Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Quiz Seven Results

Pipe Flow • 32 students
• 25 maximum possible
Larry Caretto • Average (mean) = 17.3
Mechanical Engineering 390 • Standard deviation = 3.58
3 58
Fluid Mechanics • Median = 17
• Grade distribution
April 8 and 15, 2008 8 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 15 15 15
15 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 19 20
20 20 20 20 20 22 22 22 22 22 22
72

Quiz Eight Solution Quiz Eight Solution II

• Find prototype velocity for Vm = 160 mph • Have ℓm/ℓ = 1/3 and 1/8 l P
V = Vm m m
in 70oF air for various scales and with pm/p = 1 and 5 l P
prototype pressures such that Ma < 0.3 • For Vm = 160 mph, we have V = 53.3 mph,
• Reynolds number similarity with ideal gas 20 mph, 267 mph, and 100 mph
law, ρ = P/RT and μ = function of T only • For T = 70oF, c = 1128 ft/s = 769 mph
Re m =
ρ mVm l m
= Re =
ρVl
⇒
Vm
=
ρlμ m ρ l μ
⇒ V = Vm m m
(Table B.3, p. 762, 30 mph = 44 ft/s
μm μ V ρml m μ ρlμ m • For Ma = 0.3, V = (0.3)(769 mph) = 231mph
V ρ l μ P RT l m μ l m Pm l m Pm • All speeds except 267 mph speed okay
= m m = m = ⇒ V = Vm
Vm ρlμ m RmTm P lμ m l P l P
75 76

Quiz Eight Solution III Quiz Seven Comments

• Need equal drag coefficients • Energy equation has specific terms for
FD ,m FD AρV 2 inlet (i) and outlet (o) in various forms
C D ,m = = CD = ⇒ FD = FD ,m
ρ mVm2 ρV 2 Am ρ mVm2 po Vo2 p V2
Am A + + zo = i + i + zi + hs − hL head
2 2 γ 2g γ 2g
l2 ρ V 2 l 2 P RmTm ⎛ l m Pm ⎞ 2 l 2 P ⎛ l m Pm ⎞ 2 Pm
= FD ,m = FD ,m ⎜ ⎟ = FD ,m 2 ⎜ ⎟ = FD , m po Vo2 p V2
l 2m ρ m Vm2 l 2m RT Pm ⎝ l P ⎠ l m Pm ⎝ l P ⎠ P + + gzo = i + i + gzi + wshaft − loss energy
ρ 2 ρ 2 net in
• When pm = p, drag forces are the same
⎛ p V2 ⎞ ⎛ p V2 ⎞
• When pm = 5p prototype drag force is 5 m& ⎜⎜ o + o + gzo ⎟⎟ = m& ⎜⎜ i + i + gzi ⎟⎟ + W& shaft − PLoss power
⎝ ρ 2 ⎠ ⎝ ρ 2 ⎠
times model drag force net in

77 73

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 1

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Quiz Seven Comments II Outline

• Work outputs are negative • Laminar and turbulent flows
• Vacuum pressures are negative • Developing and fully-developed flows
• Still have problems with units • Laminar and turbulent velocity profiles:
– Always convert pressures to lbf/ft2 effects on momentum and energy
– Conversion factor: 70.726 psf/in Hg found • Calculating head losses in pipes
as γHg = 847 lbf/ft3 divided by 12 in/ft – Major losses from pipe only
• Note conversions for head – Minor losses from fittings, valves, etc.
W& shaft = m& wshaft = m& ghs = γQhs • Noncircular ducts
net in net in
PLoss = m& (loss ) = m& ghL = γQhL 74 2

Piping System What We Want to Do

• Determine losses from friction forces in
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young, and
straight pipes and joints/valves
Theodore Okiishi
Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley – Will be expressed as head loss or
& Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
“pressure drop” – hL = ΔP/γ
– Losses in straight pipes are called “major”
losses
• System consists of – Losses in fittings, joints, valves, etc. are
– Straight pipes called “minor” losses
– Minor losses may be greater than major
– Joints and valves
losses in some cases
– Inlets and outlets
– Work input/output 3 4

Pipe Cross Section The Pipes are Full

• Most pipes have circular cross section • Consider only flows where the fluid
to provide stress resistance completely fills the pipe
• Main exception is air conditioning ducts • Partially filled pipes are considered
• Consider round pipes first then extend under open-channel
open channel flow
analysis to non-circular cross sections
– Extension based on using same equations
as for circular pipe by defining hydraulic
diameter = 4 (area) / (perimeter), which is
Driving force Driving force
D for circular cross sections
is pressure is gravity
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson,
5 6
Donald Young, and Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 2

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow II

• Most flows of engineering interest are
turbulent
– Analysis relies mainly on experimentation
guided by dimensional analysis
– Even advanced computer models, called
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) rely on
“turbulence models” that have large degree
• Laminar flows of empiricism
have smooth • Can get some (very limited) analytical
• Turbulent flows results for laminar flows
layers of fluid
have fluctuations
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 7 8
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow III Flow Development

• Condition of flow as laminar or turbulent
depends on Reynolds number
• For pipe flows
– Re = ρVD/μ < 2100 is laminar
– Re = ρVD/μ
VD/ > 4000 is turbulent
– 2100 < Re < 4000 is transition flow
• Other flow geometries have different
characteristics in Re = ρVLc/μ and
different values of Re for laminar and
turbulent flow limits
9 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 10
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Developing Flows Developing Flows II

• Entrance regions and bends create • Entrance regions and bends create
changing flow patters with different changing flow patters with different
head losses head losses
• Once flow is “fully
fully developed
developed” the head • Once flow is “fully
fully developed
developed” the head
loss is proportional to the distance loss is proportional to the distance
• Entrance pressure drop is complex
– Complete entrance region treated under
minor losses
– Will not treat partial entrance region here
11 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 12
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 3

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Developing Flows III Fluid Element in Pipe Flow

• After development region, pressure
drop (head loss) is proportional to pipe
length
• Equations for entrance region length, ℓe
le
– Laminar flow: = 0.06 Re
D
le
• Look at arbitrary element, with length ℓ,
– Turbulent flow: = 4.4 Re1 6 and radius r, in fully developed flow
D
– Turbulent flow rule of thumb ℓe ≈ 10D • What are forces on this element?
13 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 14
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fully Developed Flow Extend Relation to Wall

No change in
momentum
Flow Direction

∑F = πr 2 p1 − πr 2 ( p1 − Δp ) − τ 2πrl = 0
• Have Δp = 2τℓ/r for any r: 0 < r < R = D/2
x

2τl • Pressure drop is due • For wall r = R = D/2 and τ = τw = wall

Δp =
r to viscous stresses shear stress: Δp = 2τwℓ/R = 4τwℓ/D
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 15 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 16
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fully Developed Laminar Flow Fully Developed Laminar Flow II

• Can get ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤
exact u = uc ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
equation for ⎣⎢ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎦⎥
R R
pressure
p • Laminar shear
drop stress profile
128μlQ found from
Δp = uc du
πD 4 τ=μ
• Laminar ⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤ dr du 2r 8μu
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by
Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore velocity u = uc ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by
Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and Theodore
τ=μ = μuc 2 = 2c r
dr R D
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
profile 17
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
18

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 4

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Fully Developed Laminar Flow III Effect of Velocity Profile

• What is centerline velocity, uc? • Momentum and kinetic energy flow for
⎡ ⎛r⎞
R R 2⎤ mean velocity, V
∫ ∫
Q = VA = VπR 2 = udA = u 2πrdr = uc ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ 2πrdr
⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
∫ & V = ρVAV = ρV2(πR2)
– FlowMomentum = m
A 0 0
– FlowKE = mV /2 = ρ
& 2 ρVAV2/2 = ρ
ρV3((πR2))/2
⎡R R 3
r ⎤ ⎡r2 r4 ⎤
R
R2 • Accurate representation uses profile
∫
Q = 2πuc ⎢ rdr −
⎢⎣ 0 ∫
dr
R 2 ⎥⎦
⎥ = 2 πu c ⎢ − 2 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 R ⎦⎥ 0
= 2 πu c
4 R
⎡ ⎛ r 2 ⎞⎤
2
4
∫ ∫
FlowMomentum = ρudAu = ρ⎢uc ⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎥ 2πrdr = ρV 2 A
0
⎜ ⎟
⎢ ⎝ R ⎠⎦⎥
0 ⎣
3
R2 2Q 2VA 2VπR 2 A
Q = πuc ⇒ uc = = = = 2V R ⎡
⎛ r 2 ⎞⎤
3
πR 2 πR 2 πR 2 u2 V3
2
∫
FlowKE = ρudA ∫
= ρ⎢uc ⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎥ 2πrdr = 2ρA
⎜ ⎟
0 ⎢
⎣ ⎝ R ⎠⎥⎦
2 2
Centerline uc is twice the mean velocity 19
A 20

Turbulent Flow Turbulent Flow Quantities

Velocities at one point
• For laminar and turbulent flows, the
as a function of time
velocity at the wall is zero
– This is called the no-slip condition
– Momentum is maximum in the center of the
flow and zero at the wall u(t) = instantaneous
• Laminar flows: momentum transport from wall t0 +T velocity
to center is by viscosity, τ = μdu/dr 1
• Turbulent flows: random fluctuations exchange
u=
T ∫ u(t )dt u’ = velocity
eddies of high momentum from the center with
t0 fluctuation = u – u
low momentum flow from near-wall regions

21 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 22

Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Momentum Exchange Turbulence Regions/Profiles

turbulent
eddy
viscosity, η

τ = (μ + η)
du
Fundamentals
dr
of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E
by Bruce
Munson, Donald
Young, and

• Very thin viscous sublayer next to wall

Theodore
Okiishi.
Laminar flow – Turbulent flow – Copyright ©

– 0.13% of R = 3 in for H20 at u = 5 ft/s

2005 by John
random eddies have Wiley & Sons,
Inc. All rights
molecular motion structure reserved.
• Flat velocity profile in center of flow
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 23 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald Young, and 24
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Theodore Okiishi. Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 5

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
Munson, Donald Young,
Profile Effect of Velocity Profile
and Theodore Okiishi.
1n
Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All u ⎛ r⎞ • Analysis similar to one used for laminar
rights reserved. = ⎜1 − ⎟
Vc ⎝ R ⎠ flow profile
– Determine momentum and kinetic energy
Turbulent
flow for mean velocity
velocity
– Correction factor multiplies average V
profiles results to give integrated u2 and u3 values
n = 6: Re = 1.5x104; Vc/V = 1.264 with n a
n = 8: Re = 4x105; Vc/V = 1.195
function of n Re Momentum KE
n = 10: Re = 3x106; Vc/V = 1.155 6 1.5x104 1.027 1.077
Laminar: Vc/V = 2 V = Q/A Reynolds
number 8 4x105 1.016 1.046
25 10 3x106 1.011 1.031 26

Pipe
Pipe Roughness roughness
effects in
• Effect of rough walls on pressure drop viscous
may depend on surface roughness of sublayer
pipe affects
Fundamentals of Fluid
• Typical roughness values for different Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce
M
Munson, D
Donald
ld Y
Young, pressure
materials expressed as roughness
and Theodore Okiishi.
Copyright © 2005 by John
Wiley & Sons, Inc. All drop in
length, ε, with units of feet or meters rights reserved.
turbulent
• Only turbulent flows depend on flow
roughness length, laminar flows do not
No effect on
laminar flow
27 28

Use this Energy Equation

table (p
• Energy equation between inlet (i) and
433 of
outlet (o)
text) to
find ε po
+
Vo2 p V2
+ zo = i + i + zi + hs − hL
γ 2g γ 2g
• Previous applications allowed us to
Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics, 5/E by Bruce compute the head loss from all other
Munson, Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi. Copyright
© 2005 by John Wiley &
data in this equation
Sons, Inc. All rights
reserved. • Call this the measured head loss
• We can compute it but do not know its cause
29 30

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 6

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Pressure Drop/Head Loss Pressure Drop/Head Loss II

• We now seek a design calculation for hL • Calculated Δp for z1 = z2, V1 = V2, and
• Use level pipe (z1 = z2) with constant hs = 0 gives hL for more general flows
area (V1 = v2) and no shaft head (hs = 0) • Will later define friction factor, f, such
that Δp l ρV 2
po Vo2 p V2 f = ⇒ Δp = f
+ + zo = i + i + zi + hs − hL 1 l D 2
γ 2g γ 2g ρV 2
2D
pi po Δp • Will use this to define head loss
hL = − =
γ γ γ 1 l
Δp
Δp
f ρV 2 l V2
hL = = = 2D = f
γ ρg ρg D 2g
31 32

Moody Diagram
Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics,
5/E by Bruce Munson, Donald
Young, and Theodore Okiishi.

Head Loss in Pipes

Copyright © 2005 by John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

• Dimensional analysis shows that

dimensionless pressure drop, Δp/ρV2, is
a function of Reynolds number, ρVD/μ,
g
the ℓ/D ratio and relative roughness, ε/D
• Expressed in terms of friction factor, f
Δp ⎛ ρVD ε ⎞
f = = f ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟
Fundamentals of
Fluid Mechanics, 5/E
1 l
ρV 2 ⎝ μ D⎠ by Bruce Munson,
Donald Young, and
Theodore Okiishi.
2D Copyright © 2005 by

• What is the form of f(Re, ε/D)? John Wiley & Sons,

Inc. All rights
reserved.

33 34

Moody Diagram Equations Wholly Turbulent Flows

• Colebrook equation 1 ⎛ε D 2.51 ⎞ • Large Reynolds numbers: f independent
= −2.0 log10 ⎜ + ⎟
(turbulent) f ⎜ 3.7 Re f
⎝
⎟
⎠ of Re depends only on ε/D
l ρV 2 Q Q 16 Q 2
Δp = f V= = ⇒ V2 =
• Haaland equation 1 ⎛ 6.9 ⎛ ε D ⎞1.11 ⎞ A π D2 π2 D 4
≈ −1.8 log10 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
+⎜
D 2
(t b l t)
(turbulent) f ⎜ Re ⎝ 3.7 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ 4
l ρ 2 l ρ 16 Q 2 8 fl ρQ 2 8 fl m& 2
Δp = f V = f = = 2
• Laminar 128μlQ 256μ π 2 D2 D 2 π2 D 4 π2 D5 π ρD 5
V D
Δp π = πD
4 3 4 64 64
f = = D = = • Pressure drop varies as D-5
1 l 1 l ρV 2 ρVD Re
ρV 2
ρV 2
– Similar to D-4 dependence in laminar flow
2D 2D μ
35 36

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 7

Pipe flow April 8 and 15, 2008

Pressure Drop Problems

• Find the pressure drop given fluid data,
pipe dimensions, ε, and flow (volume
flow, mass flow, or velocity)
– Get A = πD2/4
– Get
G t V = Q/A or V = m & /ρA
/ A if nott given
i V
– Find ρ and μ for fluid at given T and P
– Compute Re = ρVD/μ and ε/D
– Find f from diagram or equation
• Laminar f = 64/Re; Colebrook for turbulent
– Compute Δp = f (ℓ/D) ρV2/2
37

ME 390 – Fluid Mechanics 8