R.K.MALIK'S NEWTON CLASSES JEE (MAIN & ADV.), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, IX & X UNIT - 2 5. Modals Modals are verbs used to give advice, seek or give permission, make suggestions, make polite request, et Most commonly used Modals are can, would, could, ‘may, might, wil, must, ought to, shall, should, need, dare, Following are few examples HAVE he auxiliary ‘have is used inthe formation of the perfect = He has worked, He has been working, Have tois used with the infinitive to indicate ob = Ihave to be there by five o'clock. > He has to move the furniture himsel ‘The past form ‘had to" is used to express obligation in the past => Thad to be there by five o'clock. => Hehad to move the furniture himselt jn negatives and questions, have to! and had to’ are used with do, does, did. They have to go> They dont have to go. Do they = Hehasto 10 > He doesrit have to go. Does he have ogo? = He had to go> He didnt have to go. Did he have to Do The auxiliary ‘do’ is used in the following manner 1. To form the negative and interrogative of the simple present and simple past of ordinary verbs = He doesnit work. He didnt work. = Does he work? Did he work? 2. Toavoid repetition of ¢ previous ordinary verbs > Do you know him? Yes, Id = She sings well. Yes, she does. = You met him, didn't you? Do is also used to emphasise the affirmative nature of a = You do ook pale 1 told him not to go, but he did go. TA en ont SAAT eet In the imperative, do makes a request or invitation more perssuasive, = Dobe qu => Oh! Do come! Its going to be such fun, In such eases, do is strongly stressed. May, can are used in the corresponding interrogative and = He may beat home = Itmay rain tomorrow. = Itcannot be true Compare ‘I Cannot denot improbability In very formal English, may is used to express a wish, not be true, wit, it may not be true impossibility whereas may not denotes = May you live happily and long! => May success attend you! Could and might are used as the past equivalent of ean and may as = I could swim across the river when was young (Ability) He said I might/could go. (Permission) = [thought he might be at home. (Possibility) Could ability to do an act but to do an act. We should use was were able to for ability + action as in the first example above, expresses only = When the boat was upset, we were able to (or managed to) swim, In negative statements, however, either could ot was were able to may be used. => [couldnit (or: wasrit able to) solve the puzzle, It was too diffcul. SHOULD, SHALL, WILL, WOULD Shall is used in the first person and will in all persons to express pure future = [ shall/will be ewenty-five next birthday We will need the money on 15? pura - 110034Practice Exerci Fill in the blanks with appropriate modals: 9, 1. You be extremely tired after your Tong journey. 10, Dont gonear the cliff. It bedangerous Tuse your phone, please? ‘When there sachild in the house you not leave sharp objects lying around. Seema, You like a lift home? - ‘you please help me find my purse? You birthday. Nobody visit your mother today. Its her is answering the door bell hey Raghav ise-1 I wish, he Toualy not play the drums so you go for a movie with me? Everybody follow traffic rules for their own safety ‘we join the new astronomy lub? It be fun, you always be so tactless? You have hurt her feelings. try to get along with all his We go to watch a movie Practice Exercise-II modals and choose Wh expresses from the smy had to accept defeat at last. (a) obligation (b) compulsion (©) moral duty (A) possibilty ‘She must have reached home by now: (@) expectation (b) obligation (©) moral duty (A) purpose. ‘Walk carefull lest you should fll (@) duty (b) compulsion (©) necessity (A) caution, |. You should not take that much being obese. (a) advice (b) moral duty (©) compulsion (A) necessity Can I borrow your umbrella? (a) advice (b) permission ability (a) duty Practice Exerci: I. Identify the notion/concept expressed by each of . the following sentences by choosing one of the three alternatives mentioned against each sentence: No smoking ! (Advice/prohibition/theat) I wish you'd be quiet. (Request/wish/suggestion) Tim seeing the Principal this afternoon, (Likelihood! ddetermination/ arrangement) You needn't have hurried. (Absence of necessity prohibition/ suggestion of hesitation) It might rain before evening. (Possibility/ strong possibility/ remote possibility) BU Cz Ann on Petar the following sen 6. L hich of the given modal verbs can be used to rewrite Ravi was able to read the alphabet when he was 18 months old, @) can © will () could (€) would, . Itisnot necessary for you to wash the cutlery. (a) usin () couldnt (©) needntt (@) will not I will probably buy a new phone this month, (@) may (b) can (©) should (@) must T suggest you visit the Lotus Temple, @ an (b) need (@) should, Do you allow me to use your pencil? (a) should (b) may (©) has (@) must. (©) ought to ise-Ill Restructure the following sentences using—may, might, must, ought to, wish, only in appropriate forms: Candidates are required to answer at least five out of ten questions. . He was not careful enough, Perhaps, he was hurt . Please make a litle less noise, (= You can make it litle less if you wish to) 5. Please be quiet. (request) eer a re mpura - 110034U1. Fill in the blanks giving the appropriate modals: You have watered the flowers, for itis If we had taken the other road, we hhave arrived eatlie: The bank closes at two but the manager allow you to get in. (remote possibility) you please send me an application form? (request) ‘As John was the only person who visited us yesterday, it be he who left the main gate ‘open. (probability) You read his latest book. 7. She speak three languages when she was twelve I see quite clearly what the children are doing in the gar He be at least sixty You job be very demanding, but at Teast, i isnt borin 1V. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modals: 1. Usha run a hundred yard in ten seconds, his soul rest in peace! The baby is crying. He be hungry: you tell me the way to the post-office please? You keep your scooters locked, T bring you @ cup of coffee ? When Iwasa boy, a day. walk forty miles in Thave come to ask if Raj use your bicycle tomorrov. you have another cup of tea? Allofus die Drivers know that they when they approach the main road. obligation) slow down . If you have a bad throat, you smoke (prohibition) Practice Exercise-IV Fill in the blanks with suitable modals: 1, Man (a) live without food and water for sometime, But he (b) not live without air, Air enters the body through the nose. Nose is subject to many disorders. It (c) be common cold oF some infection, When cold takes hold of a person, in no ease he (d) take very cold water. It (¢) be better if he avoids going out in the cold air also, Simple and easily digestible food (0) be taken Fever (a) ___be defined as a condition of the body im which the temperature goes above the normal. Fever (b) be fever no medicine (©) be given. It @ be better if the patient is. kept on fruit juice, but the patient (e) certainly take as much water ashe (9) drink. Children (a) every month. By doing this, a life-long habit of read at least one book ANSWER KEY r o) be formed. ‘This habit © {g0 a long way in developing their knowledge base. ‘The knowledge acquired thus @ help them live their lives ina better way. They (@) in life and (f) rot depend upon others tohelp them, take their own decisions Inthe modern day business world, table ‘manners have become very important since they @ make or marbusiness opportunites. Let us begin with eating. Before we begin to eat we (b) place the napkin on our lap. In some restaurants or eating places the waiter © do it for you. As a rule you (@) never use a napkin as a handkerchief. If the glassware do not appear to ask the waiter for never clean be clean we (e) replacement but we (0) them with our napkin. Practice Exercise-1 1. Might 2. Could 3. May 7. Mast 8 Must 13, will, might 14, Should Address :- 177 Rajdhani Eni 9. Would 15, Should 4. Should 5, Would 6. Will 10. Will 11, Should 12. Shall, will Near Rani Bagh Pitampura - 110034 DACP tC ccmi (adPractice Exercise-II AL@ 20 3@ 4 Practice Exercise-III I. 1. Prohibition, 2 Request, 3. Arrangement, 4. Absence of necessity, 5. Remote possibiliy HL, 1, Candidates must answer atleast five out of the ten questions, 2. He ought to have been more careful 3. He may have been hurt, You might make a little less noise, 8.1 wish you would be quiet, MIL. 1.need not, 2. would, 3. might, 4, would, 5. might, 6. should, 7. could, can, 9. must, 10. may, 2. May, 3. must, 4, willfcould, 5, must, 6. shall, & may, 9. will 10. will, 11, must, 12, must not. Practice Exercise-IV L @)ean (0) can (6) may should (©) would (® should 2 (ean () may (©) should would (6) must (ean 3. (a) must (b) can (©) may will (e)can (8) need 4 (2) ean (b) must (©) may should (@) should (6) must 177 Rajdhani Enclave , Near Rani aa Pitampura - 110034 SAL aCe tniocs‘Tenses: ‘They are verbs denoting time. Practice Exercise-I Choose the correct option in the following sentences: 1, Water vapour is condensing to form clouds. (a) condensed (b) condenses (©) have condensed (@) are condensing trains, we cannot go out (9) is raining (b) rained (rain (@) raining Why do you work so hard today? (@) did you work (b) have worked (©) youworked (@) are you working The moon ésgoing round the earth, (a) goes (b) go (© went (@) has gone How much is this cloth cap cost? (2) it,costs (b) does, cost (©) has, cost (A) is, costing Ria feaches in this school for ten years. (a) is teaching (b) was teaching (©) has been teaching (@) teach By Spam.,he should have done the home three hours, (@) will have done () will do (©) will have been doing (@) nochange I shall write the letter before you reach my home (a) shall be writing (b) shall have written (©) have been writing (@) no change ‘he minister has already submit bis resignation. (a) have, submitted (©) is, submitting (©) had, submitted (@ will, submit They are coming here every year in June. (a) came (b) comes (© come (@) no change Practice Exercise-Il Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets: 1. They always function. (a) participating (©) will participate (do) this book (participate) in the annual (b) participate (@) participated (belong) to you? (@) Do, belong (b) Does, belong, (4) Did, belonged. He (study) a book at this time. (a) isstudying (b) willbe studying. (©) will study (2) shall study Nowadays, Mr. Sharma Economics, (2) teaching (©) Is, belongs (teach) (b) is teaching (©) taught (A) was teaching BU 177 Rajdhani Encl Perot cnt s 5. 5. Why you (go) there tomorrow? (@) Will, be going ) Ww (©) Gone (€) Shall, go (not finish) your work yet? (a) has, not finished (b) have, not finished (@) is finished (tell) you about this (©) are finished I shall already (@) have, told () am, telling (© has, told (@) must, tell 1 (see) this movie several times. RTs erp reba (a) has seen (b) am seeing (@ had seen (weep) since morning. (b) hasbeen weeping (@) wept (©) have seen This child (a) is weeping (©) had been wee mpura - 110034Practice Exercise-IIl Fill n the blanks with suitable words. Where the words are given in the brackets, use only their form: 1._ Yesterday an argument (=) (akeftookt taken/vas taking) place between two groups of stents. t(b) (vesulresulls/resuled hadresulted)inashootoatoutside the school uring recess The assailants (c) (le, fled, had fle, flesing) from the spot in car. The incident @ (confirm/confirmed/eonfinming! wasconfirmed) by the school authorities but they (e) ____(statestatedhad stated? stating) thar they (didnot aver not had had/not have had not having) more details ofthe case, The police (@) (saylsaying! ssidhad said) that the victims @) (identifyidentified/will identify/had Meniiea) four ofthe asailants Many years ago when Martin Luther King (a) — (address/addressed/was addresing/ had addressed) a public meeting, someone (6) (throw/threw/throw had thrown) a shoe at him. There (c) (isivas/werefbeen) a deep silence. Kin @ (pick/picking/picked/had picked) up the shoe and (e) (ilielling/tolay hd told) the gathering that some kind gentleman, knowing that he (}) (canjcould/may right) not afford shoes G (cheowr threw/throwa/bad thrown) — one for him. He (i) Grequesurequested/requestingy had requested) the gentleman to throw another one too, Two persons indluding a four-year-old boy @ (Giedfdying/dierhad ied) and five persons 0) Cinjurelinjared injuring) had injured) in an accident last evening the boy (c) (crush/crushing/crushed/ was crushed) to death by a jeep. The accident @ (ake/took/taken/had taken) place at about 7 pam, ‘The boy (6) — (play! phyedplaying/was playing) on the roadside near his house when a speeding jeop (0 (comeicamefcomingfhad come). from the other side and (@) (hituiting, was biting! was hit) him. The boy (h) (die/died/ Aying/had died) on the spot. LA forty-year-ld man (a) (aia vas killed had killed) and several (6) (injures. injured/were injured/had tajured) wen the van in which they (9 (Craveltravelling/travelledivere travelling) overturned ater colliding with «truck early inthe Address :- 177 Rajdhani Encl: Perot cnt s morning, Soon after the incident, a huge crowd @) {gather/gathering/had_gathered/ will gather) on the spot and (e) (star starting/started/had started) beating the driver of the truck. They also (0) (damage! damaged/will damage) had damaged) the other vehicles. It ( (isfam/arefwas) only after the arrival of the police that the situation (h) (bring/bringing/was brought/had brought) under control 5. Supply the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets: (a) When we/(take) our exams, wel/have a holiday, (b) (leave) these flowers at the hospital for you. I (go) there anyway to visit my cousin, (©) When T reached the school, the first bell) (already go). Only the wearer (know)/where the shoe! (pinch. (@) He/(play) the guitar outside her house when someone opened the window and /(throw) out a bucket of water (1 wish you/(tel) me you already/(buy) the book 5. Give the correct tense forms of the verbs given in brackets: @) (oot like) the dance last night. (b) Please sit here until my husband/(come). (©) She/(play) tennis since 4 o'clock. (4) My friend/(not see) me for many years when T met him last week, Supply the correct tense form of the verbs given in brackets: (a) They/(build) that bridge when 1/(be) haere last year They/(not finish) it yet. (b) Lend me your rubber. I/(make) a mistake (wish) to rub it out (©) Lwish U(know) his name, (@) When the aeroplane landed, the pilot (find) that one of the wings/(be damaged) by a shell (©) Look, a man/(run) alter the bus. He/(want) to catch i 3. Give the correct tense: (@) If Wve) a ghost, W(try) to frighten all the people I dislike. (©) He((know) her a Tong time before he finally/ (get) married to her. (©) What you /(do) just now while (wash) the dishes? Near Rani Bagh Pitampura - 110034(2) Lalways/(tell) you to comb your hair, but your 10. never (do) what I say (©) Thope iv(not rain) when the bride/(leave) the church Supply the correct tense forms ofthe verbs given in brackets The ety of Katagum oblong with the chief's house in the centre (look) like an old English castle. There high Clay tower, with a wall around it about twenty feet high; inside the courtyard houses for women and. servants. The chief himself and his soldiers upper ppart of the three storied tower in times of alarm and danger, All round the tower walls small holes (build) in the form of an (is) a (are) small (occupy) the (cul), through which archers vould fre their arrows alan attacking enemy, ANSWER KEY Practice Exercise-1 160 26 ) Practice Exercise-II 10 20 20 46 5 @ 6 Practice Exercise-III 1 @) took (0 didet have (@) was addressing ( could @) died (came (a) was killed () damaged () resulted @ sid (© few (©) threw (©) was (@) had thrown (©) injured @ (b) were injured hit (hy died (g) was (@) have taken (© was playi (@) did not like (@) were building, was, have not finished (told, had already bought (b) comes (@) found, had been damage (@) were, would try (@) tell do (b) had known, got (@) wor't rain, leaves (©) was crushed (6) were travelling, (b) will Teave, will go (c) had already gone (©) has been playing (b) have made, wish Give correct tense forms of the verbs given ir brackets. “The fire (look) very serious’, a young soldier, “but I wonder why they (not order) everyone to leave the building till the fire ornons (00 be) extinguished)? Suddenly a great tongue of flame sen (Sho!) fon the fourth floor and the broken glass (begin) to fall. 1 (ook) at me. ‘Come ony he said ‘we happen) there out of a window (look) at the soldier and he (go) to see what Fillin the blanks, When I home yesterday, 1 of a fire engine, and when 1 the noise Up. De ta smoke Was s.nuu. OUt of the fourth floor of a high rise build over to the place and asmall at the ‘oup of people who all were smoke and together in serious something really SerioUS +...» happened. 2 @ 8 (a) was confirmed (e) had started (hy) had identified (a)had picked (ec) had told (h) had requested (A) took (©) was playing (had gathered (¢) started (4) was brought (@) knows, pinches, (@) had not seen (©) knew (6) is running, wants (©) were you doing, was washing was built, looking, was, were, occupied (or, would occupy), were cut 10, is looking, said, are not ordering, is extinguished, shot, began, looked, looked, shall go, has happened 1 (is happening) reached, heard, went, saw, coming, went, saw, gazing, talking, had STO ONS amr ohn ts RTS en ea ee ELDVerbs: These are action words. Practice Exercise Choose the correct option to complete the given The Sharmas or the Vermas this week (@) plan (b) plans (©) planning (@) planned The group of administrative assistants ‘meeting in this conference too, (a) is (b) are (©) has (@) have Ria__ for me for the last 3 hours, (@) is waiting (©) waited (b) has been waiting (@) kept on waiting The headmaster (@) willbe scolding the latecomers. (b) will scold (©) had been scolding (@) have been scolding ‘When you arrived we. having breakfast. () are () is (@) were We Holi this week. (a) are celebrating (b) had celebrated (@) is celebrating (©) was (©) were celebrating, He ___ his graduation last year (@) do (b) did (©) done (@) does India freedom in 1947. (2) gets () ge (©) had get (A) got ANSWER KEY 1 @ @ Ann on 9% This year the annual function (®) with, great pomp and show. It (i) by the Chief Minister of Haryana, Meritorious students Gi) prizes. ‘he chief guest (jv) the school management for putting up a good show (a) was celebrated (©) celebrated Gi) (a) attended (©) was attended (b) is celebrated (a) has celebrated (b) fas attended (a) had attended i) (a) has given (b) gave (©) were given (a) was given (is) (a) had been appreciated —(b) appreciates (©) was appreciated (A) appreciated Vegetable oil rom ancient times, No household can get on without it, for it @ in Gi) rom oils of vertain flowers. Soaps cooking. Perfumes Ww) from vegetables and animal fats (@ @)isknown (@) had known (b) was known (@) knew () is used (@) used (ii) (a) had been used (©) was used. (ii) (a) was prepared (b) is prepared (C)are prepared —_(d) have been prepared (iv) (@)had been made (b) made (ismade (@) are made pura - 110034 SAAT eet