DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

STUDY ON HONEY PRODUCTION AND MARKETING SYSTEMS

IN FARTA DISTRICT SOUTH GONDAR ETHIOPIA

SENIOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL

BY: ID

1. ZAFERAN USMAN……………….1739

2. ABEBA BERIHUN…………….…. 0002

3. AMARE ALEMAYEHU……………0180

4. AMANUEL WORKU………….…...0347

5. MULUGETA GEZAHGN……….…0715

6. GETAHUN ALEMAYEHU……..…0651
Submitted in a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree bachelor of
science (BSc) in Animal Science

Advisor name January 2023

Mr .Saleamlak DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank the almighty god and all those who supported us for the
completion of this proposal.

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Abstract

The study will perform in three selected kebeles of farta District of south Gondar to
study honey production, marketing systems and to identify and prioritize its major
constraints and opportunities. The study in 2007-2011 the total volume of honey
production in Ethiopia was 163,257.42 tones, of which 99.2 percent was used up
domestically and 0.8 percent was exported. The country has a very high number of
active bee colonies, estimated to be over 10 million colonies. The direct role of
beekeeping includes the value of the outputs produced such as honey, beeswax, and
bee colonies and other products such as pollen, royal jelly, bee venom and
propulsion, cosmetics and medicine. There are different honey marketing systems
actors whole play significant role such as beekeepers, intermediators, retailers,
wholesalers, Tej houses and finally consumers. Keeping honeybees has benefits like
employment opportunity, medicinal value and inclusiveness are some its benefits on
the other it's also have some constraints like lack of financial ,low quality product,
poor managing and lack of access to market are some it obstacles. The honeybee
producer regions in Ethiopia are Amhara, Oromia, Benishangual Gumuz, Tigray and
SNNPR .Thirty households will randomly select based on their beekeeping and honey
marketing potentials and viability. The finding will help as a base for further research
(for academic purpose). The finding of the study also helps to know honey production
and marketing system in study area. Both Primary and secondary data from different
sources will be used to gather the required information for this study. The collected
data will be analysed using simple descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency and
percentage and will report in the form of narration, tables and in rank.by using
yimanes (1967) formula the sample size will be 222 population will be used as
representative for this study .But because of lack of experience and shortage of time
and budget the sample size for this research will be 40. The study will perform from
November to June.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1TIMETABLE FOR WORK..........................................................................................18

Table 2 per diem.......................................................................................................................19
Table 3Stationary......................................................................................................................19
Table 4Summary.......................................................................................................................19

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iv
Table of Contents
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................1
1.1. Back Ground of the Study...............................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem.................................................................................................2
1.3. Objective of the Study.....................................................................................................2
1.3.1. General Objective.....................................................................................................2
1.3.2. Specific objectives:................................................................................................2
1.4. Significance of the Study.............................................................................................2
1.5. Scope and limitation of the Study................................................................................3
2. Literature Review...................................................................................................................4
2.1 Honeybee Keeping............................................................................................................4
2.2 Market System..................................................................................................................4
2.2. Honey Marketing.............................................................................................................4
2.3. Honey Marketing Systems Actors...................................................................................5
2.4. Challenges and opportunities of Honey marketing in Ethiopia.......................................6
2.4.1. Major constraints of honey marketing......................................................................6
2.4.2. Major opportunities for honey marketing in Ethiopia..............................................7
3. Material and Methods.............................................................................................................8
3.1. Description of the Study area..........................................................................................8
3.2. Research Design..............................................................................................................8
3.3. Research Approach..........................................................................................................9
3.4. Data Sources and Methods of Collection........................................................................9
3.5. Sampling Design and Sampling population..................................................................10
3.7. Methods of data analysis and interpretation................................................................11
4.1 Budget plan.....................................................................................................................12
REFERENCE...........................................................................................................................14
Appendix...................................................................................................................................16
QUESTIONNAIRIES...........................................................................................................16

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Back Ground of the Study
Bee keeping in Ethiopia is an ancient historical activity, even though it is difficult to
estimate when bee keeping practice had been started exactly (Fenet and Alemayehu,
2016). The country known by its tremendous variation of agro-climatic and
biodiversity which suitable for the existence different honeybee flora and huge
number of honeybee colonies (Nuru, 2007).
The total volume of honey production in Ethiopia in 2007-2011 was 163,257.42 tones
,of which 99.2 percent was consumed domestically and 0.8 percent was exported .The
total volume of Ethiopian honey exports in 2007-2011 was 1,297,716 kg with a total
US$ 4,066,528 (CSA ,2012) .
The country has a very high number of active bee colonies, estimated to be over 10
million colonies. Of these colonies it is estimated that between 5 and 7.5 million are
hived, with the remainder being wild .The annual beeswax production in the country
is said to be around 3,800tonnes and 500,000 tonnes of honey. Most of Ethiopian
honey production carried out using traditional beehives, with up to 97% of the
beehive population housed in traditional hives (Deutsche, 2020) .The most important
honey and beeswax producing regions in Ethiopia are Oromia, SNNPR, Amhara,
Tigray and Benishangual Gumuz .These areas hold the majority of honeybee
population in the country with their distinctive regional honey character (Araya,
2020).

Beekeeping is the most broadly spread practice in the farming communities of

Amhara region and it is an integral part of the smallholder farming system .In this
region ,the apicultural resources are huge and it’s well known for the production of
large amount of honey in the country (kerealem,2009). The main goal of honeybee
keeping is for income generation and household consumption (Nebiyu and Melese,
2013). According to Adebabay et .al(2008) Beekeeping in Amhara region is practiced
as a secondary activity to other agricultural activities .Based on their level of
technological advancement ,three distinct beehives ,local (traditional) ,top bar
(intermediate or transitional) and moveable frame(modern) beehives.

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Most of local bee hives hanged over high trees .Honey production from traditional
beehives are very low with an average of 5-6kg produced from individual hive
annually and 15-20kg honey per year from improved beehive (Biressaw et al., 2015).

For honey production bee keepers are the main actors. Honey comb harvested selling
the comb done by keepers and sold to mostly to consumers, retailers; Tej houses and
cooperatives; there are also village honey collectors who buy honey from beekeepers
(Sileshi et al., 2019).

1.2. Statement of the Problem

In Ethiopia the production of honeybee at micro and macro level not encouraging to
its income generation capacity (Fenet and Alemayehu, 2016).There are high resource
and suitable agro ecology and biodiversity in south Gonder in farta district which is
suitable for honeybee production. Most production system is traditional which is
characterized by low output and the product used to sell to local retailers,
householders and local markets at low cost. If there is sufficient resource and suitable
agro-ecology why the production becomes low and the product sold at low price, the
production level and marketing system in this study area needs to be identified.

1.3. Objective of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective

 The overall objective of this study is to study honey production and marketing
systems in the study area.

1.3.2. Specific objectives:

 To characterize honey marketing systems in the study area.
 To assess honey production in the study area
 To identify and prioritize the major honey marketing constraints and
opportunities in the study area.

1.4. Significance of the Study

The findings will be useful for beekeepers in solving honey marketing constraints &
in improving their market opportunities. The finding will help as a base for further
research (for academic purpose). The finding of the study helps to know honey
production and marketing system in study area.

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Research Questions

In order to know study honey production and marketing system solving the following
question is mandatory

1. How much honey an individual produce annually

2. How much did they get from the product
3. What marketing network look like
4. what kind of bee keeping method used in this study area

1.5. Scope and limitation of the Study

This study will delimited to study honey production and marketing systems and
identify and prioritize major honey marketing constraints and opportunities in three
selected Kebeles of south Gonder farta district only due to time limitation and finance
challenge. To extend the title and place it needs time and sufficient amount in this
study there is no budget that`s why its limited to the study area.

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2. Literature Review

2.1 Honeybee Keeping

Beekeeping is an encouraging non-farm farm activity for the rural household’s .It
directly and indirectly donates to the income of households and the economy of the
country. The direct role of beekeeping includes the value of the outputs produced such
as honey, beeswax, and bee colonies and other products such as pollen, royal jelly,
bee venom and propulsion, cosmetics and medicine .Beekeeping in Ethiopia is still
very outmoded. It is carried out dominantly in forest/bushes and only few in home
gardens in all parts of the country (Fenet and Alemayehu, 2016).

2.2 Market System

Market channel is a business structure of dependent firms which displays the flow of
supplies from its production place to the consumer with the aim of moving products to
the last consumption destination. The duration of the process depends upon the type
and quality of products marketed (Gray, 2009). Farmers dispose their products in two
marketing channel, dependent in union (Belie, 2009).

2.2. Honey Marketing

Ethiopian honey is sold in unfinished form (honey and wax comb together) to Tej
producers, traders, retailers and local consumers. Honey collectors mostly collect
honey at farm gate and at local markets to maximize their purchase .After bulk
purchase, they sell to different consumers like Tej houses, retailer shops, whole
sellers, cooperatives, union processing companies and also smuggle to Sudan and
Eritrea .honey that produced in the country almost to satisfy local demand and often
for production of Tej ,since 2008 Ethiopia is listed as EU 3 rd country with privileges
of exporting honey therefore the country exports to different countries
like ,Sudan ,Norway ,Saudi Arabia ,Yemen and others and the country listed as 4 th
biggest wax exporter to the world market (Araya ,2020) .

According to Alemayehu et al., (2021) Majority of honey producers sold their honey
at home (49.6%) and the rest 31% and 19.4% of beekeepers sold their honey nearby
market and main marketing place respectively.

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Honey is production is important source of household income and the main reason for
the involvement of farmers in beekeeping is for income generation .The domestic
honey consumption is increasing from time to time due to highly increasing demand
for Tej.

Other shows that consumption of honey in Ethiopia is characteristically very high .it
has been estimated that the beekeepers consume around 10% of their total
production ,with the remaining 90% being sold for income generation ,the majority is
sold for Tej producers (Deutsche,2020).

2.3. Honey Marketing Systems Actors

Beekeepers sell the honey at neighbouring market and major marketing places; they
mostly sell to middle men, retailers and sometimes to Tej houses and consumers
(Nebiyu and Messele, 2013).

Beekeepers: are living in remote areas where there are unfortunate facilities like
roads, electricity, and others the encounter many obstacles of getting market (Araya,
2016).

Intermediators/traders: Because of small volume and distance from the market,

beekeepers do not supply their products directly to processors or retailers .so they
supply their products directly to collectors and the collectors supply the product to
local or Tej brewers ,retailors and to industry process (Araya,2016).

According to Alemayehu et .al (2021) The beekeepers are located at distance from
marketing place they are not benefited from beekeeping, since the middle men and
retailers buy their honey at home and nearby market at low price .The collectors in
turn resell to other retailers or in their own shop .There are also legal traders and
collectors who trade honey as their main business activity.

Other study shows the existence of many marketing participants like honey producer,
honey collectors, wholesalers, Tej houses, and final consumers of the product
(Atsbaha and Taye, 2017).

Figure 1.Marketing chain

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 Honey producer

honey collector wholesaler

Retailer Tej houses

consumers

Source from Atsbaha and Taye (2017)

2.4. Challenges and opportunities of Honey marketing in Ethiopia

2.4.1. Major constraints of honey marketing

Lack of financial resources (such as access to loans):- To increase honey
production, obtaining modern beehives and other tools are necessary for bee keepers.
To switch from traditional to improved version bee keepers financial products is
limited purchase this equipment and initial capital is required to move to transitional
and modern ones ,The beekeepers do not have this money so they choose to use
traditional one (Edessa, 2005).

Low quality of honey products: Mostly produced and marketed honey is low
quality, this due to excessive use of smoke during harvesting and adulteration (Fenet
et al., 2016).

Supply-related barriers to properly managing modern beehives: To manage

modern beehives the supporting tools is necessary. For instance, some beekeepers
possess modern beehives (just boxes), but they lack the tools required for the proper
management of these beehives (such as a smoker, queen excluder, or honey extractor
(Edessa, 2005).

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Lack of proper training regarding efficient management of a modern-style; the
beekeepers do not have sufficient knowledge and skills to properly manage the hive
even though if they are using modern beehives and training is not available to solve
this problem. Additionally, during drought they didn`t supply water, sugar syrup and
they have only prevailing knowledge (Edessa, 2005).

Inadequate government support in apiculture development: There are poor

extension programs and there is absence of strong and adequate research and training
institutions, policies and strategies on the subsector. Beekeeping research in crop and
livestock research programs just started to incorporate in regional state. (Fenet et al.,
2016).

Lack of access to world market: Despite the fact that globalization or market
integration is widely promoted in this time, a lot of stakeholders interested to involve
in the export of honey and honey products are suffering from lack of certification to
be accredited to fit into the international quality standards .there is strict prohibition
by European union of imports honey products from poor countries like Ethiopia
(Fenet et al., 2016).

The key obstacles to successfully increasing the Ethiopian honey value chain
primarily lay at the supply side of this product. Honey production in Ethiopia
insufficient in terms of quality as well as quantity. This supply issues needs to be
addressed to meet the growing local demand and likely profitable in the export
demand market (Bezabih, 2010).

2.4.2. Major opportunities for honey marketing in Ethiopia

Honey has social approval as food ,medicine ,and cosmetics: High demand of
unprocessed honey wide bio diversity ,presence of indigenous knowledge and it
consumed both religion Muslims and Christian (Araya,2020) .As it was stated by
Tezera (2013),the major Opportunities of honey marketing are the Integration of
honey production and marketing with water shed soil and water conservation and
reforestation program, organizing unemployed youth in honey production and
marketing, the construction of honey museum and fabrics, the increment of tourists
and guests to celebrate Gena etc. some opportunities of honey production are as
follows:

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Employment opportunities: Around one million households are involved in bee
keeping activity. The exact number people engaged in honey subsector not well
known in Ethiopia (Fenet et al., 2016).

Traditional medicine: Honey as source of energy has advocated in the diets of

people The nutritional and medicinal aids of honey and other bee products lead to
increase in demand in association with endemic (FAO, 2005).

Increasing a gender inclusive activity: Bee kept by men and women commonly use
the products of beekeeping in making secondary products like Tej (Fenet et al., 2016).

3. Material and Methods

3.1. Description of the Study area

This study will be conducted in debretabor farta district which is found in north
central of Ethiopia .Located in south Gondar of Ethiopia, 666km away from Addis
Abeba and about 100 km southeast of Gondar and 50 km east of Lake Tana, this
historical town has a latitude and longitude of 11*51*E/11.850*N 38.017*E
respectively, with elevation of 2,706metres (8,878ft) above sea level.

Topographically, the city is characterized by undulating terrain with significant

elevation variation. The southern and western parts of the city are more of higher
ground including mount tabor .The climate of debretabor is based on its altitude
which ranges between 2447m and 2838m is dega .The study area enjoys moderate
temperate climatic conditions .The mean annual rainfall is 1553.7 mm. The maximum
rainfall occurs in July and august. The town has 261,290 total human populations. The
livestock population of 168,307 cattle, 15,618 sheep, 40,163 goats, 29,017 equine,
89,496 poultry

3.2. Research Design

Among the different alternatives of research designs this study employs descriptive
research will be selected because it describes the present state of affairs as it exists;
aims to accurately and systematically describe population, situation or phenomena
and it is used to describe quantitative data. The study will use probability and non-
probability method for selecting representative samples from the population.

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The cross sectional type study method will be study will use data collection
instruments such as interview, questionnaires’, focus group discussion and
observations from march to June.

The sample size will be determined based on the estimated population of 50%and
absolute desired precision of 5% at confidence level by using the formula yimane
(1967) which is described below

n =sample size

N=number of target population

e =margin of error, its value is 5 %( 0.05)

n= _N_ = ___500__ = ___500__ = 222.22

1+N (e) 2 1+500(0.05)2 2.25

Therefore based on the formula number of sample is 222 population will be used as
representative for this study .But because of lack of experience and shortage of time
and budget the sample size for this research will be 40.

3.3. Research Approach

The research paradigms adapted for this study is mixed approach. These are both
qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Mixed approach is will be used with
view of triangulating qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative approach will be
since the aim of this research is to assess honey marketing systems, to identify and
prioritize the constraints and opportunities of honey market; while quantitative
approach will be used to collect numerical data. Three kebeles will be selected
depending on their honey production ability and viability.

3.4. Data Sources and Methods of Collection

Both primary and secondary sources of data will be used in this study. Secondary data
will obtain from reports farta district agricultural bureau and other published and
unpublished materials. The primary data will be collected from sample respondents
through semi-structured questionnaire and formal discussions to collect data on
various aspects of honey marketing, constraints and opportunities.

9
Visual observation is also part of data collection. The collection of information will
be made at household level.

Key informants interview will held with 4-6 key informants: Team Leaders of
Livestock production, Honeybee production development expert, and Agricultural
Extension and Technology distribution with the help of topical guidelines (checklists)
for some qualitative data and acquire flexibility to explore new ideas and issues not
anticipated during planning of the questions.

Focus group discussion will carried out with 8 to 10 elderly peoples and the Keble’s
leaders will be selected considering their age, their indigenous knowledge and
experience with bee keeping and marketing activities. This comprised a cross section
of individuals with first-hand knowledge and experience on the honey production and
marketing. Issues will be presented in the focus group discussions include honey
marketing practices, and its major constraints and opportunities.

Both open- ended and closed- ended (mixed) questions will prepare to collect data
from 40 honey producers or household respondents in the form of questionnaire. The
questionnaire will be prepared both in English and native language (Amharic) in order
to enhance communication. The rationale behind to use questionnaire in Amharic is, it
allows respondents to answer questions in their own words (it gives respondents
freedom) and saves time.

3.5. Sampling Design and Sampling population

Before conducting field survey research, discussion will be conduct with the head of
district agricultural bureau office work process and bee expert to select potential sites
and household respondents. Based on the information of district Agricultural office
bee experts, top six kebeles in honey bee production will purposively selected. Out of
the six kebeles that will be selected, honey production and marketing potential and
viability taking into account, three kebeles will randomly selected.

Then forty beekeepers per each randomly selected kebeles (40*3), a total of 40
household respondents will randomly selected for an interview. For this study will be
used random sampling method.

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3.7. Methods of data analysis and interpretation
In order to minimize errors which occurred during filling questionnaire, interview,
and focus group discussion the data will checked /edited/, coded and tabulated so that.
The collected data will be coded in Microsoft excel and subjected to descriptive
statistics using SAS version 2008, Mean procedure SAS, 2008, will be used to
describe selected kebeles hive owners depending on age, depending on sex,
educational status of respondents, income generated from honey, and honey
production will be presented in the form of table, percentage and frequency.
Moreover, ranking was also will be used to identify and prioritize the major honey
marketing constraints that hamper honey marketing systems in the study area. On the
other hand, data collected through interview will be analysed through narration and
interpretation. Descriptive statistics will be done to determine the honey production
and marketing system in study area

4. WORK AND BUDGET PLAN

Table 1 TIMETABLE FOR WORK

Activities November December January February March May June

Proposal title
selection
Proposal
writing
Proposal
presentation
Formulation
of
questionaries
’
Data
collection
Data
entry ,process
ing analysis
paper write

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up
Final
research
write up and
submission
defence

4.1 Budget plan

Table 2 per diem

Activities No No of Daily Total

of person rate birr
days
1) Preliminary field survey 5 4 80 320
2) Questionnaire interview 3 6 60 360
3) Discussion with owners 2 6 120 720
and organizational
managers

Total 10 16 260 1300

Table 3 Stationary

Number Materials Unit Quantity Price

1. Printing Dozes 500 1500
paper
2. Pen Dozes 20 500
3. photocopy No 70 350
4. printing Dozes 70 350
5. Binding No 2 60
6. Note books No 6 300
7. Mobile card No 6 300
8. Total 174 3360

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Table 4 Summary

Number Reasons of expense Amount of expense

1 Per diem 1300
2 Stationary 3360
3 Personal 4000
Grand total 8660

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REFERENCE
1. Adebabay Kebede, Kirealem Ejigu, Tersema Ayinalem, Abebe Jenberie
(2008) Beekeeping in Amhara region
2. Alemayehu Tolera ,Desalegn Begna ,Simret Betsha (2021) ,Honey marketing
systems and marketing constraints in horro district oromia regional state of
Ethiopia
3. Araya Fisseha (2020) Ethiopian honey market access and trade capacity
building support
4. Atsbaha Hailemariam and Taye Tolemaariam (2017) Assessment of honey
marketing system and its value chain in selected woredas of Tigray region ,
Ethiopia
5. Belie Tessega (2009).Honeybee production and marketing
systems ,constraints and opportunities in Burie District of Amhara
region ,Ethiopia .MSc thesis submitted to Bahir Dar University ,Amhara
Ethiopia
6. Bezabih Emana, 2010, Market Assessment and value chain analysis in
Benishangual Gumuz, Ethiopia.
7. Biressaw S,Tesemma Z,Moges D,and Mohammed A (2015) Bee keeping
practices ,production potential among Beekeepers in Haramaya District
8. Central statistics Agency of Ethiopia (2012) producers prices of agricultural
products at zone level 2005-2011 retrieved July 20-28
9. Deutsche Gesellchaft fut international zusammenarbeit (GIZ)Gmbh (2020)
partnership ready Ethiopia :Honey and beeswax
10. Edessa Negera .2005.survey of honey production system in west shewa
zone :proceedings of the 4th Ethiopian beekeepers association
11. FAO .2005.Major food and agricultural commodities and producers
12. Fenet Belay Daba and Alemayehu Oljirra Wolde Jimma University .2016. The
significance of honey production for livelihood in Ethiopia
13. Gray Armstrong (2009) Honeybee marketing in India .New Delhi
14. Kirealem Ejigu ,Tilahun Gebey and TR Preston .2009.Constraints and
prospects for apiculture research development in Ethiopia

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15. Nebiyu Yemane and Messele Taye .2013 Honeybee production in the three
agro ecological district of gamo gofa of southern Ethiopia with emphasis on
the constraints and opportunities
16. Nuru A.(2007).Atlas of pollen grains of major honeybee flora of
Ethiopia .Holeta bee research centre ,commercial printing enterprise Addis
Ababa ,Ethiopia pp152
17. Sileshi Y,Abebe J and Desalegn B.(2019).Honey marketing ,structure and
conduct of honey market in Gozeman District ,East Gojam zone , and Amhara
Region

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Appendix

QUESTIONNAIRIES
Part one: General area and socio demographic information

Name of Zone

Name of District; Farta

Name of Kebeles: __________________________

1. Demographic Characteristic of the Respondents

a. Sex of respondent: Male _____ Female_____

b. Age of respondent: ________

c. Marital status 01 = Married 02 = single 03= divorced 04 = Widowed

d. Number of family size of respondent: __________

e. Educational background of the respondents: a. Illiterate B. Read and Write

only

c. Elementary d. high school E. Diploma F. degree

f. Family size of the bee keepers in age and sex

Sex
Age group Total
Male Female
Less than 15
15-64 years old
Greater than 64
Total

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2. Socio - economic factor

2.1. How is honey production and supply to the market for the past three years 2008 -
2010?

a) Increase
b) decrease
c) stable
d) fluctuate

2.2. What is the contribution of honey for bee keepers’ livelihood?

a) have great contribution

b) medium contribution
c) less contribution

2.3. How many of you are a member of honey cooperative? ______________

2.4. What are the contribution honey market cooperatives for bee keepers? _____

2.5. Where is mostly honey market in the Woreda?

___________________________

2.6. Where is mostly honey market in the Woreda?

____________________________

2.7. What is the means of transporting of honey to the market?

a) Bajaj

b) Draft animals

2.8. How much time does it take to honey market for bee keepers?
________________

2.9. Do bee keepers lack container to transport honey to the market? 01=yes, 02
=No.

2.10. Is there other problem in transporting honey to the market?

___________________

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2.11. Who are the main buyers of Honey in the area? ________________________

2.12. Do you have Contractual Agreement with producers /merchants? 01= YES,
02= NO.

2.13. If your answer is yes for Questions No 2.12 state the types of agreement?

2.14. What seems honey channel in the worked? (From producers to where)?

a) From producer to customer

b) From producer to agents then customer

2.15. Is there price difference for similar honey in different market place of the
Woreda?

a) Yes

b) No

2.16. If there is difference what is reason behind it?

______________________________

2.17. Is their measurement difference in different market place of the Woreda?

________

2.18. If there is difference what is the reason behind it?

___________________________

2.19. Is there problem due to difference of price and measurement?

________________

2.20. During honey harvesting what is an average price of one kg of honey?

_______

2.21. When the supply of honey ultimately decrease what is the price of 1 kg of
honey? _______________

2.22. What are the main constraints of honey marketing in your area? List in order

2.23. What are the available opportunities of honey marketing in this area? List in
order according to their importance?

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19