Wan Nordini Hasnor Wan Ismail

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 Similar
structure

What is a A group of Similar

tissue? cells function

Extracellular
matrix

 Histology:
study of tissues 5
1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nervous

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 Types of vertebrate tissues
Epithelial tissue
cuboidal
columnar

squamous

Connective tissue Muscular tissue

bone skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle
loose fibrous
connective tissue smooth muscle

blood
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• Location:

- cover body (internal and external)

- Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc.

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• Characteristics:

- cells close together (very little extracellular matrix)

- form most glands
- have free surface
- Basal surface / basement membrane:
attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues

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1. Protect:
Ex. Skin
2. Act as a barrier:
Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out
3. Diffusion and Filtration:
Ex. Lungs and kidneys
4. Secretion:
Ex. Sweat glands
5. Absorption:
Ex. Small intestine

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 Classification of Epithelial Tissues

Cell Layer Cell Shape

Simple Stratified Squamous Cuboidal

Columnar Transitional

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 Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal

Simple columnar

Pseudostratified
columnar
Types of Epithelial Tissues
Stratified squamous

Transitional

Stratified cuboidal

Stratified columnar
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• Simple Epithelium
Structure: 1 layer of cells

• Stratified Epithelium
Structure: many layers of cells

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• Simple Squamous
Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells
Function: diffusion and filtration
Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart,
kidneys

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 Simple Cuboidal

Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells

Function: secretion
Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys

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• Simple Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
Function: secrete mucus and
absorption
Location: stomach, intestines, resp.
tract

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Pseudostratified Columnar

Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow

cells, appears stratified but isn’t
Function: secrete mucus and propel
debris out of resp. tract (cilia)
Location: nasal cavity and trachea

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• Stratified Squamous
Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like
cells
Function: protect and acts as a barrier
Location: skin, mouth, throat,
esophagus

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Transitional
Structure: special type of stratified
epi.; changes shape (stretched
squamous, not stretched cuboidal)
Function: hold fluids
Location: urinary bladder

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 Stratified Cuboidal
Structure: several layers of cuboidal
cells
Function: secretion
Location: ducts of sweat, sebaceous
gland & ovarian follicles

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 Stratified Columnar
Structure: several layers of columnar
cells. Not very common
Location: conjunctiva

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 Stratified Squamous Keratinized
Structure: Cells that are located near the
basement membrane are block-like in shape,
but gradually become flat and irregular as they
migrate to the surface.
Function: covering the dry surfaces of the body
Location: epidermis of the skin

 Stratified Squamous Non-keratinized

Function: Cover moist surfaces of the body
Location: Mouth, vagina, anal canal

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• What are they?
structures that secrete substances onto a
surface, into a cavity, or into blood
• Exocrine glands:
- glands with ducts
- Ex. Sweat or oil glands
• Endocrine glands:
– no ducts (directly into bloodstream)
– Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.
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• Simple:
no branches
• Compound:
many branches
• Tubular:
end of duct
• Alveolus:
sac-like structure
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Figure 4.3
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 Ground Characteristics
substance: of Connective
protein + sugar Tissues

ECM contains 3
components:
protein fibers,
ground substance
and fluid
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 Functions of Connective Tissue

1. Enclose and separate:

Ex. around organs and muscles

2. Connect tissues:
Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone

3. Support and Movement:

Ex. bones

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4. Storage:
Ex. bones store calcium and adipose
tissue stores fat
5. Cushion and insulate:
Ex. adipose tissue protects organs and
helps conserve heat
6. Transport:
Ex. Blood
7. Protect:
Ex. Immune cells
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 Classification of Connective Tissue
Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

Adipose Tissue

Dense Connective Tissue

• Dense Collagenous Connective Tissue
• Dense Elastic Connective Tissue

Cartilage

Bone
Blood
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 Types of Ordinary Connective Tissue

• Loose / Areolar
Location: between organs, muscles,
glands, skin
Structure: collagen fibers far apart
Function: support and protect

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• Dense
Location: tendons, ligaments, skin
Structure: collagen fibers packed close
together
Function: connect and can withstand pulling
forces

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Adipose

Location: under skin and around organs

Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled

with lipids

Function: storage, insulate, cushion

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 Cartilage

 Type of connective tissue

 Composed of chondrocytes
 Contains collagen
 Withstands compressions
 Provides support, flexibility, strength

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 Types of Cartilage

• Hyaline cartilage
Location: covers ends of bones
Structure: some collagen fibers
Function: reduces friction (cushion)

• Fibrocartilage
Location: between vertebra
Structure: lots of collagen fibers
Function: can withstand compression

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• Elastic cartilage
Location: ear and tip of nose
Structure: elastic fibers
Function: can recoil

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 Bone

 Hard connective tissue

 2 types: compact
& spongy

 Composed of osteocytes

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• Liquid connective tissue
• Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
• Transport food, oxygen, waste,
hormones

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Muscle cells are the motors of the vertebrate body.
Main function : contraction
Vertebrates possess 3 kinds of muscle : smooth, skeletal and cardiac
The contraction of each skeletal muscle is under voluntary control
The contraction of cardiac and smooth muscles is generally involuntary

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 Location:
 internal organs of the body especially in regions such as the
digestive tract
 line the walls of blood vessels & iris of the eye.
 Type of contraction : Involuntary.
 Structures: sheets of long, spindle-shaped cells, & each cell
containing a single nucleus.

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 Location: Usually attached by tendons to bones, so that, when the
muscles contract, they cause the bones to move at their joints.
Structures: Made up of numerous, very long muscle cells = muscle
fibers
Type of contraction: Voluntary (each muscle fibers contracts by
means of substructures called myofibrils).

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Location : heart
Structures:
Composed of smaller, interconnected cells, each with a single nucleus.
The interconnections between adjacent cells appear under the microscope
as dark lines = intercalated discs.
These interconnections enable the cardiac muscle cells to form a single,
functioning unit known as a myocardium.
Type of contraction: Involuntary

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Appearance Smooth Striated Striated

Type of
Involuntary Involuntary Voluntary
Contraction

Controls Moves bones. Skeletal muscles work in

Controls
movement pairs. When one contracts, the other
Function contractions
of internal relaxes. They are attached to bone by
of the heart
organs bands of tissue called tendons

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Muscle type Nucleus/i Nucleus/i location Striated

Skeletal many peripheral Y

(most muscle)

Cardiac 1 centrally Y
(heart)

Smooth 1 centrally N
(organs)

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 Cells include neurons & neuroglia/supporting cells.
Neurons are specialized to produce & conduct electrochemical events/impulses.
Each neuron consists of 3 parts : cell body, dendrites & axon.
Cell body contains nucleus.
Dendrites are thin, highly branched extensions that receive incoming stimulation &
conduct electric events to the cell body.
Axon is a single extension of cytoplasm that conducts impulses away from the cell body.

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  Location: Eyes, ears, surface of skin

 Functions: Sensory neurons carry signals from the outer parts of

your body into the central nervous system or CNS. For example, if
somebody puts ice on your hand, the sensory neurons send the
message from your hand to your central nervous system telling you the
ice is cold.

 Location: Brain & Spinal cord  Location: Brain & Spinal cord

 Functions: Stimulate muscles and  Functions: Integrate information;

glands; conduct impulses out of CNS conduct impulses between neurons within
toward muscles and glands CNS

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1. Mader, S.S. (2009). Essentials of Biology,
2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Education.

2. Kluwer, W. (2009). Anatomy & Physiology

made Incredibly Easy!. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

3. Any Anatomy & Physiology books….

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