Group Research project on

Transformers
April 04, 2023

ELECTRICITY | ELEC8000

PREPARED BY:
➢ PATEL DAXESH (8843171)
Mr.➢James
PATELMaurice
SHAIL (8857941)
➢ PATEL TARAK (8869320)
➢ PARMAR SAHIL (8868267)
➢ PATEL SAHARSH (8868328)
What is a Transformer?

A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The transmission
current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the supply voltage without a change
in the frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer works on the basic principles of
electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

Working Principle of a Transformer

The basic principle behind the working of a transformer is the phenomenon of mutual induction
between two windings linked by common magnetic flux. The figure at right shows the simplest
form of a transformer. A transformer consists of two inductive coils: primary winding and
secondary winding. The coils are electrically separated but magnetically linked to each other.
When the primary winding is connected to a source of alternating voltage, alternating magnetic
flux is produced around the winding. The core provides a magnetic path for the flux to get
linked with the secondary winding. Most of the flux gets linked with the secondary winding,
which is called 'useful flux' or main 'flux', and the flux which does not get linked with secondary
winding is called 'leakage flux'. As the flux produced is alternating (the direction of it is
continuously changing), EMF gets induced in the secondary winding according to Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction. This emf is called 'mutually induced emf', and the frequency
of mutually induced emf is the same as that of supplied emf. If the secondary winding is a
closed circuit, then mutually induced current flows through it, and hence the electrical energy
is transferred from one circuit (primary) to another circuit (secondary).
Construction of transformer:

A transformer consists of two inductive windings and a laminated steel core. The coils
are insulated from each other as well as from the steel core. A transformer may also consist of
a container for winding and core assembly (called a tank), suitable bushings to take our
terminals, an oil conservator to provide oil in the transformer tank for cooling purposes, etc.

The figure at left illustrates the basic construction of a transformer. In all types of
transformers, the core is constructed by assembling (stacking) laminated sheets of steel with a
minimum air gap between them (to achieve a continuous magnetic path). The steel used is
having high silicon content and is sometimes heat treated to provide high permeability and low
hysteresis loss. Laminated sheets of steel are used to reduce eddy current loss. The sheets are
cut in the shape of E, I, and L. To avoid high reluctance at joints, laminations are stacked by
alternating the sides of the joint. That is, if the joints of the first sheet assembly are at the front
face, the joints of the following assembly are kept at the back face.

Transformer Types:
Transformers are used in various fields like power generation grid, distribution sector,
transmission, and electric energy consumption. There are various types of transformers that are
classified based on the following factors.

• Working voltage range.

• Step-up Transformer: They are used between the power generator and the power grid.
The secondary output voltage is higher than the input voltage.
• Step down Transformer: These transformers are used to convert high voltage primary
supply to low voltage secondary output.

Based on the Medium of Core Used:

• Air core Transformer: The flux linkage between primary and secondary winding is
through the air. The coil or windings wound on the non-magnetic strip.
• Iron core Transformer: Windings are wound on multiple iron plates stacked together,
which provides a perfect linkage path to generate flux.

Based on the Winding Arrangement:

• Autotransformer: It will have only one winding wound over a laminated core. The
primary and secondary share the same coil. Auto also means “self” in language Greek.

Based on Install Location:

• Power Transformer: It is used at power generation stations as they are suitable for
high voltage application.
• Distribution Transformer: Mostly used at distribution lanes for domestic purposes.
They are designed for carrying low voltages. It is very easy to install and characterized
by low magnetic losses.
• Measurement Transformers: These are further classified. They are mainly used for
measuring voltage, current, power.
• Protection Transformers: They are used for component protection purposes. In
circuits, some components must be protected from voltage fluctuation etc. Protection
transformers ensure component protection.

Advantages:
• A transformer will increase or decrease basically AC voltage, current or independence
 • It is efficient for the high frequency range.
• The available power cannot change but will slightly too much decrease depend on the
efficiency of the transformer.
• It has the advantage of preventing condensed flux leakage as well as iron loss.
• It offers good mechanical strength.

Disadvantages:
• A transformer will not work with DC voltage under any condition.
• The transformer size becomes un widely.
• The physical size of the transformer is directly related to the amount of power to be
desired.
• It is not good to use outdoors.
• It can be noisy.

Applications of Transformers :

Transformers are used in a variety of applications, including power generation, transmission

• Power generation: Transformers are used in power plants to increase the voltage of the
electricity generated by the plant before it is sent to the grid.
• Transmission and distribution: Transformers are used in the transmission and
distribution of electricity to increase or decrease the voltage of electricity as it is sent
from power plants to homes and businesses.
• Lighting: Transformers are used in lighting systems to decrease the voltage of
electricity before it is sent to light bulbs.
• Audio systems: Transformers are used in audio systems to increase or decrease the
voltage of electricity before it is sent to speakers.
• Electronic equipment: Transformers are used in a variety of electronic devices,
including computers, TVs, radios, and cell phones.