E FO) + f° a -6 tan“(x) =0+% @ + ZO +52) + FQ) = f@ +2 fl@) += F@ aaa + f(a) + 2 pr@ 4 tan™1(x) = loge = 0+ = (1) +2=%*(-1) set Seas (wi) cos?x 4 F222 (2) 4 =O" 6) 4, Ey Function and its | cos?x andits | Value at = @HD)_ en 2? , e2_e-ayt ae aoe lo derivatives derivatives xe 8: T 2 3 a fe) cos*x 1 3. Expand sin x in ascending powers x — “up to —2cosx sine three non-zero terms. fC) 0 Solution: i Function andits | sinxandits | Value at fle) —2 derivatives derivatives | x=7 i 1 f(x) 4sin 2x 0 f@) sinx 7 ri Pe) Bcos 2x 8 fI@) cosx 7 ‘Substituting the values and on simplification FG) ae as we get the required expansion of the function given by . . fll) —cosx a FO) = FO) +2 F100) += f/(0) : f°) sinx 7=) (4)4.. nt() + 4, Expand the polynomial f(x) = x? — 3x +2 in powers of x — 1. Solution: Function andits | f(x)andits | Value at derivatives derivatives |_x= F(x) x? — 3x42 0 f/x) 2x-3 -1 FIC) 2 2 FING) 0 0 Example 7.34 Compute the limit: lim ) tn CF) = tn aa im (222) = na Example 7.35 Evaluate the limit: lim ( lim (22 saan: in (=) = sinmm(o) () = ino 0) Applying ’hopital’s Rule, 2 Indeterminate form, FQ) = fla) + 2 f/(@) + SE fl@ +252 fIIM(@) + aa F/e(@) ee x?—3x42=0+25-2-1)+ G@-1)* +220) x?—3x+2=—(x — 1)+(@ — 1)? _Hosocnecoaannconnreninoberrsirerseeeteneinet Example 7.33 Evaluate: lim ¢ Solution: tim (S=2*2) xan = F380) +2 ~@ 443 See estan ae a Indeterminate form. ‘Applying Phopital’s Rule, (x2— 3x + i: ‘2x—3° tim (Sa33)=tin FS) lim 2 sot SEE RRR R EERO EERE wn) =I Ss") = Mcosm(o) 7 meoso = Be im 7 an (318 stim (2) = m a _ sin(o) “oO _ sino “@ 3 Indeterminate form. Applying ’hopital’s Rule, Ji (4) = im (SE) = 20800) 4 = 30) tn) = be = and also,As the left limit and the right limit are not the same we conclude that the limit does not exist. Example 7.37 If lim ¢ then prove that m = s re) 050 \t-cosné 1-cosmo ) cosnd = Le cosm(o) 1= cosn(0) o § Indeterminate form. "an Applying Phopital’s Rule, sly 4m, (SSS) = lim axolo im sinmé ea0ln sinnd = in Gas) - ia) (228) = 2 Indeterminate form. (sino) =o sino) =n sin) Applying l’hopital’s Rule, yin enw) im (Sone) =( Eo) ( 1m (sinma lim™( BD Cin Given Jim (22222) = 1 I= cosnd Hence, a = 1, gives m? =n? So, m = +n Hence proved. Example 7.38 Evaluate: lim peor toga = 1 L cot(ax) xr cov(mx) | weosee?(m) == Indeterminate form Applying P’hopital’s Rule, tn [ras] sn = lim [AS = = inte) a | ar = SO = 2 Indeterminate form. Applying Phopital’s Rule, lim [# 2 (nx) im, Reese) Bie Re = Jim [-2sin(ex)cos(nx)] = —2sin(—m)cos(—m) = 2sin(m)cos(r) = 2(0)(-1) =0 «lim [224 0 cai cot(mx)aed Example 7.39 Evaluate: lim, @-+4) Solution: lim, (+ xaot = (co — o») Indeterminate form Applying Phopital’s Rule, Jin @-ata) = ip ES = [228 ~ Loe® “wan = $ Indeterminate form Applying P’hopital’s Rule, Jp Fess ip. = harem = feowa=a = 2 Indeterminate form Applying P’hopital’s Rule, lim, [—"-+ — x0! xe) HEF = Jin ail Berea EEE Example 7.40 Evaluate: lim, xlogx Solution: lim, xlogx 0 (co) Indeterminate form. Applying P’hopital’s Rule, log lim xlogx = lim, ate Sn“ =m 0 + Jim xlogx = 0 Example 7.41 Evaluate: lim (=) Solution: tim (ct) Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, . (x2 4 17x +29) (2x +17 din EE) tim (2557) = Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, im (757) = im (Se) 2 0 +g (E2222) a9 Example 7.42Bvaluate: lim ([) =), meN = Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, sien (Se)= tim (F)=0 + lim (S) = 0 Example 7.43 Using the I’ hospital Rule prove that: lim (1+2)# =e Solution: Jim (1+ oF =(14+0)8 = (1)® Indeterminate form Let A= (14x) Taking log on either side, logA=log(1 +x) lim log A = lim 2 log(t +x) = Jim 1804) xt © = loatt+0) “eo jog) 0 = 2 Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, 7 = py loses) dig toe = fig lim, log A = 1 By Composite function theorem, log lim A = 1 ‘Taking exponential on both side, lim A = xsot lim@ +x =e Example 7.44Evaluate: lim (1 + 2x)??& im (1 + 2x) Foe Solution: = (+0 = (00) = (00)? Indeterminate form Lot A= (1+ 2x)F05 Taking log on either side, log A = log (1 + 2x)F8 Jim log A = lim yz log + 2x) = Tim 19800428) — logit) Zlog@ = lowe) Indeterminate form Applying P’hopital’s Rule, : = tim eaCH29) da log = en lone 2 = ig = = lim x= x-900 (142x) xD ts (+28) =< Indeterminate form Applying Phopital’s Rule fim tog A= lim Gas 1 “Do By Composite function theorem, loglim A =+ re 2 ‘Taking exponential on both side,Jim (1 + 2x)" Jrtesaeeneensanentenenesneenennstesasenentenen Example 7.45 Evaluate: lim x7== Solution: lim x7-= el =t = 1” Indeterminate form Let A= at Taking log on either side, log A= log x= maar lim log(x) lim log A = od x = 18) 0 Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, i = lim 28 Un tog a =m = lim st zal x By Composite function theorem, loglim A =—1 ‘Taking exponential on both side, lim A =e*=+ at 2 limxte = 2 mt e EXERCISE 7.5 Evaluate the following limits, if necessary use 'Hépital Rule : 1. lim (=S*) x0 Solutio bemay 4m (SS _ 15 c0s(0) oF ° $ Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, ae (2) © esa Cae o+sino 0 = Indeterminate form Applying P’hopital’s Rule, don (5) = i (3) cos (0) Solution: tim = 2 pai Poeoae) = 2 Indeterminate form Applying hopital’s Rule ax lim = su F-SE43 xin 2x5 =< Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule "SH ore nehrciaeeienenenoornncienoceApplying V’hopital’s Rule Perea lim —~ = lim = xetoologx — x-tu = lim x =o tanx ‘ant =< Indeterminate form aoe tanx & lim #2 5. lim e*Vx Solutio lim e~*Vx = lim & Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, sim [= fim 3 ce = i Wke™ ; nae o 8h + lim e*Vx = 0 6.lim (3-2) x0 Sing x: = co — oo Indeterminate form. Applying ’hopital’s Rule, tims (Gra 2)= tn Sal = [Eeos) = [=] (oo. = $ Indeterminate form. Applying lhopital’s Rule, tn my dil Saori (cosxx+(sina)a = leeoocanl = lawn o 7 =} Indeterminate form. Applying Phopital's Rule, lim f sino [Hsinoyo+2c050. al o+20!7. tm ( Solution: lim, (z = co — oo Indeterminate form, Applying I’hopital’s Rule, din G- Za) Lim tim ([je5-F5) =) lim, at Goa ¥-1 8. lim, x* aot Soli a = 0° Indeterminate form. Let A=x* ‘Taking log on either side, log A = log x* lim, log A = lim xlog(x) logx = lim “€ sor oto) = = Indeterminate form Applying I’hopital’s Rule, loge ip toga = Ji = lim = By Composite function theorem, log lim A =0 Taking exponential on both side, 9. tim (2-43)" San: (1-42) =(1+23)” =(1+0)" =1° Indeterminate form. Let a=(1+2)° Taking log on either side, log A =log (1 +) lim log A im xlog (1 +2_ log(+0) Pree, log) 0 = Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, Jim log = lim tes(t+3) - ml = tim (143) =(143) =(1+0) =1 By Composite function theorem, loglim A =1 Taking exponential on both side, lim A =et=e 2 yin (143) =e HoH ricer naoKinMEeene tenes Ens 10. lim(sin x)'"*"* Solution: im (sin x)'"* (sin2)"" =" = 1° Indeterminate form. Let A= (sin x)@"* ‘Taking log on either side, Jog A = log (sin x)!®"* = tan slog (sin x) = estsingd = Hoa(sino) = cotx Jog(sinx) cotx = lout) a = Indeterminate form Applying ’hopital’s Rule, wagleos) = cosec*x = ow =t =0 ‘Taking exponential on both side, lim A = + lim(sinx)®"*= 1 11. Jim (cos x) Solution: Jim, (cos x)= = (cos 0)s =(1)? = 1® Indeterminate form. Let A= (cosx)s? Taking log on either side, log A = log (cos x) i Slog (cosx) (cos) = tim 186082) Jim, log A = Jim, #82 0h = !ontcos 0) 0= lata) ° o Indeterminate form Applying P’hopital’s Rule, sigcsiny) lim, logA = lim = 20 Fs =sinx = I) Gosm ax __=sino * (c0s0)(0) ° ; 5 Indeterminate form Applying Phopital’s Rule, i i =(c0s%) AN Gosxpax ~ 2 Gorse ean(—sin) ____=(©0s0) Geaso@+0-sa0) poe DowoD 2 By Composite function theorem, ; 1 logy A= 2 Taking exponential on both side, 1 Az=e im, % Heriecierene ronnie oredr 12. Ifan initial amount Ap of money is invested at an interest rate r compounded n times a year, the value of the investment m after ¢ yearsis A= Ay (1+) Ifthe interest is compounded continuously, (that is as n ~ 00), show that the amount after t years is A = Age"? nt Solution: logy. Aa (1+ *) net =Ao(1+5) = Ag(1 +0)” = Ag(1)Indeterminate form nn Let =(1+2) Taking log on either side, log Y =log (1+) = (nt)log (1+4) tog(142) =() = Dlogn 0 leg =* C3 © 2 =x; =()@) = (rt) By Composite function theorem, loglim Y = rt Taking exponential on both side, lim Y =e fai nt Hence, logy. Ag(1+=) = Age’® seteenenennnannenennestneenenneneanensaneneenee Example 7.46 Prove that the function f(x) = x? + 2s strictly increasing in the interval (2, 7) and strictly decreasing in the interval (—2, 0). Solution: Given f(x) = x? +2 fl) = 2x In the interval (2,7) let x = 3 fle) =2(8)=6>0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function, In the interval (—2, 0) let x fl) = 2(-1) =So, f(x)is strictly decreasing function. Example 7.47 Prove that the function f(x strictly increasing in (2, 00). Solution: f(x) = x? - 2x -3 f/(x) = 2x -2 In the interval (2, 00) let x = 3 Ff") = 2) -2 =6-2=4>0 2x -3is So, f (x)is strictly increasing function, Example 7.48 Find the absolute maximum and absolute minimum values of the function f(x) = 2x3 + 3x? — 12x on [-3, 2] Solution: f(x) = 2x3 + 3x? — 12x f! (x) = 6x? + 6x — 12 When, f/(x) = 0 6x? +6x-12=0 Dividing by 6, x?+x-2=0 (x+2)(x-1) =0 x 2andx=1 since x = -2,1 € [-3,2] The critical numbers are x = —2,land given the end points are x = —3,2 Atx = —2 Ff (2) = 2(—2)8 + 3(-2)? — 12(-2) (8) + 3(4) + 24 16+ 12+24 16 + 36 f(-2) = 20 Atx FL) = 200)? + 3)? — 1201) +3-12 -12 7 3 (3)? + 3(-3)? — 12(-3) = 2(-27) + 3(9) + 36 —54 427436 fy Atx f(-3) 544 63 £3) Atx = 2 F (2) = 2(2)8 + 3(2)? — 12(2) = 2(8) + 3(4) — 24 =16+12-24 = 28-24 f@=4 Hence, absolute maximum value of f(x) = 20 and absolute minimum value of f(x) = —7 Example 7.49 Find the absolute extrema of the function f(x) = 3cosx on the closed interval [0, 27]. Solution: f(x) = 3cosx fix) =3(-sinx) When, f/(x) =0 —3sinx =0 sinx =0 Since sin x = 0,x = 1 €[0, 271] The critical number is x = and given the end points are x = 0,2 Atx=a F(X) = 3cos(r) =3(-1) Atx=0 f%) = 3cos(0) =3(1) =3 Atx = 2m f(x) = 3cos(2m) =3(1) =3 Hence, absolute maximum value of f(x) = 3 and absolute minimum value of f(x) = —3 Example 7.50Find the intervals of monotonicity and hence find the local extrema for the function f(x) = xa dn $4, x = 2is the critical number. + The interval are (—0o, 2) and (2, 00) In the interval (—00, 2) let x = 0 f(x) = 2x-4 =2(0)-4 =-4<0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. In the interval (2,00) let x = 3 fl) =2x-4 f/(@) =2)-4=6-4=2>0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Because f/(x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = 2 for the function f(x), it has a local minimum at x = 2. ‘The local minimum value is FQ) = @-4@) +4 = 4-844 = 8-8 f@) = 0 Example 7.51Find the intervals of monotonicity and hence find the local extrema for the function f(x) = x3 Solution: fc) = x3 fle) = 2x 2 sive 2 aid f(x) can't be equal to zero for x € R hence f/x) does not exists at x = 0. + The interval are (—c9, 0) and (0, 00) In the interval (—00,0) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. In the interval (0,00) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Because f/(x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = 0 for the function f(x), it has a local minimum at x = 0 The local minimum value is f(0) = 0. Local minimum occurs at x = 0 which is nota stationary point, eerie rinenrieeietieiieeiieeeneemnenener Example 752 Prove that the function f(x) = x— sin xis increasing on the real line, Also discuss for the existence of local extrema. Solution: f() = x - sin x f(x) = 1-cosx When f(x) = 0, we get 1-cosx=0 cosx =1 So,x = 2nm,n €Z «. f (x) is increasing on the real line. Since there is no change f/(x) passing through x = 2nm, by the first derivative test there is no local extrema. Example 7.53 Discuss the monotonicity and local extrema of the function f(x) = log(1+x)-y2,x>-1 and hence find the domain where, log(1+x)> a Solution: f(x) = log(1 +x) - >as ES as les _ (a4x)-1 ata _itx-a Gx? vatiaeeete Q)= ae When f/(x) = 0, Gene = 0 Bives x=0 + The interval are (—c0, 0) and (0, 00) In the interval (—0,0) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. In the interval (0,00) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Because f/(x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = 0 for the function f(x), it has a local minimum at x = 0 ‘The local minimum value is FO) = log(1 +0) - =0 Further when x > 0, FQ) > FO) log(1 + x) log +x)>Z5 Proved LSeroioererererimanineaneienienerer enn Example 7.54 Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function f(x) = xlogx + 32. Solution: f(x) = xlogx + 3x 1G) = x(2) + loge (1) +3 =1+logx+3 =4+logx When f/(x) = 0, 4+logx =0 + The interval are (—o, e~*) and (e~ In the interval (—2,e~*) _f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. Inthe interval (e~*,00) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Because f/(x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = e~* for the function f(x), it has a local minimum at x = e~, f(x) = xlogx + 3x f(e~*) =e loge* + 3e-* = e*(—4) loge + 3e-* = e~*(—4)(1) +3e"* =-4e*4+3e% Se Local minimum is ~e~* ShetieeeeReeeHErRrenanEnEnEEEenen ee Example 7.55, Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function f(x) = +> Solution: f (x) = a gee 1 =a When f/(x) = 0, + The interval are (—c0, 0) and (0, 00) In the interval (—0,0) f/(x) >0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. In the interval (0,00) f/(x) <0 So, f(x)is strictly decreasing function, Because f/(x) changes its sign from positive to negaitive when passing through x = 0 for thefunction f(x), ithas a local maximum at x = 0, fO=A5=1 Heer seebienenereteeieE Example 7.56 Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function f(x) = Solution: f(x) = 25 pl) = GHAI =209 GexF Te we ibxtoast Gee — tee are? x=dl Hence stationary points are x = +The interval are (—00,—1), (=1, 1) and (1,00) In the interval (-00,-1) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. In the interval (—1,1) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function and Inthe interval (1,00) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function Because f/ (x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = —1 for the function f(x), ithas a local minimum at x = ar Local minimum is — 3 Because f/(x) changes its sign from positive to negative when passing through x = 1 for the function f(x), ithas a local maximum at x = 1, fa) = 25 1 +a Messe Local maximum is —2 eokinneannoea a eeeKier encores EXERCISE 7.6 1. Find the absolute extrema of the following functions on the given closed interval. (f(x) = x? — 12x + 10; [1,2] Gil) f@) = 3x4 — 4x3; [1,2] Gil) (@) = 6x3 — 3x5; [-1,1] (iv) f(@) = 2cosx + sin 2x; [0,3] Solution: (1) f(x) = x? - 12x + 10; [1,2] f(x) =x? -12x4+10 f/x) = 2x -12 When, f/(x) =0 2x-12=0 2x =12 x=6 The critical number x = 6 and given the end points are x = 1,2 Atx=6 (6)? - 12(6) + 10 = 36-72+10 46-72 —26 -26 1 (1)? - 12) + 10 1-12+10 11-12 -1 2 (2)? — 12(2) + 10 4-24410 14-24=-10 Hence, absolute maximum value of f (x and absolute minimum value of f(x) Gi f(x) = 3x4 — 4x3; [-1,2] f(x) = 3x4 - 4x3 f 1) = 12x3 - 12x? When, f/(x) = 0 12x? - 12x? =0 12x7(1—x)=0 12x? = 0, gives x = 0 1 =x = 0, gives x = 1 ‘The critical numbers x = 0,1 and given the end points are x = -1,2 0 3(0)* — 4(0)? =0 3(-1) - 4(-1)? = 3(1)-4(-1) 344 fC) =7 Atx=2 Ff (2) = 3(2)* — 4(2)3 = 3(16) - 4(8) = 48-32 =16 Hence, absolute maximum value of f(x) = 16 and absolute minimum value of f(t) = Gil) fe) = 6x3 — 35; [-1,1] fo) = 6x3 — 3x5 flay =6(2 1-37 = 8x — 237 =x3(8-x7) -# 0-9 When f/(x) =0, we get 6 (8-2)=0 Hence x = 0 and 8 —+=0 gives x => So, critical numbers are x = =,0 and the end points are x = —1,1 Atx =0, (0) = 6(0)3 - 3(0)3 =0 a Atx = e Atx=-1, F(-1) = 6(-1)8 - 3(-1) = 6(-3}5 — 31-1) = 6(-1)* — 3(-1)* = 6(1) — 3(-1) =6+3 =9 Atx=1, F(a) = 6198-300) = 6(1) -3(1) =6-3 = Hence, absolute maximum value of f (x) =and absolute minimum value of f(x). (iv) f(x) = 2cosx + sin 2x fl(@) = 2(—sinx) + 2.cos 2x When f/(x) = 0, -2sinx + 2cos2x =0 2cos 2x = 2sinx cos 2x = sinx 1—2sin®x = sinx 2sin?x + sinx—1=0 (2sinx — 1)(sinx + 1) =0 2sinx — 1=0, gives 2sinx =1 sinx =3 at x= Zand 6 sinx + 1 =0, gives sinx =—1 = = they does not belong to the given 22 x interval . So the critical number is x = = and the end points are x = Atx = 5 F (2) = 2cos® + sin2(£) = 2cos% + sin> =(8)+4 3 2 Atx = 0 £(0) = 2cos 0 + sin 2(0) = 2cos0+sin0 2y+0 =2 f (£) = 2cos% + sin2 (2) = 2cos5 + sina =20)+0 =0 Hence, absolute maximum value of f(x) = 28 and absolute minimum value of f(x) = 0 2. Find the intervals of monotonicities and hence find the local extremum for the following functions: (® f(x) = 2x3 + 3x? - 12x W@I@W=7Q Gi) fF) (iv) F@) —logx (v) f(x) = sin x cosx + 5,x € (0,27) Solutio 3 (i) f(x) = 2x3 + 3x? — 12x f/@) = 6x? + 6x —12 When, f/(x) = 0 6x? +6x-12=0 Dividing by 6, xt+x-2=0 (x +2)(x-1) =0 x+2=0,gives x =—2and x—1=O,givesx =1 The critical numbers x = -2,1 + The interval are (—o0, —2), (=2, 1) and (1, 00) -3 In the interval (—o0,—2)let x F/(—3) = 6(—3)? + 6(-3) — 12 = 6(9) — 18-12 = 54-30 =24>0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. In the interval (—2, 1)let x = 0 F/(0) = 6(0)? + 6(0) — 12 =0+0-12 =-12<0So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function, Because f/(x) changes its sign from positive to negative when passing through x = —2 for the function f(x), has a local maximum atx = -2 F(-2) = 2(-2) + 3(-2)? — 12(-2) = 2(-8) + 3(4) — 12(-2) =-16+12+424 = -16+ 36 =20 Local maximum is 20 In the interval (1,00) let x = 2 f!(2) = 6(2)? + 6(2) - 12 = 6(4)+12-12 =24 =24>0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Because £/(&) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = 1 for the function £8) ,hasa local minimum at x = 1 f(1) = 2(4)? + 3(1)? - 120) = 2(1) +3(4) - 12(1) =24+3-12 =5-12 =-7 Local minimum is —7 GD f@=Fy es J (9) -x@) F/G) =F “Ge Ff! (x) cannot be equal to zero. And f/(x) does not exists at x = 5, Hence the critical number is * The interval are (—oo, 5)and (5, 00) Inthe interval (-00,5) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function, In the interval (5,00) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. Since there is no change f/(x) passing through x = 5, by the first derivative test there is no local extrema. iit) F(x) 7 Ip) = Gz ee =e) F/R) ae 24 2 F/G) cannot be equal to zero, And f/(x) does not exists at x = 0. Hence the critical number is x = 0, + The interval are (—co, 0)and (0,00) Inthe interval (—00,0) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. In the interval (0, 00) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Since there is no change f/(x) passing through x = 0, by the first derivative test there is no local extrema. @v) f@)= fl) = When f/(x) = 0, x?-1=0 @-DG?+x4+1)=0 1 Hence there is a critical point at x = , 1)and (1, 0) x—1=0,Gives =. The interval are (-In the interval (—00,1) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function, In the interval (1,00) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Because f/(x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = 1 for the function f(x), ithas a local minimum at x = 1, fa) log1 WFQ) = f@) Ff! (x) = sinx (sin x) + cos x (cos x) sin x cos x + 5,x € (0,27) sinxcosx +5 sin? x + cos*x = cos*x ~ sin? x = cos 2x When f/(x) = 0, cos 2x =0 We know that cos = 0, hence 2x = E gives, x == mx Sn The values, 3%, an +The interval are (0,4), (=), (%,), (FF) ana F. 20) Inthe interval (0,4) f/(x) > 0 and“ € (0,272) So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Inthe interval (© ,2*) f/(x) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. In the interval (2,5) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. S78) fix) <0 So, f (x)is strictly decreasing function. In the interval (©, Inthe interval (, 2m) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x)is strictly increasing function. Because f/(x) changes its sign from positive to negative when passing through x = ©, = for the function f(x), ithas local maximum at -( =i+5 4+10 _ 11 ae 1 (22) = sin (£) cos (t) +5 = sin (+2) cos(n +2) 45 = [-sin(®)][-cos (®)] +5 “(Gees positive when passing through x for a4 the function f(x), ithas a local maximum at f(x) = sinxcosx +5 £ (2) = sin (®) cos (#) +5 =sin(Z+2)cos(E+2)+5 [os] [-sn(@]+5. 9 a So local minimum is ? and local maximum is“ Example 7.57 Determine the intervals of concavity of the curve f(x) = (x — 1)8.(@@—5),x € Rand, points of inflection if any. Solution: f (x) = (x — 1). (x — 5) F(a) = (3 — 3x? +3x-1).(x-5) 4 — 3x3 43x? — x — 5x3 + 15x? — 15x45 f(x) = x* — 8x3 + 18x? - 16x45 fc) = 4x3 — 24x? + 36x - 16 fe) = 12x? — 48x + 36 When f//(x) = 0, 12x? — 48x +36 =0 Dividing by 12, x?—4x+3=0 (-3)@-)=0 x—3=0,givesx = 3and x—1=0,givesx =1 + The interval are (—co, 1), (1,3)and (3,00) In the interval (—o, 1) let x = 0 F/O) = 12(0)? — 48(0) + 36 =0-0436 =36>0 Hence f(x) is concave upward in the (—20, 1) In the interval (1,3) let x = 2 F142) = 12(2)? — 48(2) + 36 = 48-96 + 36 = 84-96 -12<0 Hence f (x) is concave downward in the (3,00) In the interval (3,00) let x = 4 f1/(2) = 12(4)? — 48(4) + 36 = 192-192 +36 6>0 Hence f (x) is concave upward in the (3, 00) f!/(G) changes the direction at x = 1,3 13 We get the points of inflection at x @atx= f@) =(@-1)3.@-5) fQ)=(1-)3.(1-5) =0 (ii) atx =3 f(x) =(@—1)3.@—-5) f@)=@3-D%.G-5) = (2)°.(-2) =8,(-2) =-16 The points of inflections are (1,0), (3,—16) Example 7.58 Determine the intervals of concavity of the curve y = 3+sinx. Solution: y = 34sinx fae y! = 2 = cosx yl =—sinx Substituting y//= sin x = 0, gives x = 0,nz As the limit (— 7, zr) we get (~7, 0)and (0,7) as intervals. In the interval (-7, 0), let x = - yl =—sinxHence f(x) is concave upward in the (7, 0) In the interval (0,7), let x == yl! =—sinx == an) =-1<0 Hence f(x) is concave downward in the (0,77) As y// changes the sign as it passes through x = 0, we get a point of inflection at x = 0 Substituting x = 0 in the given function, y = 3+sinxwe get y = 3+sin(0) y =3+0 y=3 Hence the point of inflection is (0,3) In general the intervals are (nu, (n + 1)n),n €Z Hence (nr, 3) is also the point of inflection. Example 7.59 Find the local extremum of the function f(x) = x* + 32x. Solution: fe) = x4 4+32x Ff! (x) = 4x3 +32 fe) = 12x? When f/(x) = 0, we get 4x3 +32 =0 4x3 = -32 xi=-8 x=-2 Atx = —2, fl (x) = 12x? fIM(-2) = 120-29? = 12(4) =48>0 So, the function has local minima at x = atx = —2, f(x) = x* +32x has Ff (2) = (-2)* + 32(-2) = 16-64 =-48 So the local minimum is —48 and the extreme point is (—2,—48) Example 7.60 Find the local extrema of the function f(x) = 4x® — 6x4, Solution: f(x) = 4x6 — 6x* FU) = 24x5 — 24x03 fl (xe) = 120x* — 72x? When f/(x) = 0, we get 24x5 — 24x3 = 0 24x3(x? 1) =0 24x3 = 0 gives x =0 x? -1= Ogivesx = 41 ‘The critical points are x = —1,01 Substituting x = —1in f!l(x) = 120x* — 72x? we get, F!(-1) = 120(-1)* - 72(-1? 20(1) — 72(1) = 120-72 =48>0 Hence f(x) has local minimum at x = —1 Substituting x = 1 in f(x) = 120x* — 72x? we get, FA) = 120(1)* — 72(1)? = 120(1) — 72(1) = 120-72 =48>0 Hence f (x) has local minimum at x = 1 Substituting x = 0 in FN (cc) = 120x* — 72x? we get,f//(-1) = 120(0) — 72(0) =0 Hence the second derivative test does not give any information about local extrema at x = 0 So, to try by first derivative test, Intervals are (—c0, —1), (—1, 0), (0,1), (1,00) In (-09,-1) fl(x) <0 So, f(x) is strictly decreasing function. In (1,0) f/(x) > 0 So, f (x) is strictly increasing function. In (0,1) f/x) <0 So, f(x) is strictly decreasing function. In (1,0) f/(z) >0 So, f (x) is strictly increasing function. Because f/(x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = —1 for the function f(x), ithas a local minimum at x = —1 and the local minimum value of the function FD = 4-18 6(-1)* = 4(1) - 6(1) 4-6 -2 Also f/(xc) changes its sign from positive to negative when passing through x = 0 for the function f(x), ithas a local maximum is F(0) = 4(0)* — 6(0)* =0 And f/ (x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = 1 for the function f(x), has local minimum at x = 1 and the local minimum value of the function is Ff (4) = 4(2)° — 6(4)* =4(1) - 6(1) =4-6 =-2 Hence the local minimum is 2 and the local maximum is 0. Hereninerrinerennciinnenniernnninannneinnannn ini Example 7.61 Find the local maximum and minimum of the function x*y? on the line x + y = 10 Solution: Given x + y = 10 gives y=10-x Substituting the value of y in x2y? f(x) = x?(10 — x)? = x°(100 + x? — 20x) = 100x? + x* — 20x3 f! (x) = 200x + 4x3 — 60x? fle) = 200 + 12x? — 120x When f/(x) = 0, we get 200x + 4x3 — 60x? = 0 4x(50 + x? — 15x) =0 4x =O gives x =0 x? — 15x + 50 = 0 gives (x-5)(x-10) =0 Hence x = 5,10 So, the critical points are x = 0,5,10 Substituting x = 0 in f//(x) Ff!) = 200 + 12(0)? — 120(0) =200>0 So, has local minimum at x = 0 and the local minimum value of the function is f (0) and F(0) = (0)?(10 — 0)? Substituting x = 5 in f//(x) f/(S) = 200 + 12(5)* — 120(5) = 200 + 12(25) — 120(5) = 200 +300 — 600 = 500-600 =-100<0 So, has local maximum at x = § and the local maximum value of the function is f(S) and £(S) = (S)?(10 — 5)?= (5)2(6)? = 25x 25 = 625 Substituting x = 10 in f//(x) f/(A0) = 200 + 12(10)? — 120(10) = 200 + 12(100) — 120(10) = 200 + 1200 — 1200 =200>0 So, has local minimum at x = 10 and the local minimum value of the function is f(10) and ‘f(10) = (10)2(10 — 10) =0 Hence the local minimum is 0 and the local maximum is 625 EXERCISE 7.7 1. Find intervals of concavity and points of inflexion for the following functions: @ FQ) = x -4)° Gi) FG) = sinx + cosx, 00 Hence f (x) is concave upward in the (—00,2) In the interval (2,4) letx = 3 £113) = 12(8)? — 72(8) + 96 = 12(9) — 216 +96 = 108-216 +96 = 204-216 =-12<0 Hence f(x) is concave downward in the (2,4) In the interval (4, 00) let x = 5 F//(8) = 12(5)? — 72(5) + 96 = 12(25) — 360 + 96 = 300 - 360 +96 = 396 - 360 =36>0 Hence f (x) is concave upward in the (2,4) f//(x) changes the direction at x = 2,4 When x = 2, f(x) = x(x — 4)? gives FQ) = 22-4) = 2(-2)8 = 2(-8) =-16 When x = 4, f(x) = x(x — 4)? gives f(A) = 204-498 = 2(0)8 =0 The points of inflections are (2,—16), (4,0) Gi) FG) =sinx +cosx, 00 Hence f(x) is concave upward in the (,7#) in (4,20) fe) <0 Hence f (x) is concave downward in (, 2m) f!() changes the direction at x = ==, Atx = 25, f(x) = sinx + cosx, Atx = 7%, f(x) =sinx + cosx, = sin (#) + cos (=) in (2x —%) + cos (21 —*) (-2)+em(-3) (@)+e0s(9) The points of inflections are (**,0), (72,0) Gi) f@) =2("-e) f1@) = Flex —(-e*)] =hertes) FING) = 3 (e* —e*) When f(x) = 0, 3 (ee) = Ogives ereX=1 e?* = e° gives 2x=05x=0 The interval are (—co, 0) and (0,00) In (00, 0) f//(x) <0 Hence f(x) is concave downward in (—09, 0) In (0,0) f(x) > 0 Hence f(x) is concave upward in the (0,0) F//(x) changes the direction at x = 0 So, the point of inflection is (0,0) Leebhahnkkareecaanosocresrenie inner 2, Find the local extrema for the following functions using second derivative test WFO a +5x3 (ii) f(x) = xlogx (il) f(@) = xe Solution: joe = 3x5 + 5x3 F/G) = -15x4 + 15x? f(x) = —60x3 + 30x When f/(x) =0 —15x* + 15x? =0 -15x?(x?-1) =0 —15x? = 0, gives x = and x?-1=0,givesx = +1 Hence the critical points are x = 0,—1,1 Atx = 0, f//(x) = —60x3 + 30x £!/(0) = —60(0)? + 30(0) =0 Atx = —1, f//(x) = —60x3 + 30x f/(-A) = -60(—1)? + 30(-1) = -60(-1) + 30(-1)= 60-30 =30>0 So, f (x) has local minimum at x = Local mi imum value is f (1) f(-1) = -3(-1)$ + 5(-1)8 = -3(-1) + 5(-1) =3-5 =-2 Atx = 1, f//(x) = -60x3 + 30x f!/() = -60(1)? + 30(1) = -60+ 30 =-30<0 So, f (x) has local maximum at x = 1 Local maximum value is f(1) f(t) = -3(1)5 + 5(1) =-34+5=2 Hence the local minimum is ~2 and the local maximum is 2 Gi) f@) = xlogx fl@) = x(2) +logx (1) =1+logx fNG) = 2 When f/(x) = 0 1+logx =0 loge x = x is the critical point Substituting x = din fl@)=t fu ()=te0 Hence, f (x) has local minimum at x = : The e>0 local minimum value of the function is f (2) F()= Gree) (2) Nog(1) - log¢e)] Hence the local minimum is —> (iii) f(x) = x2e-* f/x) = x*(—2e-**) + e-**(2x) = —2x2(e*) + e-™*(2x) fll (x) = —2[x*(—2e-*) + e-*(2x)] +e77*(2) + (2x)(-2e-**) = 4x26"? — 4xen?* + 267? — dxe™2* = 4x20 — Bre“ + Zee = 2e-**(2 x? - 4x + 1) When f/(x) =0 —2x?(e7?*) + e-*(2x) = 0 2x(e-?*)(—x + 1) = Owe get 2x = 0, gives x = O and —x+1=0,gives x = 1ande~* #0 The critical points are x = 0,1 Atx = 0, f//(x) = 2e-*(2x? -— 4x +1) F110) = 2e-*(2 (0)? — 4(0) + 1) 2e°(0-0 +1) 2a) =2>0 So, f (x) has local minimum at x = 0 Local maximum value is f(0) = 0 Atx = 1, f//(x) = 2e7?*(2 x? — 4x +1) FA) = 2e-2M(2 (1)? - 4) +1) = 2e*(2-4+1) = 2e%(3-4) 2e2(-1) <0 So, f (x) has local maximum at x = 1 Local maximum value is f (1) FQ) = (eet =e?Hence the local minimum is 0 and the local maximum is e~? 3.For the function f(x) = 4x3 + 3x? — 6x41 find the intervals of monotonicity, local extrema, intervals of concavity and points of inflection. Solution: f(x) = 4x3 +3x?—6x +1 fi! (x) = 12x? + 6x-6 Substituting f/(x) = 0, we get 12x? + 6x-6=0 ing by 6, 2x?4+x-1=0 Qx-D(x+1) =0 2x- = O gives 2x = 1 which gives x = 4 x+1=Ogivesx =—-1 The critical points are x = 2 2 Intervals are (—00,—1), (-1,3) ; G «) a In (-00, ~1) let x = 2 Then f/(x) = 12x? + 6x — 6 gives f/(-2) = 12(-2)? + 6(-2) - 6 = 12(4)-12-6 = 48-18 =30>0 f(x) is strictly increasing function in (—o0,—1) In(-1,3) letx = 0 Then f/(x) = 12x? + 6x — 6 gives Ff! (0) = 12(0)? + 6(0) — 6 =-6<0 f (x) is strictly decreasing function in (1,2) In (5,00) letx = 1 Then f/(x) = 12x? + 6x — 6 gives f/(1) = 12(4)? + 6(1) - 6 = 1246-6 = 18-6 =12>0 F (Ge) is strictly increasing function in (2, 00) Also f/ (x) changes its sign from positive to negative when passing through x = 1 for the function f(x), ithas a local maximum is f(-1) = 4(-1)3 + 3(-1)? — 6(-1) +1 4(-1) + 3(1) - 6(-1) +1 4434641 =-4+10 =6 ‘And f/(x) changes its sign from negative to positive when passing through x = > for the function f(x), it has a local minimum at x = ; and the local minimum value of the function is ()=4@)?+3@?*-6@ +1 Hence the local minimum is and the local maximum is 6 And from f/(x) = 12x? + 6x —6 fil (x) = 24x +6 Substituting f//(x) = 0, we get 24x = -6 Intervals are (—»0,—2), (- In (-,-2) letx = 1 Then f// (x) = 24x + 6 givesf!(-1) = 24(-1) +6 =-244+6 =-18<0 Hence f (x) is concave downward in (~2,00) In (-3,«) letx =0 Then f//(x) = 24x + 6 gives f!/(0) = 2400) +6 =6>0 Hence f(x) is concave upward in ye@)etes =-g+d+$e1 masa4244i6 _2 “i6 _a ° So, the point of inflection is (—2,2 HO HEE HEHEHE So Eno rnn DEE Example 7.62 We have a 12 square unit piece of thin material and want to make an open box by cutting small squares from the corners of our material and folding the sides up. The question is, which cut produces the box of maximum volume? Let x = length of the cut on each side of the little squares. V= the volume of the folded box. The length of the base after two cuts along each edge of size x is (12 — x). The depth of the box after folding is x , so the volume is. V = (12— 2x) x (12 —2x) xx Atx = 0,6 volume becomes zero. Hence x € (0,6) V = (144 + 4x? — 48x)x = 14x + 4x3 — 48x? V/ = 144 + 12x? — 96x Vil = 24x -96 Substituting V/ = 0, we get 12x? — 96x +144=0 Dividing by 12, x? —8x+12=0 (&-2)@-6) =0 x-2= ), gives x = 2 x—6 = O,gives x = 6 butx #6 So, x = 2 is the only stationary point. When x = 2,V// = 24x — 96 becomes Vi! = 24(2) — 96 8-96 =-48<0 Hence volume of the box is maximum at x = 2 Hence the maximum volume of the box is V(2) V(2) = [(12 - 2(2)) x (12 — 2@))] x (2) = [(42- 4) x (12 - 4)] x (2) =@@@) = (64)(2) = 128 units. So the maximum cut can be 2 units. Example 7.63 Find the points on the unit circle x? + y® = 1 nearest and farthest from (1,1). wae enGiven point is (1, 1). Let other point be (x,y). ‘Then distance d = ((@— 1)? + G— 1)? Let D = («- 1)? + (y- 1)? =x?4+1-2x+y?4+1-2y =x? +y?—2x-2y +2 D! = 2x + 2yy! —2—2y! From x? +y?=1 2x + 2yy/ =0 2yy! = -2x yy! =—x fat » y Substituting the value in D/ we get D/ = 2x + 2yy! —2y! = 2x + 2y(—2)-2-2( = 2x- 2-242 y =-24% y Substituting D/ = 0, we get -24%=0 y Hep y 2x = 2ygivesx =y Since the points lie on the circle x? + y? = 1 we getx?+x7=1 2ay(_a 3 So,the required points are (Gz). (-% -%) Example 7.64 A steel plantis capable of producing x tones per day of a low-grade steel and y tones per day of a high-grade steel, where y = «Ifthe fixed market price of 10-x low-grade steel is half that of high-grade steel, then what should be optimal productions in low-grade steel and high-grade steel in order to have maximum receipts. Solution: Per day the low grade steel produced= x tones Let the market price per ton be Rupees p Then the cost = px Per day the high grade steel produced= y tones Let the market price per ton be Rupees 2p Then the cost= 2py Then total receipt R = px + 2py asx Substituting the given value y = aoe we get 40-58 Rapes 2p (2) = Px(10~ x)+2p(40~ 5x) = 10-x = 10 pe px? Bop ~t0px 10-x =px?+ 80p 10-x R= pl = 002 202)=(- px? 0p) 1) Q0-a _ ~20px42px?- px? 80p (ao- a)? = 20pxtpx?+ Bop (10 =x)? Substituting R/ = 0, we getp(x—20x+ 80) _ ao-n? 9 x? —20x+ 80=0 4 BT=aae 2a 202 V400=320 2 = 20886 2(1042V8) 2 10 + 2V5 x 2 °(2x-20) ~(x2~20x+ 90)2(10 — =ef oe [o0-29?2x-2094(x2-20¢+ 80)2000-2] rere rnree nearer p 20210 = 29-20 4(e#-2084 80) (0=3)* _ pla ~ 2) (2-20) 4(x2~20x+ 60)2] Go-2> _ pizox-2x?~200+20x+2x2 404160} Go-a)° ~ Go=x)* Atx = 10-2V5,R// <0 Hence Receipt R is maximum at x = 10 — 2V5 10 (10=2¥5) s0+10V3 10-1042V5 10+10v5 28 = 10(V5-1) _ 2xvBxv5(V5-1) rr 2s = 55-1) =5-V5 So, the plant should produce low grade steels 10 — 2V5 tones and produce high grade 5 —V5 tones. Example 7.65 Prove that among all the rectangles of the given area square has the least perimeter. Let the dimensions of the rectangle be x,y Then its area A = xy Perimeter of the rectangle P = 2x + 2y Substituting the value y = “in P P=2x+2(4) pi =2-2 pil =4 ¥ Substituting P/ = 0, we get 2-4=0 2=%4 2x? = 2A gives x?=A=x=VvA Substituting x = VA in P//, P// > 0. Hence perimeter P is minimum at x = VA.Then y =* becomes A Via aoa 4 Since x = VA, y = VA the given rectangle is a square when the perimeter is minimum. EXERCISE 7.8 1. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 12 and their product is maximum, Solutio Let x, y be the two numbers then the sum x+ y = 12givesys=-x Product of the numbers P y = x(12—x) P=12x-x? Pl =12-2x pil Substituting P/ = 0, we get 12-2x=0 2x = 12 gives x=6 Since P// = —2 < 0, Product P is maximum at x =6.Theny = 12—x, gives y = 12-6 =6. The required two numbers are 6, 6. theresa seiersenenseneneet et 2. Find two positive numbers whose product is 20 and their sum is minimum, Solution: Let x, y be the two numbers then the product x y = 20 gives 20 Sum of the numbers $ = x+y -@) x? =20 gives x= tv20 x=tvix5 Since the number is positive, x= 25 Since s// = “2 > 0, when x = 2V5 sum Sis minimum atx = 2V8.Then y =”, gives Ye V8 ems The required two numbers are 2V5, 2V5 = BO 2 10 1008 _ 1008 _ ag 3. Find the smallest possible value of x? + y? given thatx+y = 10. Solution: Given x+y = 10 gives y =10-x Let f(x) = x? + y? gives = x? + (10-2)? =x? +100 +x? — 20x f (x) = 2x? — 20x + 100 f(x) = 4x-20 fl@=4 Substituting f/(x), we get 4x—20=0 4x = 20 gives x=5 Since f//(x) =4>0, f(x) =x? +y? is minimum at x = 5. When x = 5,y = 10—x gives y =10-5=5 The required two values are x = 5,y and the smallest possible value of x? + y? is (5)? + (6)?= 25+25=50. Heinen Erie 4. A garden is to be laid out in a rectangular area and protected by wire fence. What is the largest possible area of the fenced garden with 40 metres of wire. Solution: Let the dimensions of the rectangle be x, Then its area A = xy Perimeter of the rectangle 40 = 2x + 2y Then, x + y = 20 givesThen its area A = x(20 — x) = 20x—x? Al =20-2x All = -2 Substituting A/ = 0, we get 20 — 2x = O gives 2x = 20 x=10 Since A// = —2 < 0, area is maximum At x = 10, then y = 20 —x gives y = 10 Hence the maximum area is A = (10)(10) =100 sq. meters. 5, Arectangular page is to contain 24 cm? of print. The margins at the top and bottom of the page are 1.5 cm and the margins at other sides of the page are 1 cm. What should be the dimensions of the page so that the area of the paper used is minimum ? Solutio Let x and y be dimension of the printed area. Given xy = 24 gives 7 ye From by the given data, dimensions of the paper are x +3,y +2 Hence area of the paper A= (x+3)(y+2) = axyt2x+3y+6 =2442443(4) +6 A=2x+2430 Substituting A/ = 0, we get 2-B=0 2x? 72 2 = 36 gives xi =6,Al =a Atx = 6,All = = Hence printed area of the paper is minimum at x= 6,then y = = Be The dimensions of the paper are x+3=6+ 9cm, and y+2=44+2=6cm 6.A farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture adjacent to a river. The pasture must contain 1,80,000 squntrs in order to provide enough grass for herds. No fencing is needed along the river. What is the length of the minimum needed fencing material? Solution: Let x and y be dimension of the pasture area. Given xy = 180000 gives _ 180000 Fencing required = x + 2y Fax+2(2@%) 360000 Poxt pl a1 — 360000 pil = 720000 Substituting F/ = 0, we get 1 — 220000 = g x? = 360000 gives x = 600 _ 72000 Atx = 600, Pi = 200 Hence pasture area is minimum at x = 600, 180000 _ 1800 = = 300 then y = 220000 — 2800 Hence minimum length of the fence needed = x + 2y 600 + 2(300) = 600 + 600 = 1200 meters.7. Find the dimensions of the rectangle with maximum area that can be inscribed ina circle of radius 10 cm. Solution: Let us take the circle to bea circle with centre (0, 0) and radius r 10 units and PQRS be the rectangle inscribed in it. Let P(x, y) be the vertex of the rectangle that lies on the first quadrant. Let 6 be the angle made by OP with the x axis, then x = 10 cos @ and y= 10 sin Now the dimensions of the rectangle are 2x =20 cos 0; =20sind, 0<<* Area of the rectangle A = (2x)(2y) = (20 cos 6 )(20 sind) = 200 (2sin@cos @) = 200 (sin26) Area is maximum when sin 20 is maximum. We know the maximum value of sin 20 = 1 Itgives 26 = S that is @ =, the area of the rectangle is maximum, When @ =, = 20 cos 6 So, dimensions of the rectangle are 10V2, 10V2 8, Prove that among all the rectangles of the given perimeter, the square has the maximum. area, Solution: Let the dimensions of the rectangle be x, y Perimeter of the rectangle P = 2x + 2y Pe faxty ves Then its area A = xy Since A// = —2 < 0, area is maximum, £— xgives 57 xe atx =£, then y 7 4 2p-P Since, x = the given rectangle is a square when the area is maximum. 9. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a semi circle of radius rem. Solution: Let us take the circle to be a circle with centre (0,0) and radius r cm and PQRS be the rectangle inscribed in the semi circle.Let P(x,y) be the vertex of the rectangle that lies on the first quadrant. Let 6 be the angle made by OP with the x axis. then x=rcos@ andy =rsin@ Now the dimensions of the rectangle are x=rcos 0; 2y =2rsind, 0< 0 <= Area of the rectangle A = (x)(2y) = (r cos 8 )(2rsin) r (2sin8cos @) =r? (sin 20) Area is maximum when sin 20 is maximum. We know the maximum value of sin 20 = 1 Itgives 20 == that is 0 = 5, the area of the rectangle is maximum. Hence maximum area of the rectangle is A = r? (1) = r? sq.cm 10. A manufacturer wants to design an open box having a square base and a surface area of 108 sq.cm. Determine the dimensions of the box for the maximum volume. Solution: Given the box base is square. So, let length, breadth and height of the box be l=x,b=xandh=y. ‘Then box base area = x? ‘Area of the 4 sides of the box = 4xy Surface area of the open box $ = x? x 4xy Given x? x 4xy = 108 Axy = 108 108-27 ae 2 x Volume of the box V = xx xx y 108-2 2 x a Vv =3(108— x3) vist (108 — 3x?) vil =2(—6x) Substituting V/ = 0, we get + (208 - 3x2) =0 108 — 3x? = 0 3x? = 108 108 a x? = 36 gives x=t6 Since, x # — 6, we get x = 6. Whenx = 6, V// =2(—6x) vil 1 $(-36) <0 So, volume is maximum at x = 6 108: 108-36 _ 72 4@ When x = 6, then y = Hence dimensions of the box are 6cm,6cm,3cm. 11. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = rh. Find the greatest and least values of Vifr +h = 6. Solution: Given r +h = 6 which gives h=6-r Hence, volume of the cylinder V = mr?h V=nr?(6-r) = n(6r? ~ 3) V/ = n(12r — 37?) Vi! = n(12 -6r) Substituting V/ = 0, we get n(12r — 3r?) = 0 12r—3r? =0 3r(4—r)=0 3r = 0, gives r = 0 and 4-1 =0,givesr =4 When r = 0,V// = (12 —6r) = 12 >0 Hence volume is minimum at rHence the least value of Vis 0 When r = 4,V// = (12-24) = —120 <0 Hence volume is maximum at r = 4, Then h = 6—r,givesh =6-4=2 Hence the greatest value of V = mr?h V=n(4?)(2) = m(16)(2) V = 320 Hence the least value of V is 0 and Hence the greatest value of Vis 32 LSprkRE orn niE SEE BOE ESI DEE 12. A hollow cone with base radius acm and height b cm is placed on a table. Show that the volume of the largest cylinder that can hide underneath is 4 times volume of the cone. Solution: Given radius of cone = a Height = b Hence volume of cone = 21a”b Let the radius of cylinder = x and height of the cylinder be = y Then the volume of cylinder V = xy ; af. To prove the maximum volume = 2 (22a7b) h Let the height of cone OC = b and radius CE =a Radius of cylinder AB = CE = x Height of cylinder AC= y Triangle OAB and OCD are similar, hence the corresponding sides are proportional. 04 _ AB oc CD Hence, y=b-2 Substituting the value in Volume of cylinder, V = nx?y becomes Vil = nb(2-2) Substituting V/ = 0, we get mb (2x -2*) = Ogives When x = 24,v// = nb (2-©) gives vi =nof2—()(2)] =nb(2-4) VI = nb(-2) <0 So, volume of cylinder is maximum when x = then y = b — x givesv =2(2a*b) Hence proved. Example 7.66 Find the asymptotes of the function f (x) Example 7.67 Find the slant (oblique) 26x47 as asymptote for the function f(x) = Example 7.68 Find the asymptotes of the curve f(x) = Example 7.69 Sketch the curve y = f(x) Example 7.70 Sketch the curve y = f(x) Example 7.71 Sketch the curve y = Example 7.72 Sketch the graph of the function y LS eebaobbocinnerioneerensereseneneenenn nat EXERCISE 7.9 1, Find the asymptotes of the following curves: OFf@M=35 a f@=35 GD f@=Be dw fe) == et or—4 () f@) = t+ 2, Sketch the graphs of the following functions: @y=-2@?-3x+2) Gy =xVF=x Gi) y = wy = Wy =5-logx Reker Keoob Heeb eaebneersiseretineannoe ea EXERCISE 7.10 Choose the correct or the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives: 1. The volume ofa sphere is increasing in volume at the rate of 31cm’/ sec. The rate of change of its radius when radius is ; cm (1) 3 cm/s (2)2.cm/s (3) Lem/s (4) Som/s 2. Aballoon rises straight up at 10 m/s. An observer is 40 m away from the spot where the balloon left the ground, Find the rate of change of the balloon’s angle of elevation in radian per second when the balloon is 30 metres above the ground, (1) Zradians/sec (2) radians/sec @) 7 radians/sec (4) 3 radians/sec 3. The position of a particle moving along a horizontal line of any time t is given by s(t) = 3t? — 2t — 8. The time at which the particle is at rest is Me= 8) (Q)t= (4) t=3 4. A stone is thrown up vertically. The height it reaches at time t seconds is given by x = 80¢ — 16t?, The stone reaches the maximum height in time ¢ seconds is given by a2 @25 @3)3 (4)35 5. Find the point on the curve 6y = x* + 2at which y — coordinate changes 8 times as fast as x — coordinate is M411) (2) (4,-11) @) (411) (4) (-4,-11) 6. The abscissa of the point on the curve £ (x) = V8= 2x at which the slope of the tangent is —0.25 ? @-8 @-+ @-2 wo 7. The slope of the line normal to the curve f(x) = 2cos 4x atx = Fis O-+-8 @-4+ OF Ms 8, The tangent to the curve y*— xy +9 = is vertical when @y=0 Q)y=4v3 @)