What is Python?

What is Python?
Python is a popular programming language. It was created by
Guido van Rossum, and released in 1991.

It is used for:

1. Web development (server-side),

2. Software development,
3. Mathematics,
4. System scripting.
What can Python do?
1. Python can be used on a server to create web
applications.
2. Python can be used alongside software to create
workflows.
3. Python can connect to database systems. It can also read
and modify files.
4. Python can be used to handle big data and perform
complex mathematics.
 5. Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for
production-ready software development.

Why Python?
1. Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac,
Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc).
2. Python has a simple syntax similar to the English
language.
3. Python has syntax that allows developers to write
programs with fewer lines than some other programming
languages.
4. Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code
can be executed as soon as it is written. This means that
prototyping can be very quick.
5. Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-
oriented way or a functional way.

Python Syntax compared to other

programming languages
• Python was designed for readability, and has some
similarities to the English language with influence from
mathematics.
 • Python uses new lines to complete a command, as
opposed to other programming languages which often
use semicolons or parentheses.
• Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define
scope; such as the scope of loops, functions and classes.
Other programming languages often use curly-brackets
for this purpose.

History of Python Programming Language

Python was conceived in the late 1980s by Guido van
Rossum at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) in
the Netherlands as a successor to the ABC programming
language, which was inspired by SETL, capable of exception
handling and interfacing with the Amoeba operating system. Its
implementation began in December 1989. Van Rossum
shouldered sole responsibility for the project, as the lead
developer, until 12 July 2018, when he announced his
"permanent vacation" from his responsibilities as Python's
"benevolent dictator for life", a title the Python community
bestowed upon him to reflect his long-term commitment as the
project's chief decision-maker

In January 2019, active Python core developers elected a five-

member Steering Council to lead the project.
Python 2.0 was released on 16 October 2000, with many major
new features such as list comprehensions, cycle-
detecting garbage collection, reference counting,
and Unicode support.
Python 3.0, released on 3 December 2008, with many of its
major features backported to Python 2.6.x and 2.7.x. Releases
of Python 3 include the 2to3 utility, which automates the
translation of Python 2 code to Python 3.
Python 2.7's end-of-life was initially set for 2015, then
postponed to 2020 out of concern that a large body of existing
code could not easily be forward-ported to Python 3.
No further security patches or other improvements will be
released for it. Currently only 3.8 and later are supported (2023
security issues were fixed in e.g. 3.7.17, the final 3.7.x release
In 2021 (and again twice in 2022), security updates were
expedited, since all Python versions were insecure (including
2.7) because of security issues leading to possible remote code
execution[56] and web-cache poisoning. In 2022, Python 3.10.4
and 3.9.12 were expedited and 3.8.13, because of many
security issues.

When Python 3.9.13 was released in May 2022, it was

announced that the 3.9 series (joining the older series 3.8 and
3.7) would only receive security fixes in the future. On 7
September 2022, four new releases were made due to a
potential denial-of-service attack: 3.10.7, 3.9.14, 3.8.14, and
3.7.14.
As of October 2023, Python 3.12 is the stable release, and 3.12
and 3.11 are the only versions with active (as opposed to just
security) support. Notable changes in 3.11 from 3.10 include
increased program execution speed and improved error
reporting.

Designing And Philosophy

Python's developers strive to avoid premature
optimization and reject patches to non-critical parts of
the CPython reference implementation that would offer
marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity.
Execution speed can be improved by moving speed-
critical functions to extension modules written in
languages such as C, or by using a just-in-time
compiler like PyPy.
It is also possible to cross-compile to other languages, but
it either doesn't provide the full speed-up that might be
expected, since Python is a very dynamic language, or a
restricted subset of Python is compiled, and possibly
semantics are slightly changed.
Python's developers aim for it to be fun to use.
This is reflected in its name—a tribute to the British
comedy group Monty Python—and in occasionally playful
approaches to tutorials and reference materials, such as
the use of the terms "spam" and "eggs" (a reference to a
Monty Python sketch) in examples, instead of the often-
used "foo" and "bar".
A common neologism in the Python community is pythonic,
which has a wide range of meanings related to program
style. "Pythonic" code may use Python idioms well, be
natural or show fluency in the language, or conform with
Python's minimalist philosophy and emphasis on
readability.
Code that is difficult to understand or reads like a rough
transcription from another programming language is
called unpythonic.

Libraries
Python's large standard library provides tools suited to
many tasks and is commonly cited as one of its greatest
strengths.
For Internet-facing applications, many standard formats
and protocols such as MIME and HTTP are supported.
It includes modules for creating graphical user interfaces,
connecting to relational databases, generating
pseudorandom numbers, arithmetic with arbitrary-precision
decimals, manipulating regular expressions, and unit
testing.
Some parts of the standard library are covered by
specifications—for example, the Web Server Gateway
Interface (WSGI) implementation wsgiref follows PEP
333 but most are specified by their code, internal
documentation, and test suites.
However, because most of the standard library is cross-
platform Python code, only a few modules need altering or
rewriting for variant implementations.
As of 14 November 2022, the Python Package Index (PyPI),
the official repository for third-party Python software,
contains over 415,000 packages with a wide range of
functionality, including:
• Automation

• Data analytics

• Databases

• Documentation

• Graphical user interfaces

• Image processing

• Machine learning

• Mobile apps

• Multimedia

• Computer networking

• Scientific computing
 • System administration

• Test frameworks

• Text processing

• Web frameworks

• Web scraping

Developmental environment
Most Python implementations (including CPython) include
a read–eval–print loop (REPL), permitting them to function
as a command line interpreter for which users enter
statements sequentially and receive results immediately.
Python also comes with an Integrated development
environment (IDE) called IDLE, which is more beginner-
oriented.
Other shells, including IDLE and IPython, add further
abilities such as improved auto-completion, session state
retention, and syntax highlighting.
As well as standard desktop integrated development
environments, there are web browser-based IDEs,
including SageMath, for developing science- and math-
related programs;
 PythonAnywhere, a browser-based IDE and hosting
environment; and Canopy IDE, a commercial IDE
emphasizing scientific computing.

Basic Requirements for using Python

Programming Language
The following list represents the minimum
requirements needed to install Enthought Python and
associated applications:

• Modern Operating System:

• Windows 7 or 10

• Mac OS X 10.11 or higher, 64-bit

• Linux: RHEL 6/7, 64-bit (almost all libraries also

work in Ubuntu)

• x86 64-bit CPU (Intel / AMD architecture). ARM

CPUs are not supported.
• 4 GB RAM
• 5 GB free disk space
 What is Structured Query Language?

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a domain-specific

language used in programming and designed for
managing data held in a relational database
management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing
in a relational data stream management
system (RDSMS). It is particularly useful in
handling structured data, i.e., data incorporating
relations among entities and variables.

Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages

over older read–write APIs such as ISAM or VSAM. Firstly, it
introduced the concept of accessing many records with one
single command. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify
how to reach a record, i.e., with or without an index.

Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational

calculus, SQL consists of many types of statements, which
may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly: a
data query language (DQL),[a] a data definition language
(DDL),[b] a data control language (DCL), and a data
manipulation language (DML).[c][7] The scope of SQL
includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and
delete), data definition (schema creation and modification),
and data access control. Although SQL is essentially a
declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural
elements.

SQL was one of the first commercial languages to use Edgar F.

Codd’s relational model. The model was described in his
influential 1970 paper, “A Relational Model of Data for Large
Shared Data Banks”. Despite not entirely adhering to the
relational model as described by Codd, SQL became the most
widely used database language.

SQL became a standard of the American National Standards

Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and of the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard
has been revised multiple times to include a larger set of
features and incorporate common extensions.
Despite the existence of standards, virtually no
implementations in existence adhere to it fully, and most SQL
code requires at least some changes before being ported to
different database systems.
History of SQL
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D.
Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about
the relational model from Edgar F. Codd in the early
1970s.
This version, initially called SEQUEL
(Structured English QUEry Language), was designed to
manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original
quasirelational database management system, System
R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research
Laboratory had developed during the 1970s.

Chamberlin and Boyce's first attempt at a relational

database language was SQUARE (Specifying Queries in
A Relational Environment), but it was difficult to use
due to subscript/superscript notation. After moving to
the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1973, they began
work on a sequel to SQUARE.

The original name SEQUEL, which is widely regarded as

a pun on QUEL, the query language of Ingres,[14] was
later changed to SQL (dropping the vowels) because
"SEQUEL" was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker
Siddeley Dynamics Engineering Limited company.
The label SQL later became the acronym for
Structured Query Language.
After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine
the usefulness and practicality of the system, IBM
began developing commercial products based on their
System R prototype, including System/38, SQL/DS,
and IBM Db2, which were commercially available in
1979, 1981, and 1983, respectively.

In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now Oracle

Corporation) saw the potential of the concepts
described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and
developed their own SQL-based RDBMS with
aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central
Intelligence Agency, and other U.S.
government agencies.

In June 1979, Relational Software introduced one of

the first commercially available implementations of
SQL, Oracle V2 (Version2) for VAX computers.
By 1986, ANSI and ISO standard groups officially
adopted the standard "Database Language SQL"
language definition. New versions of the standard
were published in 1989, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2006,
2008, 2011, 2016 and most recently, 2023.
Procedural Extensions

SQL is designed for a specific purpose: to

query data contained in a relational database. SQL is
a set-based, declarative programming language, not
an imperative programming language like C or BASIC.
However, extensions to Standard SQL add procedural
programming language functionality, such as control-
of-flow constructs.

SQL Data Types

The SQL standard defines three kinds of data
types (chapter 4.1.1 of SQL/Foundation):

• predefined data types

• constructed types
• user-defined types.

Constructed types are one of ARRAY, MULTISET,

REF(erence), or ROW.
User-defined types are comparable to classes in object-
oriented language with their own constructors, observers,
mutators, methods, inheritance, overloading, overwriting,
interfaces, and so on. Predefined data types are intrinsically
supported by the implementation.

Predefined data types

• Character types
• Character (CHAR)

• Character varying (VARCHAR)

• Character large object (CLOB)

• National character types

• National character (NCHAR)

• National character varying (NCHAR VARYING)

• National character large object (NCLOB)

• Binary types
• Binary (BINARY)
• Binary varying (VARBINARY)

• Binary large object (BLOB)

• Numeric types

• Exact numeric types (NUMERIC, DECIMAL,

SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT)

• Approximate numeric types (FLOAT, REAL,

DOUBLE PRECISION)

• Decimal floating-point type (DECFLOAT)

• Datetime types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP)

• Interval type (INTERVAL)

• Boolean
Basic Requirements for Using Structured
Query Language

General Requirements

Processor: min. Intel Core 2 Duo 2GHz

Memory: min 2GB

Disk Space: 100 MB hard disk space

Prerequisites:

Microsoft .NET Framework 4.7.2

Microsoft Visual C++ Redistributable for Visual Studio 2015,

2017, 2019, and 2022
Operating Systems
Supported operating systems ( 32-bit and 64-bit):
• Windows 8

• Windows 8.1

• Windows 10

• Windows Server 2012

• Windows Server 2012 R2

• Windows Server 2016

• Windows Server 2019

 Steps To Install Python

Installing Python on Windows takes a series of few easy steps.

Step 1 − Select Version of Python to Install

Python has various versions available with differences

between the syntax and working of different versions of the
language. We need to choose the version which we want to
use or need. There are different versions of Python 2 and
Python 3 available.

Step 2 − Download Python Executable Installer

On the web browser, in the official site of python

(www.python.org), move to the Download for Windows
section.
All the available versions of Python will be listed. Select the
version required by you and click on Download. Let suppose,
we chose the Python 3.9.1 version.

On clicking download, various available executable installers

shall be visible with different operating system specifications.
Choose the installer which suits your system operating
system and download the instlaller. Let suppose, we select the
Windows installer(64 bits).

The download size is less than 30MB.

Step 3 − Run Executable Installer

We downloaded the Python 3.9.1 Windows 64 bit installer.

Run the installer. Make sure to select both the checkboxes at

the bottom and then click Install New.
On clicking the Install Now, The installation process starts.
The installation process will take few minutes to complete
and once the installation is successful, the following screen is
displayed.

Step 4 − Verify Python is installed on Windows

To ensure if Python is succesfully installed on your system.

Follow the given steps –

• Open the command prompt.

• Type ‘python’ and press enter.

 • The version of the python which you have installed will
be displayed if the python is successfully installed on
your windows.

Step 5 − Verify Pip was installed

Pip is a powerful package management system for Python

software packages. Thus, make sure that you have it installed.

To verify if pip was installed, follow the given steps −

• Open the command prompt.

• Enter pip –V to check if pip was installed.

• The following output appears if pip is installed

successfully.
We have successfully installed python and pip on our
Windows system.

Steps To Install My SQL Server

Below is a step by step process on how to download SQL in Windows 10:

Step 1) Go to URL: https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/sql-server/sql-

server-downloads for Microsoft SQL server download

Microsoft provides two specialized free SQL download editions to work

on MS SQL server:

1. Developer – It has all feature which MS SQL server offers but we

cannot use it in production. From the learning perspective, is it an
ideal candidate to start.

2. Express: This is also a free SQL server download version but with the
limited set of features with no business intelligence applications.
We will select the Developer edition MS SQL server download for
installation.

Step 2) Click on “Download now”

We will get SQL server installation set up as ‘SQLServer2017-SSEI-

Dev.exe’.

How to Install SQL Server

Here is a step by step process on how to install SQL in Windows 10:

Step 1) Open the .exe file

Double click on “SQLServer2017-SSEI-Dev.exe”. Below screen will

appear with three options: Basic, Custom and Download files.

Step 2) Choose the version

Choose the basic version by clicking on the ‘Basic’ option, as it has all
default configuration required to learn MS SQL.

Step 3) Accept the terms

‘Microsoft Server License Terms’ screen will appear. Read the License
Terms and then click ‘Accept.’
Step 4) Choose the location

Below ‘SQL server install location’ window will appear.

1. The Default location is C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server.

 2. Optionally, we canalso change the installation location by clicking
on Browse.3. Once the location is selected, click the
‘Install’ button to start SQL installation Windows 10.

Below ‘Downloading install package’ progress screen will be displayed.

Wait until the SQL software download is complete.
Once, the download is complete; the system will initiate installing
developer edition.

Below screen show installation progress.

Step 5) Finish the installation process

Once installation is completed successfully, below screen will appear.

This setup is self-sufficient for proceeding further with learning SQL
server, and we can ‘Close’ this window.

However, below is a summary of the label and button:

1. Instance name: This is by default labeled as MSSQLSERVER.

2. Connect now: This will open a separate command line window for
connection testing of what we have just installed.The system will run
by default ‘select @@Version’ statement to confirm that we can
connect to new MSSQLSERVER instance successfully.

3. Customize: This will open the SQL Installation center to

customize further and add feature other than which are there
as a part of the BASIC installation.
4. Install SSMS: This is IDE which will take us to Microsoft SSMS
download link. We will cover SSMS in detail in our SSMS
tutorial.

5. Close: This will close this window. The user is now ready to
install SSMS IDE as instructed in SSMS tutorial
Tabular Representation Of Sales of Cello
During the year 2023

Code:

Code
[Grab to fetch
your Records:
reader’s attention
with a great quote from the
document or use this space to
emphasize a key point. To place
this text box anywhere on the
page, just drag it.]
Output:

Now let’s Graphically Represent It......

 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
Using Matplotlib
Code:
Output:
 CONCLUSION

About Project:
This project helped me to understand various implications of
PYTHON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE and STRUCTURED
QUERY LANGUAGE and helped me to analyse Cello's data and
develop a patten between their monthly units sold

About Data Analysed:

Based upon the study of data about the sales of Cello Ltd, I
concluded that this company is not operating efficiently.
It’s sales are highly unstable going as high as 8764(units sold)
and as low as 1234 (units sold)
Cello Ltd needs to either increase its Efficiency
Training of Management is a suggested option to overcome
this obstacle