KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.

1
(1ST SHIFT)BHUBANESWAR

BIOTECHNOLOGY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

TOPIC: STRESS TOLERANCE USING

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL STRATEGIES

SUBMITTED TO:-MRS.ARPITA BASU

SUBMITTED BY:-PREETI CHAUDHURY
CLASS:-XII SECTION:-C
AISSCE NO.:-
SESSION:-2020-21

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 Kendriya vidyalaya no.1 (1st shift),
Bhubaneswar

Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled “Stress Tolerance Using Biotechnological
Strategies” has been prepared by Ms. Preeti Chaudhury of Class XII-C (Science)
under the proper guidance of Mrs. Arpita Basu (PGT
Biotechnology) for the academic session 2020-21.
To the best of our knowledge and belief the presentation made in this project is true
and meaningful.

Signature of Internal Invigilator

Signature of Principal Signature of External Invigilator

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 Acknowledgement

It would be my paramount pleasure to express my heartfelt

Appreciations to my Biotech teacher, Mrs. Arpita Basu in providing a helping
hand in this project. Her valuable guidance, support and supervision all through
this project are responsible for attaining its present form.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to my parents for their moral support, valuable

guidance and tireless endeavour to complete the project in due time.

Last but not the least, I shall be grateful to acknowledge the constructive
suggestions and time to time motivations of our Hon’ble Principal Ma’am,
Smt. Y.Padmini for the successful completion of the project.

Preeti Chaudhury
Class:XII-C
(Science)

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 contents

Sl.no. Title Page no.

1. Certificate 2

2. Acknowledgement 3

3. Contents 4

4. Abstract 5

5. Introduction 6

6. Types Of Stresses 8

7. Stress Tolerance 9

8. Biotic Stress Tolerance 10

9. Abiotic Stress Tolerance 15

10. Application: Genetic Engineering For Crop Improvement 18

11. Achievements and Future Aspects 20

12. Conclusion 21

13. Bibliography 22

14. Thank You 23

4
 abstract
The field of Biotechnology has extraordinarily influence on science,law,the administrative
condition,social insurance and business. As the starting of agriculture, people have been
manipulating crops to improve the yield and quantity. Product yields throughout the world are
essentially diminished by the activity of herbivorous insects, pathogens and parasites. Natural
environmental stresses make this circumstance significantly worse. Abiotic stresses are the
important factors for crop development and improvement, causing massive yield losses over the
worldwide. Many mechanisms have been utilized for engineering abiotic stress tolerance in
model and other crop plants by means of established biotechnological and/or breeding
techniques.

The use of genetic engineering technology improvement to particular characteristics is then

discussed about, including input aspects identifying with control production (herbicide and
insects resistance, protection from pathogens and abiotic stresses). Crop improvement has
been improved the many years by means of conventional plant breeding strategies or over
different physical, chemical compound (e.g., gamma radiation, ethyl methane sulfonate) and other
biological techniques (e.g., T-DNA, transposon insertion) primary to point mutations,
rearrangement, duplication and insertion. Zinc finger nucleases have been effectively utilized
in genome modification of different plants including tobacco, maize, soybean, and so on.

The understanding of molecular basis of plant reaction to these natural environments or stresses
has been an important focal point of research in the past decades. Genetically modified organisms
are being utilized to lessen the yield loss because of different stresses (biotic and abiotic) and
are being utilized broadly for value increase in food crops by improvement with quality proteins,
vitamins, zinc, carotenoids, anthocyanin, iron and many more. Incorporation of modern
biotechnology, with regular traditional practices in a sustainable way, can fulfill the objective of
achieving food security for present and as well as in future.

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 introduction
During the past two decades, the word “Biotechnology” has received enormous

Significance and importance

Which is just unprecedented? The possibilities and probability of outcomes after
this sort of consideration to biotechnology might be because of its indefinite
prospective to serve and to profit the humankind. Biotechnology has touched our lives in
all fields, for example, animal life, health, and food. The word 'biotechnology' has been
derivative of two terms of science, i.e., the one is Biology’ and later is ‘Technology’. It is
fascinating to learn and see how and when biotechnology actually developed.

In 1919 for the first time the word biotechnology was used by a Hungarian Engineer, Karl
Erkey .According to a definition of biotechnology it is, “Application of biological science
and the principles of engineering to make novel products from raw materials of biological
origin, such as, food or vaccines .The field of biotechnology has extraordinarily
influence on science, law, the administrative condition social insurance, and business.
More than 260 novel products of biotechnology were approved for above 230
indications. In 2013 global sales of such products exceeded $175 billion and have
maintained a lively life sciences division that incorporates in excess of 4,600 biotech
organizations overall .

In the 21st century many see biotechnology as a significant role in improving the quality of
life. , biotechnology is closely tied to scientific knowledge and science. In every aspect,
biotechnology promotes a certain vision of life, one in which some things are seen too and
to be encouraged. As the starting of agriculture, people have been manipulating crops to
improve the yield and quantity. The seed producers have advanced the new wheat
hybrids and normally grown corn nowadays via conventional breeding.

Then, scientists began starting the genetic engineering techniques in 1980’s-1990,

to improve crop quantity and quality. Tissue culture techniques and genetic engineering
frame the premise of plant biotechnology can add to the greater part of the yields change

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the stages .Tran genesis is a significant process to traditional plant breeding, in that it
permits the focused on control of particular characters utilizing qualities from a
scope of sources. The current status of crop transformation comprising the methods
of, the selection of transformed plants, transfer of gene and control of its expression is
studied .The use of genetic engineering technology improvement to particular
characteristics is then discussed about, including input aspects identifying with control
production (herbicide and insects resistance, protection from pathogens and abiotic
stresses) .In this review, the part of biotechnology and its achievements, prospects
and difficulties in growing stress tolerant plants are studied.

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 Types of stresses

Stress is commonly divided into two main types: Biotic and Abiotic.

Biotic stress is observed when living organisms.

For example, weeds,pests,nematodes and pathogens.

Abiotic stress is caused by a physical or any chemical compound in the rapid condition causi
causing in
changed development and yield.

For example, herbicides, weedicides, temperature extremes,

extremes, drought, salinity,nutrient deficiency
and etc.

The plant development recovery is stimulated if there should arise an occurrence of the
stress being for some time, of low intensity, or the plant being resistant
resistant.

However it cannot endure this attack, its metabolic abilities are completely influenced, the
phonological phases are exasperated and it eventually ddead.

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 Stress tolerance
Crop plants are very productive under ideal cultural conditions, but ideal growing conditions
rarely occur. Moreover, plants encounter both biotic (viral, bacterial, fungal pathogens,
nematodes, insect pests and weeds) and abiotic (salinity, drought, extreme temperatures,
nutrient deficiency, etc.) stresses and these stresses cause a colossal loss of crop yield and
quality. The application of chemical and biological pesticides as well as the use of resistant
varieties is only partial success and these have certain limitations. Therefore, newer and effective
technologies are essential to meet the demand. In this context, biotechnological strategies can be
used to create transgenic plants with increased resistance to diseases and pests as well as
abiotic stresses.

Stress Tolerance is studied under two categories on the basis of its origin:
1.Biotic Stress Tolerance:
i.Pest Resistance
ii.Disease/Pathogen Resistance
a)Virus Resistance
b)Fungi/Bacteria Resistance
11. Abiotic Resistance:
i.Herbicide Tolerance
ii.Temperature,Drought and Salinity Tolerance

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 i.Biotic stress tolerance

i.Pest/Insect Resistance:
• All crop plants are affected by a variety of insects and nematodes, and significantly reduce
their yield and quality.

• To minimize these losses (both food and money), farmers use the synthetic pesticides
extensively which cause severe effects on human health and environment.

• The transgenic technology provides an alternative and innovative method to improve pest
control management which are eco-friendly, effective, sustainable and beneficial in terms of
yield.

• The first genes available for genetic engineering of crop plants for pest resistance were Cry
genes (popularly known as Bt genes) from a bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.

• These are specific to particular group of insect pests, and are not harmful to useful insects
like butterflies and silk worms.

• Transgenic crops (e.g. cotton, rice, maize, potato, tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, cabbage, etc.)
with Bt genes have been developed for and such transgenic varieties.

• It is proved effective in controlling the insect pests and it has been claimed worldwide that
it has led to significant increase in yields, and dramatic reduction in pesticides’ use.

• Bt crops have already been commercialised in several countries.

• The most notable example is Bt cotton (which contains CryIAc gene) that is resistant to a
notorious insect pest Bollworm and in the year 2002, Bt cotton was adopted in India.

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Illustrations

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 This figure shows the
difference between a
normal cotton
seed(infected by cotton
bollworm) and the
transgenic Bt-cotton.
Bt

A B

(A) Bt cotton resistant to bollworm

(Helicoverpa armigera) with healthy boll
(B) non--Bt cotton with infected insect larvae
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ii.Disease/Pathogen Resistance:
• Pathogens (viruses, fungi and bacteria) infect crop plants and drastically reduce their yield
and quality.

• Globally, several diseases have caused havoc at several points of time in several countries.

• For instance, the great Irish famine resulted in great damage of potato crop due to the late
blight disease caused by fungal pathogen.

• India has also experienced a famine in the form of Bengal famine due to destruction of rice
caused by fungal pathogen.

• Thus, there is a great concern about the control of plant diseases. Traditionally, farmers
apply chemical pesticides or use resistant crop varieties developed by the breeders, but
these methods have certain limitations.

• The alternative and useful strategy is the creation of disease resistant transgenic crop
plants by transfer of resistance genes from varied sources.

a)Virus Resistance:
• There are several strategies for engineering plants for viral resistance, and these utilizes the
genes from virus itself (e.g. the viral coat protein gene).

• The virus-derived resistance has given promising results in a number of crop plants such as
tobacco, tomato, potato, alfalfa and papaya.

• Some viral resistance transgenic plants like papaya resistant to papaya ring spot virus have
been commercialised in some countries.

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b)Fungi & Bacteria Reistance:
• Plants respond to pathogens by inducing a variety of defense responses like
pathogenesis-related
related proteins (PR proteins), enzymes that degrade/destroy fungal cell
wall, antifungal proteins and compounds, phytoalexins, etc.

• Several transgenic crop plants sh

showing
owing increased resistance to fungal pathogens are being
raised with genes coding for the different com pounds mentioned above.

• Some of these strategies, particularly the genes that encode for phytoalexins and cell wall
degrading enzymes were also used for producing bacterial resistant transgenic plants.

Papaya made resistant to Papaya Ring spot virus through Genetic Modifications.

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 Ii.abiotic stress tolerance

i.Herbicide Tolerance:
• Weeds (plants growing where they are not wanted, e.g. Striga) decrease crop yields and
quality primarily by competing with crop plants for light, water and nutrients.

• Farmers apply herbicides/weedicides (e.g. glyphosate) for the eradication of weeds in the
fields, but the main problem with this is the development of herbicide tolerance by weeds.

• There are several biotechnological strategies for weed control, but the most commonly
employed approach is the over-production of herbicide target enzyme (usually in the
chloroplast) in the plant, so that it becomes insensitive to the herbicide.

Herbicides can act an inhibitors by binding to a target enzyme and blocking its catalytic
activity thus killing the plant cell. This can also lead to reduction in yield of the crop
plants.

Strategies for Herbicide Tolerance:

a) Over production of the metabolite.

b) Slight structural alteration of the target enzyme.

c) Degradation of the herbicide in the transgenic plant.

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 • The popular example for such an approach is the introduction of a modified gene
from an Agrobacterium species that encodes for a resistant form of the
herbicide target enzyme into crop plants for tolerance against the most
extensively used herbicide glyphosate (sold as Roundup) and is effective
against many weeds.

• Roundup Ready GM crop plants such as canola

canola , soybean, corn and cotton
tolerant to glyphosate has already been commercialised.

Farmers applying herbicides/weedicides (glyphosate) for eradication of weeds but

these can cause damage to the crop plants as well. Hence, need for the Herbicide
Tolerant Transgenic Plants arises,which are modified to destroy the Round
Round-up.

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 illustrations

Glyphosate is a commomly used herbicide which is sold under the brand name of Round
Round-up.
Transgenic plants with a modified gene from Agrobacterium can destroy Round-up
up and is hence
called as Round-up Ready.

Genetically engineered crops with desirable traits.

Transgenic canola for herbicide (glyphosate)tolerance before and after herbicide spray in the field

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 Applications:: Genetic engineering for
crop improvement

Those plants that have been genetically altered by using recombinant DNA technology are called
transgenic plants. This might be to indicate a quality that isn't natural to the plant or to alter
endogenous genes. Product yields throughout the world are essentially diminished by the activity
of herbivorous insects, pathogens and parasites.
Example of two genetically modified crops grown here are the insects free safe by expressing the
BT genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and virus free free genetically modified papaya
(Otani et al., 1998; Puspito et al., 2015
2015; Qamar et al., 2015; Tu et al., 1998). The principal of the
crops has been specifically effective; in USA, for instance, insect free genetically modified maize is
become over a territory
ory of 10.6 million hectares and it includes 35% of all maize (Non genetically
modified and genetically modified) developed in nation. At the level of research laboratory
laboratory,
resistance has similarly been developed to fungal and bacterial pathogens. The main reasons
for plant loss throughout the protein encoded by the gene will express a specific characteristic or
trademark to the plant (Mantell et al., 1985; Stafford et al., 1986)
1986).

The tools can be used in a numerous methods, such as to develop resistance to abiotic stresses,
for example temperature extremes or saltiness drought, and other stresses, like insects and
pathogens, that would ordinarily demonstrate unfavorable to crop development and its survival. In
2007, for twelfthh sequential year, global territory of biotech plants implanted kept on expanding, by
12% of development rate crosswise over the 23 nations. Guide crops are soybean and maize,
despite the fact that cotton, canola and rice are likewise on the expansion. Tho
Though
ugh GM plants grown
in the EU add up to just a couple of thousand hectares, that is most likely an impression of European
resistance to this revolution the worldwide are abiotic stresses (Aaliya et al., 2016; Qamar et al.,
2015), especially saltiness, drought,
ught, and high temperature.

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 Illustration:Golden Rice

After this, these losses will increase as water resources decline and
desertification intensifies. Saltiness and drought are depending upon to cause severe salinization of
each distinct arable land by 2050, requiring the execution of new technologies to ensure the crop
survival. Some study by Key and his colleagues indicating the expression of an enzyme in GM
maize which stimulates an oxidative signal cascade confers saltiness, heat and temperature
extremes tolerance (Wang et al., 2000
2000; Wasternack, 2007). Genetic
engineering technology offers an approach to ease a portion of such issues by developing the crops
to express the extra yields that can battle the lack of healthy sustenance. Golden Rice Project’
is a significant example of the prospective of this technology. Due to insufficiency of vitamin A
nearly 2 million children every year are dead throughout the world. Vitamin A can be synthesized
from the precursor β-carotene
carotene that is regularly found in numerous crops however not in cereal
grains. There are various approaches for the development of GM crops. The most generally utilized
are the Agrobacterium tumefaciens that is normally capable to transfer its DNA to plants, and the
other is 'gene gun, in which shoots minute particles covered with DNA into the plant cell (Key et al.,
2008; Qamar et al., 2015).

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Achievements and future aspects

The significance of optimum nourishment for human health and development is very much
perceived. Unfavorable ecological factors, for example, drought, flooding, and heat etc., influence
crop yields more than diseases and pests. Therefore, an important objective of plant researchers is
to discover approaches to keep up high efficiency under stress and also growing crops with
improved nourishing value.
Genetically modified plants can prove to be potent supplements to those produced by traditional
strategies for meeting the global demand for quality
nourishments. Plants growing by genetic engineering cannot exclusively be used to improve yields
and nutritious value but also in addition for increased resistance to different biotic and abiotic
stresses.
Incorporation of modern biotechnology, with regular traditional practices in a sustainable way, can
fulfill the objective of achieving food security for present and as well as in future. Plant
biotechnology can possibly report the different challenges in agriculture and society.

Genetically modified techniques are being utilized to lessen the yield loss because of different
stresses (biotic and abiotic) and are being utilized broadly for value increase in food crops by
improvement with quality proteins, vitamins, zinc, carotenoids, anthocyanin, iron and many more.
Insect resistant Bt crops and herbicide tolerant genetically modified crops which are now under
commercial development have profited farmers through better weed and insect management, higher
yields and lessened chemical pesticide utilize. The identification and optimum key stress genes
and their resulting introgression for growing tolerant cultivars over traditional breeding are
tedious.
Plant biotechnology, in spite of being exorbitant in correspondence with traditional breeding, is
exceptionally effective. Numerous stress responsive genes have been identified and effectively
introduced into different plants to produce transgenic plants with improved resistance This
involves the improvement of sets of indicators intended to improve the stress resistance.
The benefits of biotechnology in the improvement of transgenic plants for proficient varieties are
without a doubt; however their commercialization after appropriate field testing is as yet an inevitable
reality.

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 conclusion

Plants are continually exposed with numerous biotic and abiotic

stresses, which cause significant loss in crop yields around the world,
while the importance for energy and food is on the ascent. Thus, it can
be concluded that sustainable integration of traditional agricultural
practices with modern biotechnology can empower the
accomplishment of food security for present and as well as future.
Genetically modified crops will be an important part of our life and the
huge potential of biotechnology must be exploited to the advantage of
mankind.

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NTS

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