Swan ni Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Electrical Engineering Experiment No-12 Object; - Jeet: - To study operation and perform battery voltage level indicator circuit Integrated Circuits (IC) on bread board, Apparatus Required: Quantities | Range/Type al | 1 LM3914 % 2 «Resistor z fr FIKATK and 18K eo =. oe iad ; 3 Potentiometer 1 10K F LED. eae (10) Smm,3V-3.6V, 20mA, 5 gems. IF rs i e: | \6 SGaTnestinE Vite As Requied |Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Electrical Engineering bef pio wie] 2 non a ee 9 Fig.12.2 Cireuit Diagram of Voltage Level Indicator Using IC LM3914 Brief Theo ‘The heart of this circuit is the LM3914, it is an inte signal. The LM3914 can sense voltage grated circuit (IC) used to operate displays levels and can that visually show the magnitude of an analog red for either a bar- drive a display of 10 LEDs in dot mode or bar mode, The device can be con! graph mode, where all lower-output terminals switeh on, or "dot" mode in which only one output goes on. The IC shown in fig. 14.1 can operate from a wide supply voltage (3V to 25V DC). The brightness of the LEDs ean be programmed using an external resistor. In this cireut these is no ne of resistors in series with led’s because current is regulated by the IC. The pin deseription of IC LM3914 are © Pinl: (LEDI, LED2, LEDS. © Pin2: (V- or Ground): GND pin of the integrated ci ED10); The LED which has to be operated is allied to these pins cuit ‘© Pin3: (V+ or Vee): Supply voltage ranges from 3V to 18V © Pind: (RLO); Low-level voltage used for potential divider © Pin5: (Signal): Input pin analog signal based on whieh the LED is controlled © Pin6: (RHI): High-level voltage used for potential dividerath Swami k Kes! hvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Electrical Engineering © Pint: (Ret ef Ou fe oats it): Reference voltage of Output for limiting the LED current - (Ref Adi): Adjust pin used for vollage reference © Pin9: (Mo . (Mode): Choose among Dot or Bar Mode Description LED: is f is 's D1 to D10 displays the level of the battery in either dot or bar graph mode shown in fig 4.2. Resi it stor R4 connected between pins 6,7 and ground controls the brightness of the LEDs. Resistor POT R2 fe fors R1_and POT R2 forms a voltage divider network and the POT R2 can be used for itor between 10.5V to 15V DC. The calibra bir ation. The circuit shown here is designed in order {0 mor oe " tion of the circuit can be done as follows. After setting up the circuit connects a 12V DC source to the input. Now adjust the 10K POT to get the LED10 glow (in dot mode) or LEDs up to 10 glow (in bar mode). Now decrease the voltage in steps and at 10.5 volts only LEDI will glow. Switch 1 is closed, pin9 of the IC SI can be used to select between dot mode and bar graph mode. When S supply and bar graph mode gets enabled. When switch S1 is open pind gets connected to the positive of the IC gets disconnected to the positive supply and the display goes to the dot mode. With little modification the circuit can be used to monitor other voltage ranges. For this just R2 until remove the resistor R3 and connect the upper level voltage to the input. Now adjust the POT LED 10 glows (in dot mode). Remove the upper voltage Ivvel and connect the lower level to the input, Now connect a high value POT (say 500K) in the phe of R3 and adjust it until LEDI alone glows. Now remove the POT, measure the current resibtance across it and connect a resistor of the ‘same value in the place of R3. The level monitor is ready. Battery Charge Level Indicator Circuit Application We can use this circuit to measure car battery level. «This circuit is used to calibrate inverter status. different voltage level in dot and bar mode using LM3914. Result: - We successfully observe the Discussions and Comments:- Viva-Voce Questions For fabrication of integrated circuit silicon is used, why? best suited for IC manufacturing process ‘on possess characteristics which are ‘Ans- since s An integrated ircuit has extremely, SOET/LAB MANUAL/SEEA-23 BlectricalCreuit Design LabSwami Keshvanand Institute of Tec hnology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Electrical Engineering Ans- small size Tis not possible to produces ICs of power ing more than Ans- 10 watt 4. The full form of LCD is, Ans- The full form of LCD is “Liquid Cr tal Display What is mean by size of LED? Ans- The size refers to the outside diameter of the LED, with the Smm LED being the industry Standard as the most common LED model 3mm LEDs are the smallest and used in tight-fitting applications, while 8mm and 10mm models are used where you Want fo get out as much light as Possible DOEW/LAB MANUAL/3EES-23 Hectrical Cireult Design Lab 2.70ath Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Electrical Engineering Experiment No-8 Object: - Horehware implementation of temperature controled de motor using Thermistor Apparatus Required:- S.No Nate of ou | Range/Type | uipment/Equipment 1 M741 | | 47k0.470 | p | 10k 4 | Thermistor NTC 1 103 Eee DGPS wersvpply i en OV, aa eT a| Dero ieee | 2v aor : ae 7 _ (BIT ‘i 1 BC107 zi ah i> tt Pg | [9 | Connecting wire As required Be, Diagram:~ NIC Thermistor Resistance vs Temperature Curve Resistance Temperature Re acteristics of NTC Th Fig.8.1 Temperatu DOEE/LAB MANUAL/SEE4-23Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, M: Department of Electrical Engi amothan, NAB Package 8-Pin CDIP or PDIP Top View — OFFSET NULL NC INVERTING INPUT ie , Vig NON=INVERTING OUTPUT INPUT v OFFSET NULL Fig 8.2 Pin Configuration of 1C741 2.54Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, = Department of Electrical Engineering Brief Theory:- Thermistor: The Key component of this temperature controled fan circuits thermistor, which has been resistor, whose resistance Used to detect the rise in temperature, Thermistor is temperature sens changes according to the temperature. There are two types of thermistor N'TC (Negative Temperature lent), we are using a NTC type thermistor. NTC Co-efficient) and PTC (Positive Temperature Co-eff thermistor is a resistor whose resistance decreases as rise in temperature which is shown in fig. 10.1 While in PTC it will increase the resistance as rise in temperature Op amp IC LM741: An operational amplifer sa DC-coupled high gain electronic voltage amplifier. I's a small own in fig. 10.2. An operational amplifier IC is used as a comparator which chip having 8 pins SOmpares the two signals, the inverting and non-inverting signal. In Op-amp IC 741 PIN2 i an non-inverting input terminal. The output pin of this IC is PIN6, inverting input terminal and PIN3 is ‘The main function ofthis IC isto do mathematical operation in various circu Op-amp basically has Voltage Comparator inside, which has two inputs; one is inverting input and second is non-inverting input. When voltage at non-inverting input (4) is higher than the voltage St inverting input (-), then the output of comparator is HIGH. And ifthe vokage of inverting input (-) % Higher than non-inverting end (+), then output LOW. Op-amps have large gain and usually used as Votage Amplifier. Some Op-amps have more than one comparator inside (op-amp LM358 has ‘wo, LM324 has four) and some have just one comparator like LM741,The application of this IC manly inclides an adder, subtractor, volage follower, integrator and differentiator, The output of the operational amplifier is the product of the gain and the input volage, TC works on the principle of thermistor. In this circuit shown in fig. 10.3, PIN 3 (non inverting terminal of op amp 741) is connected with the potentiometer and PIN 2 (inverting terminal) XS connected in between of R2 and RTI (thermistor) which is making a voltage divider circuit Initially, in the normal condition the output of the op amp is LOW as the voltage at non-inverting imput & sserthan inverting input which makes the NPN transistor remains in off condition. The tansbior remains in OFF condtion because there is no vokage applied to ts base and we need some voltage atts base to make the NPN transistor conduct. Now when the temperature is increased, the resistance of Thermistor deceases and the voltage wer than the inverting termina at non-inverting terminal of op-amp becomes hi the op amp output DOEE/LAB MANUAL/3EE4-23 Hectrieal Greull Daign Lab 2.55th Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Electrical Engineering PIN 6 will become HIGH and transistor will be ON (because when the output of op amp is HIGH the Voltage will flow through the collector to emitter). Now this conduction of NPN transistor allows the Fan to start, As the thermistor return to the normal condition the fan will automatically turn OFF Tihe condition for switching is shown in table 10.1 V1= Inverting terminal voltage (Pin 2) V2= Non-inverting terminal voltage (Pin 3) Table 8.1 Condition of Switching OF BIT & Motor Condition Output (Pin 6) Bot Motor If VI>V2(At room Low OFF OFF temperature) IF V1 Department of Electrical Engineering Where n is an integer. The D Flip-Flop:- The useful feature of the D-type Flip-Flop is as a binary divider, for frequency division or as a ivide-by-2” counter. Here the inverted output terminal Q (NOT-Q) is connected directly back to LL the Data input terminal D giving the device “feedback” as shown in It can be seen from the frequency waveforms above, that by “feeding back” the output from Q to the input terminal D, the output pulses at Q have a frequency that are exactly one half that of the input clock frequency. In other words the circuit produces Frequency Division as it now divides the input frequeney by a factor of two (an octave). This then produces a type of counter called a “ripple counter” and in ripple counters, the clock pulse tr the first flip-flop whose output triggers the second flip-flop, which in turn triggers the third flip-flop and so on through the chain producing a rippling effect (hence their name) of the tim nal as it passes through the chain. The Toggle Flip-Flop:- Another type of digital device that can be used for frequency division is the T ype or Toggle flip-flop. With a slight modification to a standard JK flip-flop, we can construct a new type of flip- flop called a Toggle flip-flop. Toggle flip flops can be made from D-type flip-flops as shown above, or from standard JK. flip-flops such as the 74LS73. The result is a device with only two inputs, the “T le” input itself e and the negative controlling 74LS73 Toggle Flip Flop “Clock” input as shown in fig. 11.2. pie: 74L873 eg kK | 7ALSBB CLK Kk | a Fig.9.2 Toggle Mip-Nop — DOEE/LAB MANUALSEE423 Electrical Circuit Design Lab 2.59 2Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Flectrical Engineering A “Toggle flip-flop” gets its name from the fact that the flip-flop has the ability to toggle or Switch between its two different states, the “toggle state” and the “memory state”. Since there are only two states, a T-type flip-flop is ideal for use in frequency division and binary counter design Binary ripple counters can be built using “Toggle” or “T-type flip-flops” by connecting the Sutput of one to the clock input of the next. Togele flip-flops are ideal for building ripple counters as toggles from one state to the next, (HIGH to LOW or LOW to HIGH) at every clock cycle so Simple frequency divider and ripple counter circuits can easily be constructed using standard T-type flip-flop circuits If we connect together in series, two T-type flip-flops the initial input frequency will be “two” by the first flip-flop (+2) and then “ Static Emitter-Characteristic For a UJT jg, 34 Vol Characteristies of Us! Li 2.21 DOEE/LAB MANUAL/3EE4-23 Electrical Circuit Design Labam Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, ne Department of Flectrical Engineering Observations:- S.No. Vani = 5V Vani = 10V Ver (Volts) | In(mA) viv) Ie(mA) Viv) 1 4 B Result: - The emitter characteristics of UIT are studied, a. Peak Vokage, V, Volts. b. Peak Current, Iy : mA. c. Valley Votage, Vy Volts. Valley Current, |, mA. ¢. Negative Resistance Ohms. Discussions and Comments:- a questions: 1. Write the features of UJT. 2. What is the difference between UJT and FET? Ans: The structure of a UST is quite similar to that of an N-channel JFET:The main difference is ¢ (channel) material in case of JEET and the gate n of UIT. that P-type (gate) material surrounds the N-t surface of the JFET is much larger than emitter jun 3. What is a UST? Ans: It is Uni-junction transistor, it has only one junction between emitter and n-slab, 4, What is relaxation oscillator? DOEB/LAB MANUAL/3EE4-23 Hectrical Circuit Design Lab 2.22Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management and Gramothan, Department of Electrical Engineering ator based upon the behavior of a physical system's return lem within the oscillator Ans: A relaxation oscillator is an osc’ rium after being disturbed. That is, a dynamical to equi continuously dissipates its infernal energy. Normally the system would return to its natural tem reaches some threshold sufficiently close to its equilibrium; however, each time the s; equilibrium, a mechanism disturbs it with additional energy. Hence, the oscillator's behavior is characterized by long periods of dissipation followed by short impulses. The period of the oscillations is set by the time it takes for the system to relax from each disturbed state to the threshold that triggers the next disturbance. ‘What are the applications of UJT? m generator Ans: Relaxation oscillator, Saw tooth wave fe What is the importance of intrinsic stand-off ratio? Why does negative resistance region appears in UIT? What is the doping profile of UJT? Is there any break down region in UJT?