i | | i ete) ars} Interpolation 5.1___ Introduction Interpolation is important concept in numerical method. Quite often functions may not be available explicitly but only the values of the function at a set of points, called nodes tabular points or pivotal points. Then finding the value of the function at any non-tabutar Point, is called interpolation, 5.2 Finite Differences ‘When a function f(x) is known explicitly, it is easy to calculate the value (or values) of (9), corresponding to a fixed given value x. However, when the explicit form of the function (x) is not known, it is possible to obtain an approximate value of the function up to a desired level of accuracy with the help of finite differences. A function y = f(x), x being an independent variable and y a dependent variable, is considered. Let x takes equidistant values a, a+hy a+ 2h, a+ 3h, a+ 4h, ....(which are finite in numbers); h isthe equal spacing, then f(a) f(a +h), f(a + 2h) , fla + 3h), f(a + 4h) ,...are the corresponding values of y = f(x), The values of the independent variable x are termed as arguments and the corresponding values of the dependent variable y are called entries. aE TT ere ore tifference 'yllabus Topic : Forward Difference 5.3___ Forward Difference Let y = f(x) be a function and let _x takes equidistant values a,at+h,a+2h,a+3h, a+ dh, «...(which are finite in numbers); his the equal spacing, then f(a) ,(f(a +h), f(a+2h), f(a + 3h) , f(a + 4h) ,....are the corresponding values of = f(x). then the differences f(a +h) f(a) , fla + 2h) ~ f(a +h), fla + 3h) — f(a + 2h), .... are called first forward difference,5. =31 Forward ditference operator Ireecpoiztion ) be 3 function Then the forward send 2s Af bere b is difference (8+h)-fay in the values of x Ss yilabus Topic : Backward Difference —Biciorard Ditference Let y = fix) be a function and let x takes equidisa ees nt values Shae in numbers); b is the equal spacing, then f(a) (fia = h) + fia + 4h) . ....ore the comesponding values of y = f(x), th fay - ae fla +b) - fla + 2h) n the differences + fla + 2h) - fla + Shy... are called first backward Eiierences. 54.1 Backward Difference Operator Backward difference operator is denoted by “W" is defined as V f(x) = f(x) ~f(x-h) Where h is the difference in the values ofx Thus First backward difference Vi = yiryien iene 1 Second backward difference ~ Wig =n(-1)2etclumerical & Statistical Methods (B.Sc. IT-MU) 5-3 Interpolation Therefore k® backward difference vie veoh! ieneDk... ny Symbolically, Vout = a7 VWn=(1-V) Ye Ya-2 = Yar "VYn-1 = Ya V¥a- Vly ~ Vy,) = yp-Vyy- Vy, + VY, oe Yer 2 U-VY ‘ ts Ingeneral Yo = I-09, 5.5 | Shift Operator E A is the operation of increasing the argument x by h so that Ef(x) = f(x +h) E'f(x) = f(x + 2h) , E'f(x) = f(x + 3h) and so on. ice. in general E'f(x) = f(x + th) ‘The inverse operator E" is defined by E"f(x) = f(x - h) Also E'ys = Yeon Where h is the interval of differencing. The operator E has the following properties : @ Ekf(x)=k- Ef (x) ii) Efef(x)+d g(x} =c- Ef(x)+d-Eg(x) (ii) E(B" = EB" f) (iv) EAf(X)=ASE f(x) 5.6 Relation between Forward Difference, Backward Difference and hift Operators le. A, V and E lorE=1+4 We know that , AY. = Yuen Ye =E =(E-Vy, oA = E-1 and E=1+4fe ¥ numerical & Statistical Mathods (B, Je a (i 7 E proof We know that, Vy, = Yr YEE ya Ey Vv = ip! i) v= VE! Proof : AS V¥a = Ya~Yau= Ay, =AE'y, V=VE' w) A=VE = EV E(Vyx) = Elys—Yan) =Yun—Yx = VY, EV=A VC Eyx) = (Wynn) = Yan Y= Vo A=VE Example 5.6.1: Show that 4+V=E-E7' Solution : We have E = 1+A and « A = E-1 and 2 AtV = E-1+1-E! . A+V = E-E' a Example 5.6.2 : Show that E=1+Aord=E-1 Solution : We know, Ef(x) = f(x+h) and Af(x) = fx +h)-£(%) Now, (1+ A)£() = £O)+ AF (0) =F (9) F(x +H) - £0) veel AE (X) = £ (8 +h) = FD] (+a) f(s = Fath)oo et Numerical & Statistical Methods (B.Sc. IT-MU) 5-5 teoas, (1+) f(x) = Ef(@) bh) =EF Gy « 144=E or A=E-1 wong, Example 5.6.3: Prove that AV=A-V Solution : LHS. = AV=A(VE(x)= A(f(x)-f(x-h)) VE) =F0)~f (a= py = Af(x)-Af(x-h) (f (+h) ~ f(x] - [feb +h)-F&-h] AA £09) = £6 +h)- fe) = [f(c+h)~£(x)]-[f &)- f(x] =A£ (x) - V(x) = (4-¥) F(a) = RHS. AV = A-V Example 5.6.4: Evaluate the following (where h = 1) Atan’' ax Solution: We have Af (x) = f(x+h)-f (x) Af(%) = f(K+1)-f (x) givenh=1 Atan'ax = tan 'a(x+1)-tan''ax using tan! A=tan™'B = tan” = Ata! ax = ant| Met Doox | if staat] 2 as tan [T+ atx + 1) ax |= 1+ (ax +a)- ax. suntan = ona Example 5.6.5: Evaluate A(x" + sinx) Solution : Let, f(x) = x'+sinx Since Af (x) = f(x +h)-f(x) Af (x) = A(x’ + sinx)=(x +h) + sin (x +h) (x74 sin x) = (x+h)'—x' + [sin (x +h) ~sin x] = 8 +2hx +=) 42c05(24). sin @)Interpolation 2 ut (O) = Teh ALO) = L+H) ~ f(y =F 0x4 1)- F(x), te! cee ees ".2 2° R+1+ 1 xsd x42 x41 Af(y) =A wef f(x) =f (x +h) - £00) 2[5- 1 Ja2 [Ret real (k+2) (x41) x-2° Af(x) = a (+42) -Ans. ax 5.6.7: Find —yath= Example ind ath =2 Solution : Wehave AL (x) = f(x +h) f(x) Given: h=2 a = (x $2)" dxed-adxad Ef(x) = f(x+h) Ex’ = (x+2) Ax dx+4 Be eae Ax 4(x+1) Ex 7 +27 ig out of (n + 1) values of y = (x) are given , the values of x are : (1) Suppose n valu 1e be N . We construct the difference at equal intervals. Let the unknown valu table. Since only n values of y are given , we can assume y = f(x) to be a polynomial of degree (n- 1) inx. Equating to zero the ni difference . we can get the value of N. Li»,we Numorical & Statistical Mothods (B.Sc.- IT-MU) 5:7 tore, (2) If f(x) Is known for n+1 values of x thon n® difference is constant ang AC (x) = 0 for all x. aie RE Example 5.6.8 ; Find the missing term in the following table ; x}o}1)2/3/4 Wi [s[e[-[e1 Solution : Given: n we = [xo] fylafalol- [a | YoL NM | | | % Here we have 4 values of y, Therefore , A’ y is constant and A‘y = O forall x oInparticular, A‘ yp=0 (E-1*y, =0 (E-1) E-1)*-y, = 0 + (E26 +1) (E-2E+ ty, = 0 (E' ~ 26" + E'- 28 + 4-28 + E'-28 + 1) y,=0 A=E-1) o (E'-4E' + 6E' 4B + 1)y, = 0 Ey) —4E’ y+ 6E* y)—4E yo +yp = 0 Yas0~A¥s40+ 6¥200- Mico + Yo = 0 Yar As + 6y2-4Y, + Yo = 0 ++ By Equation (1) , we get 81-4y,+6(9)-4(3)+1 = 0 81-4y, 454-1241 = 0 -4y,+ 124 = 0 ody) = 104 wyattsample 5.9: Find missing tr golution ¢ Here we have 4 values ofy, So we assume. sane anche Methods (B.S. yy mY) 5-8 wh ™ M Interpolation ay =0 (E~1)*. Yo =0 - ®- 1 E~1.y, 2g oS A=B~1) 2 (E-284 1) {0B 4 AEA 2E+ Dy, = 0 E -2E +E ~2E' 4 4p? ( 7 . E E+E E+ ty, 29 @ -4E +6 aE sy, 2 9 4 2 E'Yo~ 4E Yo + OE'y,—dEy, ay, = 9 Yero~ 4 Ya004 Ya .6~4y, gy, =0 FE : Ey, = Yaar * Yar 4ys 4+ 6y.—4y, 4y, = 9 Be O | 1} 2}3)4 ¥ 19 | 2} is| ~ | 45 Yol% | ym | ys | ye Equation (1) becomes 45-4 (y3) +6 (15)-4(12)49 = 0 45 —4y,+90-48+9 = 0 ~4y,+96 = 0 dy, = 96 = 8 wey y; = 24 + Ans, 7 5-Forward Difference Table A table showing all possible values of y and corresponding forward differences is called forward difference table:Inte BFP numerica 8 statis erp % Ay Ay) = A'ys-4'¥o Ayo = 17 Yo Ay = Ay AY “The above table i called forward difference table where yj is called leading term and Ayo. Ay, A'Yo... ate called leading differences, 5.8 Backward Difference Table x y [ow | vy | vy X x % Vy, % ¥3 Vi = Yi-Yo Yn = ¥a-N Fyn = Wy Wy Vy = Ay dy, In Backward difference table y; is leading term and Vy,, V'y,, V'yy are leading backward differences. :jumerical & Statistical Mothods (B,Sc.- IT-MU) 5-10 syllabus Topic : Newton's Forward Difference Interpolation v Interpolation“, 7 59 ewton’s Forward Difference Interpolation Formula Fora given set of values (x, y,), i=0, 1, 2, ... n where values x's are at equal intervals andhis the interval of differencing Xa Xp * X= Xytkh => k qrendy using y= (1+A)‘y, Kk-)(k-2), 3 A Yo Kk- 1) (k-2) ..(k=n+1) 0 nt " ' kik=1 ie Ye = York Ay eae ayy, + Ayo Substituting ke TT Weget 0) = | (% = Xq) (X= Xp =H) (X= Xp — 2h) | ate | (X= Xo) (X= Xp—h) +... (X= Xp— Mh +h) | * nih Yo | where m OK Which is known as Newton's forward difference interpolation formula and can be used for interpolation or extrapolation. Example 5.9.1 : Construct the forward difference table for the following data. x 0 5 | 10 | 15 20 | 25 fo) | 7 | 11 | 14 | 18 24 | 32 Solution : x | y [ay|aty | avy] aly | tyCF Numeric! & Statistical Mothods (B.Sc.- IT-MU) 6-11 x 2 10 | 4 1 “1 1 0 1s | 18 2 _ 0 20 | 24 2 2s | 32 Example 5.9.2: Using Newton's forward difference interpolation formula find 4 om hs following data : SY x 5 | 10] 15 | 20 (%) | 50 | 70 | 100] 145 Solution : We have h = xy-m= 10-525 h=5, x=8, K = %ythk 8 = 545k k = 06 Forward difference table x | y | ay] aty | ay n>] 5 | 50 20 x2] 10 | 70 10 30 5 15 | 100 Is 45 20 | 145yr merical & Statistical Methods (B.Sc. MU) 5- ~ Interpolation y = york Ay, +e GD i ' ot kaye GaN aty, REDE yy, y = 50+06x 0.60.6 -1 2046 x19 42006 06-2 y = 504+12-12+0.28 ~ 61.08 (approx.) x ft) [12 [7 [6 17/13 [32 [7 h = x—%=2-0, * " Xo + hk 44.2042 = k= 22 rorward difference table xy [ay [ay [ay [ayy [ay % po | 2 ai 4 p27 4 “1 a 4] 6 2 5 1 3 o 6 |7 5 5 6 8 0 s | 1B 5 19 B 10 | 32 26 45 2 {7 ce interpolation formula, we have eet, He = BORD yy, 43) So By Newton's forward differet Y=f(x) = yor MAYo* .- 1 k= 2)k= 3) k |, Meee b= 3) phy, Ie ateak caterer erence ere aa lumorical & Statistical Mothods (B.Sc.- IT-MU) 5-19 Inrlten 22.21). 22)22~1)(22- 1242.2) 5) 4 PRBAAD gy ¢ SAO2—N02-2)/ 2-1) (2.22) 22-3 22122 2 5) 2) (2.2 = 1) (2.2 ~ 2) (2.2- 3) (22-4 , one = a Wehave F(4.4) = = 2) 4s f44) = 6,016(approx.) Example 5.9.4: Use Newton's forward difference formula to estimate the population of a town for the year 1895. J Year te91 | 1901 | 1911 [ 1921 | 1931] Population (inthousand) | 46 [66 [81 | 93 | 103 Solution : x = 1895 X = Xy+hk x = 1895 nearest to the the beginning of the values in the table so we use forward difference interpolation formula h = x,~x,= 1901-1891 = 10 X = xjthk 1895 = 1891+ 10k _ 1895-1891 4 ke 710704 Forward difference table x y | dy | ay | ay | ay xy 18901 | 46 20 xp 1901 | 66 es | 15, 2 won | 81 -3 1 R 1 wo | 93 _ 10 1931 | 103 By Newton's forward difference interpolation formula, Kk-1) 2) kk-1)(k-2 ¥ = York dy + Fy ayy AREER ay,Ee: wo umotleal & Statistica! Mothods(8.66.-IT-Mu) 6:14 Interpolation A= Dea koa) 4! Yo y (atx = 1895) = 46404 (20) BACAR D 5), 0404-42) 0404-1 (04-2) 04 ~3 + ql (-1) 41648 +0.6 40.128 + 0.0416 = 54.76 “Y= 54.76 (approx,) Syllabus Tople : Neng eee Syllabus Topic : Newton's Backward Difference Interpolation 5.10 _Newton’s Backward Difference Interpolation Formula “For a given set of values (x, y), i = 0, 1, 2, . 1 where values x;’s are at equal intervals and h i the interval of differencing Here we have X= Xthek x, ke Xe Ky . ik TT inys-Vity, Substituting k= Wehave yy, = yy yy ve Itwe denote ~* by k, above equation can be writen as Your = Y(X_+hk) kk+1 kik +1) 42 = vat ke Vy, AED yy, AKAN) on, + which is known as Newton’s backward difference formula. Example 6.10.1 : Construct backward difference table for the following data : x 0 5 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 f(x) | 7 | 11] 14 | 18 | 24 | 32EF tamorca! & Statistical Methods (8 Sc Solution : Backwant Difference Table Example 5.10.2: Given: x 0° 30° | 60° | 90° co! 0.87] 05 | 0 Find cos 70° using Newton's interpolation formula.. use Newton's backward a Solution : The value cos 70° is nearest to cos 90. So we interpolation formation. Therefore, backward difference table is given as x | y | vy | vy | vy Xo | 0° 1 -0.13 x, | 30° | 0.87 -0.37 60° | 05 “ -05 x, | 90° | 0 X, = 90°, x =(702) ~ hh = x,-x)=30-0Beet 1ymerical & Statistical Methods (B. Interpolation x = x,+hk 7 10 = 90+30k k = -061 K+) kee +2) ¥ = York V ye BRED gry KUED os y = 0+06x-05)+=2S C0640, 913 06 06D on y = 0+0.3 +0.0156 0.00616 y= cos 70 = 0.30944 (approx.) Example 5.10.3: Using Newton's interpolation formula find f (1.7) from the following data . ye x -2]-1Jo [i [2 e tx) [4 [26 [58 | 112 | 466 Solution : Since the value 1.7 is nearest to 2 ie at the end of the given data values So, we use backward difference formula to find f(1.7) ‘Therefore , Backward difference table is given as x lysf@lVy| Vy] Vy] Vy. mo}-2] 4 22 x]-1]| 26 10 32 DR 0 58 22 266 | 54 278 | 1] 12 300 | 354 | x3] 2 | 466 i x = x,+hk h=l x21, x =2 h = x,-x2-1-(C 22-4221 | 17 = 2+1®) iIntorpolation lumorical & Statistical Methods ( n7-2ek n’s backward difference interpolation formula, By Newtoi k k H(k+2 RMN Gry, key £2 gry, = yptkVynt ke Dk +243 fei MED yy =03(-03+1 . y(03) = 466 + (-0.3)x354 PEND 00 : = 0.3 (- 0.3 +1) (- 0.3 +2: x28 3! 40s (= 0.3 +1 ee (- 0.3 + 3) x 266 s+ ¥(-0.3) = 466- 106.2 - 31.5 - 16.541 - 10.68 y(-0.3) = 301.075 10.4: Given : x fofilealsala4 7 foe) | 7 | 17 | 45 | 103 | 203 Find {(3.6). Using Newton's interpolation formula. Solution: Given: xp=0,h=x,-x%)=1-O0=1 «hol oe 6) 3-6 = 44k = k = 36-4=-04 Backward difference table x y | vy | vy | vy | Vy x 0 7 10 x9 1 0 18 28 12 2 45 30 0 58 R 3 103 42 100 x2 | 4 } 2031umorical & Statistical Methods (B.: -MU) 5-18 Interpolation ” : Kad k +2) using y Yet Vy, AED yay, , kiee +2) gay, Kok +1) k42) (43 : 4 vy, n “< 4 203+ 0.4) (109) + AHEAD (49) (04) (04+) 0442) ' + 1) (-0.4 +2) (2 04) 04 +1) (-0.4 +2) (0.443) * Uh © = 203-40-5.04~0.768 s(yatx=3.6) = 157.192 seAns. Example 5.10.5 : The population of a town in decimal census is given below. Estimate the population for the year 1955. Year (x) - 1921 | 1931 | 1941 | 1951 | 1961 Population (in thousands) | 46 | 66 | 81 93_ | 101 Solution: The year 1955 is nearer to 1961 so we use newton’s backward difference formula Given: Xp = 1921, h=x,-x9=1931-1921=10 +. h=10 X, = 1961,x= 1955 = x, +hk 1955 = 1961+10k i 19551961 k = -06 Backward difference table : Year x | Population y | Vy Vy vy vy nef 1921 46 x 1931 66 -5 : 15 2 \-3 20 1941 81 -3Numerical & Statistical Methods (B.So.- IT-MU) 5-19 Interpolation Year x | Population y | Vy | v¥y | v’y | vty -1 1951 93 =4 Xt 1961 101 By using Newton's backward difference Interpolation formula, Kk+D oo kk+DK+2) 5 mV Yat 31 Vn Using y = y,t+kVy,+ Kok+ 1) (k+2)(k+3) + vy, 4! Ye (101) +206) @)+ 06) (064 (4 + COOC06+ E0642), 0.6) 06+ 1064210643), 5) * 24 " y (y atx = 1955) = 96.8369 -+ Population for the year 1955 is 96.8369 thousand approximately. Example 5.10.6: The following table gives the information about weight of packets and number of packets. Wtofpacket [0-5] 5-10] 10-15] 15-20 | 20-25 Number of packet | 10 16 7 4 3 Find the number of Packets whose weights are less than 18 gms. Solution Newton's Backward difference table X We. less than | Y Number | Vy | V’y | V'y | Vy 7" 5 10 16 x7 10 26 -9interpolation read) no he x = x,thk — herex=18andx,=25 18 = 25+hk = 18-25 =5k ake By Newton's backward difference interpolation formula, we get ny Yet Vy, etheh yey, RAED RED oy, Kk + Dk +2) (k +3: - : Hl Vy, S (= 1.4) (= styatxe8) = 4046 14) 4 2SH*D 1) = 1) (e144 DEL hn 14st) 1442) 4) : 1a) C144 C1442) 1443) wm 4) (yatx= 18) = 40-4.2-0.28 +0112 - 0.0896 = 35.542 Number of packets = 36(approx.) Syllabus Topic ¢ Lagrange’s Formula 514“ Lagrange’s Interpolation Formula ) Lety = f(x) bea function which takes the values f(x), f(x1)..--.f{Xs) coresponsing to ) X= Xp, Xjjesee-Xq Where values of x are not necessarily at equal intervals. Then Lagrange’s interpolation formula isumerical & Statist Intos (x= X,) yefix) = cane Mapex) A) kw f(%) (X= 4p) (X=) (= %) 4 +O) Ro) =X) aaa ny) (X= Xp) (X= X)) (x= X,) i 7 Oma Rg) OAD) Oy oy) nd Example 6.41.1 : Use Lagranges interpolation formula find the values of y and whenx = 6 a form the following table : WA x2] 5 | 6 | 9 Sy oe y_| 12] 13 | 14 - Solution : yom | oe x{ 5/6] 9 y 12] 13 | 14 » |x|» By using Lagrange's Interpolation formula, _ x) e-x) asians YF Goa m=) 00) * GRD OH =x OD) (X= Xp) (KX) * Ga) =a) 0) atx=8 (8 - 6) ¥ = Grp seal) GS SHE SH + FS 302 ses y y = -641347 ysis Me) Ocv BQ) EDEH "+ Gea) 3) + GG Ans, Example 5.11.2: Given x {1 7 3 y [7 [ie [35 Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula find f (2.5) ickInterpolation Yo | Ys | Ye We have to find f (2.5) ie. x=2,5 Lagrange’ interpolation formula, ne (X=x) (x-x,) (x= x9) (KX- x) (x =X) (=X (=H) (hy=H_) 0) Ge mH oH) OY) * Cay HoH) (2.5 - 2) (2.5 a .£Q5) = oe ae 1) 25-3) =2)(1= xXT+ =1 2-3) x18 (2.5 — 1) (2.5 - 2) B-)e-y ** _ OH EO5) 1.505) 5. 1.5)05) = Tenn 7 Men “Baa %* _ =0.25x7 0.75x18 0.75x35 Sel neo eee eres eee wf (2.5) = — 0.875 + 13.5 + 13.125 £(2.5) = 25.75 ws ANS. Trample 6.11.3} Using Lagranges interpolation formula find the polynomial which takes the values as : ea x}o}i]e2 vw y{1f4]6 Solution : Given : x= 0X1 = 1, %2=2 fo) = 1, f(x1) = 4, £2) = 6 By Lagranges interpolation formula, we get (x=) &-%) (=H) (K=%2) 6) = eae n) C))*a xg =a (=m) &-¥) + GomaNumerical & Statistical Mothods (B.So.- IT-MU) 5:23 Interpolation, (x- D(x 2) (x0) (x (x - OV (x _ = Oo 0-y*! +2) *4 *-00-H” wUnx¢2 Ne 2x vex ' o SE A PT te ta 3x42, 1 Zt = oan + 8 tN = IE -N + 5K $2-2n'+ 10x f(s) = dexter +2] Example 5.11.4 : Given f(0) =2, #(2) = 5, (4) = 10, f(6) = 17, (18) = 26, estimate (7) using suitable interpolation formula. Solution : Given : Given : x =0,x)=2,%2=4,%5=6, Xs= 18 f(xo) = 2, f(x) =5, f(xz) = 10, (x3) = 17, f(x4) = 26 To find f(7) so.x=7 By Lagrange’ interpolation formula, We get (X=) (x) (6-4) 6-4) (=X) (=x) (RR) (KX) fo) = X10 Ga) OH) =H) (=n) AD) © (8p = Xt) (p= Xz) (Ko = Xa) (Xo ~ Xs) (X= Xp) (X= Xy) (X= X3) (X= x,) % 09) + x) Oy) =A) (yD OD) * =m) =) O=%) (=H) (X= Xp) (X= %)) (KX) (K-%5) =H) Oe) =X) OH) _ 1-9 0-4) 7-6) (7-18) (7 - 0) (7-4) (7-6) (7-18) = 0-2) 0-9 0-6 0-18) *? * (2-0) 2-4) 2-6) 2-18) *5 (7-0) (7-2) (7-6) (7-18) (7 - 0) (7 - 2) (7-4) (7-18) *(4=0)4=2) 4— 6) (4 18) *!9* (6 =0) 6-2) 6-4) (6=18) 17 7-0) (7-2) 1-4) (1-6) * 718-0) (18-2) (18-4) (8-6) *26 =~ 0.3819 + 4.5117 — 17.1875 + 34.0885 + 0.0564 f(x) = 21.087 X, fly)- + a4 0.2 a3 04 as 0.6 a7 0.8 4& Statistical Methods (B. 1s (B.Sc Interpolation -MU) 5-24 ing Lagranges i i Using Lagranges interpolation formula find the values of f(6) form the following data : x|3|s5i9 f(x) | 11 [42 | 44 omic Given x] 1] 2/3 y [8 | 16 | 30 Using Lagrange's interpolation formula find y when x = 2.5 Given {(0) = 2, f(2) = - interpolation fae 4, {(4) = 8, (6) = 15, 1(18) = 25, find {(6) using suitable 4 + ) where h = 2. and Ais a forward difference operator. Evaluate A Find the missing term in the following table : x{o{1|2/3| 4 y|1|2\8|-|76 Find polynomial f(x) from the table_and hence compute {(2.2) x |o}2]4] 6] 8 | 10 12 ty [14] 8 | 4] el] 12 | 22 | 88 table for followingdata. Construct the forward difference x o| 4 | 8 | 12] 16 20 t(x) [5 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 20 | 24 rd difference formula to estimate the popt Use Newton's forwa ulation of a town for the year 1895. Year 4891 | 1901 | 1911 1921 1931 | Population (in thousand) 50 | 65 | 76 | 89 101 | goa oar).