Lecture-01

CE-430 (2 Credit Hours)

Foundation Engineering
7th Semester (Fall 2022)

Introduction
Instructor:

Dr Muhammad Adeel Arshad

Courtesy:
Dr Irshad Ahmad
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 1
 Course Layout
Geotechnical Design of Foundation

Shear criteria Settlement criteria

Shallow Deep Shallow Deep

Foundation Foundation Foundation Foundation
(Ch-2) (Ch-4) (Ch-3) (Ch-4)

Introduction to Foundation Engineering

(Ch-1)

Soil Improvement Techniques

(Ch-5) 2
 Weekly Schedule
WEEK TOPIC
Introduction to course, Definition, Purpose and types of foundations, General requirement of
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foundations, Steps in foundation design, Selection of foundation type, Loads on foundation
Definitions and types of bearing capacities, soil response to a loaded footing, Methods of
2
obtaining bearing capacity, collapse load using the limit equilibrium method
Terzaghi`s Bearing Capacity theory, Solved Examples on Terzaghi`s theory, Effect of water table,
3
Solved examples.
Meyerhof`s theory of bearing capacity, Effect of load eccentricity on bearing capacity, Inclined
4
loads, solved example
Total and Effective Stress (Bearing Capacity) Analysis
5
Foundation Design Philosophies: Allowable Stress design, Limit State Design, Solve examples.
6 Introduction, components of settlement: Immediate settlement: (i) Theory of Elasticity, Examples
Determination of Modulus of Elasticity using field and laboratory tests,
Allowable bearing capacity from Field Tests:
7
SPT: Corrections and correlations, Design N value, Examples
Plate Load Test
8 Solved Examples
9 MID TERM EXAM

3
Week Topic
10 Primary Consolidation settlement and example
11 Time rate of settlement, solved example
Types of retaining walls and modes of failure, stability of rigid retaining walls,
12
Solved Examples
13 Solved Examples ,Backfill Drainage
Types of pile foundations, Methods of construction pile foundations, Methods of
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load capacity of piles, Driven Piles: Types of hammers, Selection of hammer
Static capacity of single bored/driven piles. Negative skin friction, Pile load test,
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Examples
Efficiency of pile groups of driven/bored piles in cohesion less/cohesive soil,
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Group capacity of piles, settlement of piles
Vibro-compaction, vibro-replacement, dynamic compaction, Lime/Cement/Fly-
17
ash stabilization, preloading, vertical drains, jet grouting
Final Term Exam
18 4
 Syllabus

Chapter-01: Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation

 Introduction to foundation engineering course, Purpose and types of
foundations, General requirement of foundations, Selection of foundation
type, Loads on foundation,
 Soil response to a loaded footing, Methods of obtaining bearing capacity,
collapse load using the limit equilibrium method, Terzaghi`s bearing
capacity theory, Effect of water table on Bearing Capacity, Solved
examples.
 Meyerhof`s theories of bearing capacity, Effect of load eccentricity on
bearing capacity, Inclined loads, Solved examples.
 Total and Effective Stress (Bearing Capacity) Analysis, Foundation
Design Philosophies: Allowable Stress design, Limit State Design, Solve
examples.

5
 Syllabus

Chapter-02: Settlement
 Introduction, components of settlement: Immediate settlement: (i)
Elastic Analysis, Example. Determination of Elastic Modulus of Soil
from laboratory and field tests,
 Allowable bearing capacity using Standard penetration test (SPT), SPT
Corrections and correlations, Design N value, Solved Examples, Plate
Load Test
Primary Consolidation settlement, Time rate of settlement, Solved
Examples

Chapter-03: Design of Retaining Structures

 Types of retaining walls and modes of failure, stability of rigid
retaining walls, Solved Examples
 Stability of flexible retaining Walls, Solved Examples

6
 Syllabus

Chapter-04: Piles
 Types of pile foundations, Methods of construction pile
foundations, Methods of load capacity of piles, Types of hammers,
Selection of hammer
 Static capacity of single bored/driven piles. Solved Examples,
 Negative skin friction, Pile load test, Efficiency of pile groups of
driven/bored piles in cohesion less/cohesive soil.
 Group capacity of piles, settlement of piles, Solved Examples

Chapter-05: Ground improvement techniques

 Vibro-compaction, vibro-replacement, dynamic compaction,
Lime/Cement/Fly-ash stabilization, preloading, vertical drains, jet
grouting

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Recommended Books and References
 Soil Mechanics by R.F Craig
 Soil Mechanics and Foundations by Muni Budhu
 Foundation analysis and design by Joseph E. Bowles, P.E., S.E.

Online Resources
Watch online videos for ground improvement techniques and foundation
construction

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 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Table of Contents
• Setting tone for the course
• Foundation
• Foundation Engineer
• Types of foundations
• Shallow foundations
 Spread/Single/ Isolated footing:
 Strip/wall footing:
 Combined footing:
 Mat/Raft foundation
• Deep foundations
• Requirement of foundation system
 Safety requirement
 Depth requirement
 Spacing requirement
 Economic and functional requirement
• Steps for Designing a Foundation
• Foundation Selection Process
• Type of loads
 Dead loads
 Live loads
 Environmental loads
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 Setting tone for the course (Example)
Criterion-1 Shear
Ultimate Bearing Capacity = 10 tsf Ch-2
FOS against shear failure = 4

Safe Bearing Capacity=10/4 =2.5 tsf

Ch-3
Criterion-2 Settlement Control
Allowable Pressure intensity for 1” settlement = 1.8 tsf
Ultimate Bearing
Capacity of soil = 10 tsf So We Need to Design the foundation so that FOS against Shear Failure  4
and foundation settlement  1 inch.
If we place the column (1x1) directly on ground,

P/A = 40/1 = 40 tsf.

40 > 2.5 (2.5 tsf allowed for shear)

40 > 1.8 (1.8 tsf allowed for 1 settlement)

Exceeds both Limits

Increase Area at Base of Column (Footing) (5x5=25 ft2)

P/A = 40/25 = 1.6 tsf

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1.6 < 2.5 (2.5 tsf allowed for shear)
1.6 < 1.8 (1.8 tsf allowed for 1 settlement)
 Setting tone for the course (Example)

FOS against shear failure = Ultimate Bearing Capacity / Applied pressure

FOS = 10 tsf / 1.6 tsf = 6.2

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 Foundation
It is the interface between superstructure (or other load carrying component like
machinery/tower/pipes tanks) and soil. The function of foundation is to transmit
to, and into, the underlying soil or rock the loads supported by it and its self
weight.

Supper Structure

Foundation

Soil

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 Foundation Engineer

The title foundation engineer is given to that person who by reason of training and
experience is sufficiently versed in scientific principles and engineering judgment
(often termed “art”) to design a foundation.

The necessary scientific principles are acquired through formal educational courses
in
(i) Geotechnical Engineering (soil mechanics, geology, foundation engineering)

(ii) and structural Engineering (analysis, design in reinforced concrete and steel, etc)

(iii) and continued self-study via short courses, professional conferences, journal
reading, and the like.

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 Types of foundations

Foundations may be classified

Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
Single/Isolated/spread Footing
Constant Thickness/Pad Footing
Stepped Footing
Sloped Footing
Strip/Wall Footing
Combine Footing
Rectangular Footing
Trapezoidal Footing
Strap Footing
Mat/raft Footing

Shallow Foundation
For shallow foundations, the depth to width ratio of footing is (D/B)  1 but may
be somewhat more.

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 Single Footing Types

A footing carrying a single column is called spread footing, since its function is to spread the load laterally to
the soil so that the stress intensity is reduced to a value that the soil can safely carry.
Single footings may be of constant thickness or either stepped or sloped. Stepped or sloped footings are most
commonly used to reduce the quantity of concrete away from the column where the bending moments are
small and when the footing is not reinforced.
Spread footings are most widely used because they are economical. Construction of footings requires a least
amount of equipment and skill and no heavy or special equipment is necessary. Furthermore, the conditions
of the footing and the supporting soil can be readily examined. 15
Reinforcement Detail

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 Strip/wall footing

A wall footing is simply a strip of reinforced concrete or brick masonry wider than
the wall. The function of wall footing is also to distribute (spread) the load laterally as
in isolated footings. A pedestal may be used to interface metal columns with spread or
wall footings that are located at the depth in the ground. This prevents possible
corrosion of metal through direct contact with the soil.

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 Reinforcement Detail

Longitudinal
Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement

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 Combined footing

It may not be possible to place columns at the center of a spread footing if they are at the
property line, near mechanical equipment locations, or irregularly spaced. Columns located
off-center will usually result in a nonuniform soil pressure. To avoid the nonuniform soil
pressure, an alternative is to enlarge the footing and place one or more of the adjacent
columns in the same line on it. These types of footings are called combined footing.

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 Types of Combined footing
(1) Rectangular Combined Footing
(2) Trapezoidal Combined Footing Column
(3) Strap Footing

Beam

Plan of Rectangular Footing Plan of Strap Footing

Plan

Plan of Trapezoidal Footing

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 Edge (eccentric) Footing

P1 P1

e M=P x e

Property Centroidal axis of

line Footing qp=P1/A

qM=M/S

qp=P1/A – M/S

qp=P1/A + M/S 21
 Rectangular Footing

P1 P1<P2 P2
R

Line of Action
of Force
Property
line

Plan
x
L/2

L Centroidal of
Footing

The footing can be rectangular if the column that is eccentric with respect to a spread
footing carries a smaller load than the interior columns. The footing geometry is made such
that the resultant of the several columns is in the center of the footing area. This footing and
load geometry allows the designer to assume a uniform soil pressure distribution.
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 Why a Rectangular Combined Footing CAN NOT be used when P1
(external Column Load) > p2 ( Internal Column Load)

P1 P1>P2 P2
R

Property
line
Centroid

x Plan
L/2

Since P1>P2, the resultant will be closer to P1, the resultant of the column loads (including
moments) will be closer to the larger column load, and doubling the centroid distance as
done for the rectangular footing will not provide sufficient length to reach the interior
column.
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 Trapezoidal Footing
P1 P1>P2 P2
R

S Variable

Property x Line of Action of

line resultant

x Plan

Centroidal of
Trapezoid
A combined footing will be trapezoid-shaped if the column that has too limited a space for a spread footing
carries the larger load (figure 1.4b). In this case the resultant of the column loads (including moments) will
be closer to the larger column load, and doubling the centroid distance as done for the rectangular footing
will not provide sufficient length to reach the interior column. In most cases trapezoidal footing would be
used with only two columns, however, more than two columns can also be supported on trapezoidal
footing. The forming and reinforcing steel for a trapezoid footing is somewhat awkward to place. For these
reason it may be preferable to use strap footing where possible, since essentially the same goal of
producing a computed uniform soil pressure is obtained.
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 Strap Footing

A strap footing is used to connect an eccentrically loaded column footing to an

interior column (figure 1.4c). The strap is used to transmit the moment caused
from eccentricity to interior column footing so that a uniform soil pressure is
computed beneath both footings. The strap serves the same purpose as the
interior portion of a combined footing but is much narrower to save materials.
A strap footing may be used in lieu of a combined rectangular/trapezoidal
footing if the distance between columns is large and /or the allowable soil
pressure is relatively large so that the additional footing area is not needed.
A strap footing should be considered only after a careful analysis shows that
spread footings-even if oversize-will not work. The extra labor and forming cost
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for this type of footing make it one to use as last resort.
 Mat/Raft Footing

A mat/raft foundation is a large concrete slab used to interface one column, or

more than one column in several lines, with the base soil (figure 1.6). It may
encompass the entire foundation area or only a portion. A mat or raft foundation is
used where 50% of the area is covered by conventional spread footings or in soils
with extremely erratic characteristics. It is common to use mat foundations for
deep basements both to spread the column loads to a more uniform pressure
distribution and to provide floor slab for the basement. A particular advantage for
basements at or below the GWT is to
provide water barrier. Depending on local costs and noting that a mat foundation
requires both +ive and –ive reinforcing steel, one may find it more economical to
use spread footings-even if the entire area is covered. Spread footings avoid the
use of –ive reinforcing steel and can be accomplished as in figure 1.7 by pouring
alternate footings, to avoid formwork, and using fiber spacer boards to separate
the footings poured later.

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Mat/Raft Footing

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Mat/Raft Footing

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 Types of Mat Foundation

plate thickened under columns waffle slab

Flat plate

plate with pedestals basement walls as part of mat

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30
 Deep foundations

For deep foundations the length L/B ratio i.e. (length or depth of foundation to its
width or diameter)  4. For types of deep foundations and uses please refer to
chapter 5.

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 Requirement of foundation system

Safety requirement

1. Factor of safety against shear failure of the soil should be

Geotechnical adequate (FOS 2.5-3)
Requirement
2. Settlement (total or differential): The settlement should not
cause any damage to the structure or interfere with the function
of the structure
Structural
Requirement 3. Factor of safety against “structural failure” of foundation
should be adequate.

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