Circle Xo etd ah Jesse is trying to sail his yacht ROOT a However, the yacht begins to take on water and so Jesse rae eu coordinates as (26°S, 17°W). A military vessel at (30°S, 17°W) receives Jesse’s mayday signal and heads to the area at a pes cs Simultaneously, a search Ene Le es ee city of Dakar (14°N, 17°W) at a See mares emi Roe ce ctts Pere eases Seeger nT studying the circle and circles that are formed on the surface of the Earth. We will be able to ROM oN mtn it oe oR Ce aC distance of the plane and the Pets® Are you ready? aa &24 @ ‘Try the questions below. If you have difficulty with any of them, extra help can be obtained by completing the matching SkillSHEET. Either click on the SkillSHEET icon next to the question on the Maths Quest 10 CD-ROM or ask your teacher for a copy. Triangle geometry 1 Find the value of the pronumerals in each of the following triangles. Provide reasons for all EX. LS Dinnreal eteceent haces en ZABC ZBAC a » CAG Angle relations ZAw 3 Find the value of the pronumerals in the following diagrams. Give reasons for your answers ‘Angle sum of a quadtilateral 4 Draw a diagram of a parallelogram. Clearly identify the parallel sides, equal sides and equal angles. Calculation of arc length 5 A circle has a radius of 10 em, Calculate the arc length of a sector whose central angle is 50°. 2a373 Intersecting chords, secants and tangents Parts of a circle Recall the following definitions for various parts of a circle. Centre ‘The middle point, equidistant from all points on the circumference. It is usually shown by a dot and labelled 0. Circumference ‘The outside length or the boundary forming the circle. It is the cirele’s perimeter. Radius A straight line from the centre to any point on the circumference. Diameter A straight line from one point on the circumference to another, passing through the centre Chord ‘A straight line from one point on the circumference to another. Segment ‘The area of the circle between a ‘chord and the circumference. The smaller segment is called the ‘minor segment and the larger segment is the major segment. BI AIP OOO374 Maths Quest 10 for Vieroria Sector ‘An area of a circle enclosed by 2 radii and the circumference. ‘The smaller sector is called the ‘minor sector and the larger sector is the major sector Are ‘A portion of the circumference, “Tangent ‘A straight line that intersects with (thatis, touches) the circumference at one point only. ‘Secant ‘X chord extended beyond the circumference on one side. ‘There are a number of ways to construct a tangent to a circle, One of the techniques is outlined below. 1 Draw a citele of radius 5 em and centre O. Draw a radius. 2 3 Call the point of intersection of the radius and the circumference, P. 4 Extend this radius through P to the point Q, 5 cm outside the circle. 5 Using O and Q as centres, draw intersecting ares above and below the line OQ 6 Draw a straight line joining the points of intersection. ‘This line is the tangent, 7 Investigate another technique for constructing a tangent Q toacircle, 8 Write a set of instructions for this method of constructing a tangent.375 Intersecting chords ae ‘ot In the diagram at right, chords PQ and RS intersect at X. 1 Measure lengths PX, XQ, RX and XS and complete the table below. s Px | xQ | RX | xs 2 Calculate the following: PX x XQ and RX x XS. 3 What do you notice about the results in step 2 above? 4. Draw another circle and a pair of intersecting chords and repeat steps 1 to 3 above. ‘The results of the above activity can be generalised for any circle as follows. ‘Theorem 1 If the two chords intersect inside a circle, then the point of, intersection divides each chord into two segments so that the product of the lengths of the segments for both chords is the same. PX x XQ=RXX XS or axb=exd WORKEDExampte 1 Find the value of the pronumeral. THINK WRITE 1) Chords AB and CD intersect at X. Point AX x XB=CX x XD. X divides each chord into two parts so that the products of the lengths of these parts are equal. Write this as a ‘mathematical statement, Identify the lengths of the line segments, Substitute the given lengths into the formula and solve for m.376 Maths Quest 10 for Vieroria Intersecting secants Ute Tey Coa aT eT In the diagram below, chords CD and AB are extended to form secants CX and AX respectively. They intersect at X. ol s. ‘Measure lengths AX, XB, CX and XD and calculate the products AX x XB and CX x XD. What do you notice? ‘Your observation from the activity above can be generalised as follows. ‘Theorem 2 If two secants intersect outside the circle as shown, then the following relationship is always true: AX x XB = CX x XD or ax b= ex d. © WORKEDExample 2 Find the value of the pronumeral. ‘ Zr THINK WRITE 1 Secants CX and AX intersect outside the CX x XD = AX x XB cirele at X. Write the rule connecting the lengths of CX, XD, AX and XB State the length of the required line segments. 12 Substitute the length of the line segments (+6) X6= 127 and solve the equation for y. 6y +36 =84 6y= 48 y=8377 A special case of theorem 2 applies when one of the lines drawn from an external point isa tangent rather than a secant, ‘Theorem 3 Ifa tangent and a secant intersect as shown, the following relationship is always true: AX x XB = (XT)? or a xb WORKEDExample 3 Find the value of the pronumeral. 4 ee La ea THINK 1) Sccant AX and tangent TX intersect at X. Write the rule connecting the lengths of AX, XB and XT, 2 State the values of AX, XB and XT. AX =m+4,XB=4,XT=8 3) Substitute the values of AX, XBand (m4 4) x 4-8" XT into the equation and solve form. 4m + 16 ~ 64 4m = 48, m=12 Intersecting tangents In the diagram at right, tangents AC and BC intersect at C and AC = BC. Theorem 4 If two tangents meet outside a circle, then the lengths, from the external point to where they meet the circle Inesecing are equal. ‘ange WORKEDExampte 4 Find the value of the pronumeral, THINK BC and AC are tangents intersecting at . State the rule that connects the lengths BC and AC. Slate the lengths of BC and AC. Substitute the required lengths into the equation to find the value of m.ade 378 Maths Quest 10 for Vieroria Chords and radi Jn the diagram at right, chord AB and the radius OC intersect at X at 90°; that is, ZOXB = 90°. OC bisects the chord AB, that is, AX = XB. A c ‘Theorem 5 If a radius and a chord intersect at right angles then the radius bisects the chord. The converse is also true: Ifa radius bisects a chord, the radius and the chord meet at right angles. ‘Theorem 6 Chords equal in length are equidistant from the centre. ‘This theorem states that if the chords MN and PR are of equal length, then OD = OC. WORKEDExampie 5 Find the values of the pronumerals, given that AB= CD. THINK ¥) Since the radius OG is perpendicular to the chord AB, the radius bisects the chord. 2 State the lengths of AE and EB. 2 Substitute the lengths into the equation to find the value of m 4 AB and CD are chords of equal length OE =0F and OE and OF are perpendicular to these chords. This implies that OE and OF are equal in length, §§ State the lengths of OE and OF. OE =n; O1 6 Substitute the lengths into the equation n=25 to find the value of n It is important that we are able to prove these theorems, To prove a theorem is true, we use previously established theorems. We begin by stating the aim of the proof and use the given information to establish the result we are aiming for, giving a reason for each step. If the reason is that the information is given to us, we simply write ‘data’ as the reason, ‘We may need to construct new lines in the diagram and you should be aware many proofs are completed using congruent triangles.at right angles, the radius bisects the chord’. THINK «State the aim, To show OC bisects AB wwe need to show AX = BX. |@ Construct lines OA and OB. @ Two triangles are formed which, if congruent, will show AX = BX. “& List the measurements in the two triangles that are equal giving a reason in each case, & Incach right-angled triangle, one side is common and hence equal in length and the hypotenuses are equal since they are the radii of the circle. ‘Therefore the triangles are congruent, AX and BX are corresponding sides of congruent triangles. 379 Aim: to show AX = BX. a € ZOXA = ZOXB = 90° (data) OX is a common side. OA = OB (radii of the circle) Hence, the triangles are congruent. (RHS — right angle, hypotenuse, side.) ‘That is, AOXA = AOXB. AX = BX (corresponding sides of congruent triangles) Since AX = BX, radius OC bisects the chord ABEX I SE Intersecting chords, secants and tangents WORKED 1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each of the following. a_ 4 © XELS pad) 7 Bt 23 5381 6 FRRIEBIE choice In which of the following figures is it impossible to find the value of m through 6" alinear uation? 7 Find the length, ST, in the diagram below. xe et 4) =4« 4 Yo ST= dem i wthK s)e0 HO Ke WORKED. 8 Prove the result: “If a radius bisects a chord, then the radius meets the chord at right Somer, : angles’. Chacle White board 9 Prove the result: ‘Chords of equal length are equidistant from the centre’. ~*~ 10 Prove the converse of the previous result; that is, “Chords that are an equal 1 Draw a cirele of radius 10 em, @ Mark 5 points A, B, C, D and E on the circumference as shown below. b Join points O, E, D and C by straight lines to points A and B. © Measure ZAEB, ZADB and ZACB, Comment on the results obtained. d Measure ZAOB. What is the relationship between this angle and the angles discussed in part c above? 2 Draw a circle and draw a diameter. Call the end points of the diameter A and B. Mark a point (other than A or B) anywhere on the circumference of the circle and call it C. b Join C to A and B by straight lines. © Mark 2 other points on the circumference. Call them D and E. Draw angles ADB and AEB and measure them, Compare angles ACB, ADB ‘and AEB and state your conclusion.382 Maths Quest 10 for Vieroria History .¢ mathematics — Phey couldn’t do itt ‘The ancient mathematicians solved a great ‘number of problems using just a collapsible pair of compasses and an unmarked ruler. They built their whole study of geometry on these tools and the proofs developed using them, ‘There were, however, three problems that they couldn’t solve. They were: 1. the trisection of an angle 2. the squaring of a circle 3. the doubling of a cube. ‘These problems were studied by the greatest ‘mathematical minds of the time but without success. Their importance in history lies with the fact that they could not be solved and thus they opened up the possibility of other ‘mathematical systems to the mathematicians of the time. 1. The trisection of an angle ‘This problem involves trying to divide an angle {nto three equal angles using only a collapsible pair of compasses and an unmarked ruler. ‘Many mathematicians worked on this including Anaxagoras (about 440 BC) while he ‘was in prison, Pappas (about AD300) worked oon it and showed how to do it with a marked ruler. The halving of an angle was easily shown using this equipment. ‘Archimedes showed how to do this with @ ‘marked straight-edge in his book of Lemmas. 2. The squaring of a circle ‘This problem involved creating a square with the same area as a given circle using only a collapsible pair of compasses and an unmarked ruler. ‘Since we know, and they did atthe time, that for this we have 7r?= 5", where ris the radius of the circle and sis the side length of a square. ‘Taking the square root of both sides gives us ‘ram, which means thatthe ratio between the square side compared to the given (known) radius is proportional to the square root of ‘The Hindu mathematicians worked on this problem from about $00 BC to 500 BC and although they were able to convert rectangles to squares of the sume size, they were not able to doit with acircle. Anaxagoras also worked upon this problem around 440 BC. Archimedes. (around 300 BC) worked on a variety of ‘geometrical problems that reduced to this specific problem but he was unable to solve it. ‘The problem with this example is that there {sno way to find the exact square root of 7 using these tools. 3. The doubling of a cube This involved creating a cube of double the ‘volume of a given cube using only a collapsible pair of compasses and an unmarked ruler, This ‘was known as the Delian problem as it was said to have been created by the Oracle at Delphi. This problem was worked on by Archytas around 400 BC. He worked with the intersection of a cone, a cylinder and a torus but he could ‘not doit with just a pair of compasses and ruler. ‘The problem with tis lies in finding the cube root of 2 which cannot be done with these tools. Proof Pierre Wantzel (1814-48) worked on these problems and intially tried to trisect an angle ‘of 60° and found that to do this it was, necessary to construct an answer for the ‘equation x — 3x - 1 = 0. In 1837 he was able to show that this could not be done and therefore it was not possible to trisect an angle. ‘He then went on to show that the other two, problems could not be solved, Questions I. Ifyou trisected an angle of 60° what size ‘would each of the three angles be? 2. Why was the ‘doubling of a cube’ problem known as the Delian problem? 3. Name a mathematician who tried to solve the squaring of a circle problem. 4. Who showed that these three problems could not be solved? 5. In trying to solve these three problems, describe what difficulty needed to be overcome in each case Research Use the Internet or library to find out more about Pierre Wantzel383 Angles in a circle WORKEDExampte 7 c In the diagram at right, chords AC and BC form the angle ACB. We say that are AB has subtended angle ACB. x tee ‘Theorem 7 sahended All angles that have their vertex on the circumference and are subtended by the 17 same are are equal. are PQ and, therefore, they are all equal in size; tht is, a= b = c. “These angles can also be called angles in the same segment. w\ heb be cente sd the ‘Theorem 8 renter ‘The angle subtended at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the circumference, standing on the same are. R In the diagram at right, angles a and b are both subtended by minor BN f . > are PQ with angle a having its vertex on the circumference and cee angle b having its vertex atthe centre. This implies that angle b is LN ramen twice the size of angle a, or that b = 2a. » fy — Feet Find the values of the pronumerals in the diagram at right, giving reasons for your answers. THINK 1) Angles x and 46° are angles subtended x = 46° (Angles on the by the same are and both have their con the same are are equal.) vertex on the circumference. 2 Angles y and 46° stand on the same are. y= 2 46° cumference standing ‘The 46° angle has its vertex on the = 92° (The angle a the centre is twice the circumference and y has its vertex at _angle at the circumference standing on the same the centre. The angle at the centre is arc.) twice the angle at the circumference, Theorem 9 Angles subtended by the diameter, that is, angles in a semicircle, are right angles. {In the diagram at right, PQ is the diameter. Angles a, 6 and ¢ are right angles. This theorem is in fact a special case of the previous theorem. ZPOQ is a 180° angle at the centre on the arc PQ while a, band c are all angles atthe circumference standing on the same arc. Theorem 10 Ifa radius is drawn to any point on the circumference and a tangent is drawn at the same point, then the radius will be perpendicular to the tangent. In the diagram at right, the radius is drawn to a point, P, on the cit- p Tame cumference. ‘The tangent to the circle is also drawn at P. The radius and the tangent mect at right angles; that is, the angle at P = 90°.384 Maths Quest 10 for Vieroria WORKED Example 8 Find the values of the pronumerals in the diagram at right, giving a reason for your answer. CN A THINK WRITE ¥) Angle z is subtended by the diameter, Use an appropriate theorem to state the value of z 2 Angle s is formed by a tangent and a radius, drawn to the point of contact. Apply the corresponding theorem to find the value of s. 2=90° (Angles in a semicircle are right angles.) = 90° (The tangent and the radius drawn to the point of contact meet at right angles.) ‘Theorem 11 ‘The angle formed by two tangents meeting at an external point is bisected by a straight line joining the centre of the circle to that external point. In the diagram at right, the line OS bisects ZRST, formed by the two tangents, That is, ZRSO = ZTSO = a. Moreover, the straight line OS also bisects ZROT, formed by two radii. ‘That is, ZROS = ZSOT WORKEDExampie 9 your answers. THINK ¥) Angles rand s are angles formed by the tangent and the radius, drawn to the same point on the circle. State their size. 2 In the triangle ABO, two angles are already known and so angle # can be found using our knowledge of the sum, of angles in a triangle. 2 ZABC is formed by the two tangents 50 the line BO, joining the vertex B with the centre ofthe circle, bisects this angle. This means that angles # and w are equal 4) The line BO also bisects ZAOC, which ‘means that angles q and 68° are equal Given that BA and BC are tangents to the circle, find the values, of the pronumerals in the diagram at right. Give reasons for Ce , WRITE c s=r=90° (The angle between the radius and the tangent through the point of contact is a right angle.) AABO: 14-90° 4 68° = 180 (angle sum of a triangle) ZABO = ZCBO (The angle formed by wo tangents is bisected by the line joining its vertex to the centre of the circle.) ZAOB = COB (The angle at the centre formed by the radii is bisected by the line from the centre (o an external point.) ZAOB = 68°, ZCOB=q = 68°| 385 a 2 o a & 4 2 bo ¢ < your a ene for 1 Find the values of the promumerals in cach of the following, giving reasons answers. LO@i OG OG OO 2 Find the values of the pronumerals in each of the following figures, giving reasons for your answers.386 Maths Quest 10 for Vieroria wonkep) 3 Given that AB and DB are tangents, find the value of the pronumerals in each of the = following, giving reasons for your answers. a A b A — —< 2 @) ¥ 4 FRUIEIBIS choice {In the given diagram below right, which angle is subtended by the same arc as ZAPB? A ZAPC Db 8 ZBPC © ZABP D ZADB a E ZBAD 5 FRRUIEIBIE| choice Referring to the diagram below right, which of the statements is true? A ZAED = 2ZABD pee ge re387 7 Set out below is the proof of the result: “The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the angle at the circumference standing on the same arc’. ; (A LN, Copy and complete the following to show that Z2POQ = 2 x ZPRQ. Construct a diameter through R. Let the opposite end of the diameter be S. k Let ZORP = x and ZORQ & OR = OP ( ) re (i ZOPR = x (________) -ZSOP = 2x (exterior angle equals —_) LIN oR =0g¢____) PY Zogrn = ( SSS—S 2809 =) Now ZPRQ=— and ZPOQ= ‘Therefore ZPOQ = 2 x ZPRQ. 8 Prove that the segments formed by drawing tangents from an external point to a circle are equal in length 9 Prove that an angle formed by two tangents is bisected by the line joining the vertex of that angle to the centre of the circle. 10 Use the figure drawn below to prove that angles subtended by the same arc are equal, im 1 A clock has a minute hand that is 6 em Jong. What is the distance travelled by the tip of the minute hand in one day? 2A golf ball is packed into a cubical box so that it just fits. What percentage of the box is unfilled? 3 You have six sections of fencing, each 3m long. What is the largest area that ‘you can enclose using all six sections?388 How much of the land o Maths Quese 10 for Victoria n Earth was covered with N U —~_389 S cles all DEXe TIE Nema) Construct a circle of radius 10 em. Mark points A, B, C and D on different points on the circumference. Join points A and B, B and C, C and D and A and D by straight lines to construct a quadrilateral ‘Accurately measure the interior angles at points A, B,C and D. 4, Repeat steps 14 for another circle. ‘What is the relationship between Ie @ ZABC and ZADC? b ZBAD and ZBCD? 7 Incach circle, extend AD to form an exterior angle at A and measure the exterior angle. What is the relationship between this exterior angle at A and ZBCD? oon quadrilaterals A cyclic quadrilateral has all four vertices on the circumference of a circle; that is, the quadrilateral is inscribed in the circle. atid In the diagram at right, points A, B,C and D lie on the circumfer- 4 ence and, hence, ABCD is a eyclic quadrilateral It can also be said that points A, B, C and D are concyelic; that is, Ic the circle passes through all the points. X de Theorem 12 cuales ‘The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (add to 180°). — P*" The converse is also true: If opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary, then the quadrilateral is, cyeli WORKED Exampte 1 0 Find the values of the pronumerals in the diagram at right. ive reasons for your answers. THINK 1 PORS is a cyclic quadrilateral, so its ‘opposite angles are supplementary. First find the value of x by considering a pair of opposite angles ZPQR and _ZRSP and forming an equation to solve. 2 Find the value of y by considering the other pair of opposite angles (ZSPQ and ZQRS), Q ©) aS . 180° the opposite angles of a eyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.) WRITE ZPQR + ZRSP °, ZRSP =x. 180° x= 105 ZSPQ + ZQRS = 180° ZSPQ= 120°, ZQRS = y y+ 120°= 180° y=60" ZPQR = x+75Maths Quest 10 for Vieroria 390 ‘Theorem 13 ‘The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior Q opposite angle. In the diagram at right, ZQRS = ZSPT Proof: ZQPS + ZQRS = 180° (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral) e ZQPS + ZSPT = 180° (adjacent angles on a straight line). agi shade ‘Therefore ZSPT = ZQRS. Find the value of the pronumerals in the diagram at right. THINK WRITE « ABCD is acyclic quadrilateral. The x= ZDAB, ZDAB = 50° exterior angle, x, is equal to its interior So.x = 50° opposite angle, ZDAB. @ The exterior angle, 100°, is equal to its. ZADC = 100°, ZADC interior opposite angle, ZADC. So y= 100°, renvember Cyclic quadrilaterals fen a: Find the values of the eo in each of the following. : EBs) 6. eoenna icv weer | 391 Wonka) 2 Find the values of the pronumerals in each ofthe following. b by © 4 ° f 10) i» & \ 7 QS/ \ 3 RLIRIBIE choice Which of the following correctly states the relationship between x, y and z in the dia- gram shown? Axsyandx=2z 8 x=2yand y+2=180° ZX © 2=2eand y= 22 Dx+y= 180° and 2=2r > E x+y= 180° and y +2= 180° Ww 4 UIBIBIE choice © Which of the following statements is always true for the diagram shown? Aret Br=p Cr=q Dres Erap+e b Which of the following statements is not correct forthe diagram shown? Are p= 180° B q+s= 180 Cr+p=180° Dr+s=180° E 5 The steps below show you how to set out the proof that the opposite angles of a eyelie quadrilateral are equal «a Find the size of DOB b Find the size of the reflex angle DOB ¢ Find the size of ZBCD. d Find ZDAB + ZBCD. ke D 6 Prove that the exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.