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DESIGN, FABRICATION AND MEARUREMENT OF DISPERSION CHARACTERISTIC

OF A PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER BASED ON PBG-08 GLASS

1Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hong Duc University, 565 Quang Trung Street, Thanh Hoa

City, Vietnam

2Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Hong Duc University, 565 Quang Trung Street,

Thanh Hoa City, Vietnam

I. INTRODUCTION

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have attracted a great of attention in the optics community in

recent years [1-2]. Because there are many applications of it in the fields of optical

communication such as photonic crystal lasers [3], and supercontinuum (SC) generation

devices [4-6]. 3 One of the most promising applications of photonic crystals is the

possibility of creating compact integrated optical devices with photons as the carriers of

information then the speed and bandwidth of advanced communication systems can be

increased dramatically [7]. Recently, PCFs promise to become the next generation of ultra-

low loss transmission fiber, their also have applications in sensors [8] and nonlinear optics

[9].

In fact, 6 PCFs, a kind of two dimension photonic crystals, which consists of a central

defect region surrounded by multiple air-holes that run along the fiber length are attracting

much attention in recent years because of unique properties which are not realized in

conventional optical 2 fibers. PCFs are divided into two basic categories. The 7 first one

is index-guiding PCF, guiding light by total internal reflection between a solid core and a

cladding region with multiple air-holes like standard fibers [10-11]. 5 The second one

uses a perfectly periodic structure exhibiting a photonic band-gap (PBG) effect at the

operating wavelength to guide light in a low index core-region, which is also called PBG

fibers [12]. The design of PCFs is very flexible. All of these properties 2 are related to the

fiber design, namely, the pitch (Λ) of the periodic array, the air-holes diameter (d) and the

number of air-holes rings around the core [13].

Control 10 of chromatic dispersion in PCFs is a very important problem for practical

significant efforts in the design and fabricate conventional PCFs in which the ultra-flat-

dispersion and low-loss of the PCFs could be achieved in the near-infrared (IR) to mid-IR

regions [14-19]. Fused-silica PCFs can be efficiently used for flat-dispersion properties

covering the entirety of the visible and near-IR region [14]. However, silica glass is not

transparent in the mid-IR range and shows relatively low nonlinearity. Although, 2 there is

a method to increase the nonlinear coefficient of the PCF with silica core (that is to reduce

then defective core area), but small effective core area will lead to coupling difficulty [15].

To overcome these drawbacks, several soft glasses such as fluoride [16], tellurite [17],

lead-bismuth-gallate (PBG) [18], and chalcogenide glasses [19] have been exploited to

make fiber use for the mid-IR range. Those glasses usually offer a high optical nonlinearity

and a broad transmission window [14]. 2 Due to the highly nonlinear refractive indices of

these materials, the SC is expected to be generated on significantly shorter propagation

scales. Therefore, the higher the nonlinearity of PCF, the broader and smoother the SC will

be generated with the same laser parameters. However, the main disadvantage of non-

silica glasses is incompatibility with silica for fusion splicing which leads to some difficulties

in fabrication process of PCFs. Another one is that the SC generation sources of PCFs

from soft glasses with highly nonlinear solid core usually require complex pump systems,

because this type of fiber usually has ZDW in the mid-IR range. Thus, it requires a

matching pump laser wavelength [20].

2 One of the methods to engineer the dispersion properties of the PCFs is infiltrating the

holes with some liquids because of special thing of liquids [21-22]. For example, 3

application of liquids with various refractive indexes allow for the modification of dispersion

properties of the fiber without changing its geometrical parameters. It also can be further

modified all curvature of fiber dispersion characteristics [21]. 4 Depending on the

refractive index of the liquid, the guiding effect of the fiber can possibly be changed from

guiding based on modified total internal reflection, to guiding based on the photonic band

gap effect. The fact has provided that the optical characteristics of the fiber can also be
changed by varying the temperature and concentration of liquids, since the ordinary and

extraordinary refractive indices of liquid crystals highly depend on temperature and

concentration [22].

In this work, we consider 2 the dispersion properties of a regular lattice PCF made of the

lead-bismuth-gallate (PBG) glass. The simple reasons to choose PBG glass because it

provides 1 high nonlinear refractive index, high transparency up to 5.0 µm, and good

rheological properties [23]. 8 These glasses can be resistant to the recrystallization in

multiple thermal processing, which enables stack-and-draw procedure for fiber fabrication

[24]. 13 In this paper, firstly, the PCF based on PGB glass are designed and then

fabricated in the stack and draw method. Finally, 2 the chromatic dispersion of the tested

-fiber was numerically simulated based on its ross-section of scanning electron microscope

images and then verified experimentally using the Mach-Zehnder interferometric setup.

II. PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER DESIGN AND DISPERSION ENGINEERING

2.1. PCF design

In this section, we design a PCF made of PBG – 08 glass. Figure 1 illustrated the cross-

sectional of the modelled PCF. The fiber was designed with 12 five rings of hole in its

cladding. Beside, one air-hole from the center was removed. The air-holes are arranged in

a regular hexagonal lattice with. Here, 1 geometrical parameters of the PCF include the

lattice constant (Λ) and the diameter of the holes (d) and the linear filling factor (f = d/Λ).

Fig 1. Schematic of the modeled PCF structure with five-air hole rings and the geometrical

parameters of the air hole diameter d and pitch Λ.

The linear refractive index of the PBG – 08 glass as a function of wavelength is given by

the Sellmeier equation:

Where B1 = 2.2111, B2 = 0.3551, B3 = 1.1614, C1 = 0.0183 , C2 = 0.0730 , C3 =

127.3884 are Sellmeier coefficients for the PBG and is the wavelength in .

Figure 2 shows the its refractive index and transmission of the PBG-08 glass. The results
shown that the PBG-08 glass has a high transmission in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 .

Fig 2. (a) 3 The refractive index of PBG glass and (b) transmittance of PBG glass.

2.2. Dispersion engineering

In the modelling, we used the MODEL Solution software to calculation of the modal

properties of the fiber []. Looking for the optimal 1 structure of the fiber, we considered the

PCF structures with Λ changing from 4.0 to 7.0 with step of 0.5 and d changing from 1.3

to 1.6 . Our purpose is to design fibers for supercontinuum generation in the mid-infrared

region. With this aim, simulations have been performed to study the flat, low 3 dispersion

characteristics and the difference between ZDW and pump wavelength. All these

numerical calculations 1 were carried out for fundamental mode in the wavelength range

of 0.5 – 3.0 µm.

Fig. 3. Chromatic dispersion of the PCF with fundament mode. The PCFs are designed

with different lattice constants (Λ) and different filling factors (f).

Figure 3 shows the chromatic dispersion of the PCF. In all case, we consider the

fundamental mode with wavelengths in the range of 0.5 μm to 5.0 μm. The simulation

results showed that, for a given Λ value….

Meanwhile, for a given f value….

In particular, the PCF with Λ = 5.5 µm and d = 3.75 µm has a flat dispersion profile in the

investigated wavelength range. Therefore, 11 the fiber with those parameters is selected

for further analysis.

III. PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER FABRICATION

The optimized fiber structure was created using the stack-and-draw technique following the

preliminary PCF design [23]. There are two main steps to 2 the fabrication process. The

capillaries and rods were first stacked to form a preform, which was then drawn to a sub-

preform with low pressure to close the spaces between the capillaries and rods. Second,
9 the final fiber structure was taken from the sub-preform, where capillaries were scaled

down to those of the desired fiber structure using a chosen choice of pressure and

temperature. The final PCF scanning electron microscope images (SEM) are displayed 1

in Fig. 4, and the geometrical characteristics are reported in Table 1. The core diameter is

approximately 8.481 µm.

Fig 4. The SEM images of the fabricated PBG.

Table 1. The geometrical parameters for the real PCF selected for chromatic dispersion

experiments.

Parameter

Value

3 Lattice constant of the first ring [µm]

6.003

Hole diameter d1 [µm]

3.468

Hole diameter d2 [µm]

3.439

Hole diameter d3 [µm]

3.454

Lattice constant of the outer ring [µm]

6.207

Core diameter (dcore)

8.481

IV. MEASUREMENT OF 2 THE CHROMATIC DISPERSION OF THE FABRICATED

PCF

In this section, we were using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer setup to measure the

chromatic dispersion of the PCF as presented in Fig. 5. In this setup, we used the laser
source (SuperK Compact) that emits the 4 light at a wavelength range of 400-2000 nm.

Micro-objective MO1 collimates the source beam, which is subsequently split in half by the

50/50 beam splitter BS1 into two beams. The micro-objective MO2 is used to connect the

signal beam to the studied fiber. The micro-objective MO3 collimates the output beam from

this fiber before using the mirror M1 to modify its direction. Then, this beam spreads in the

14 direction of the beam splitter BS2. The variable neutral density filter NDF regulates the

reference beam's intensity. The translational stage, which includes mirrors M3 placed on a

micro-positioner, regulates 2 the length of the optical path in this arm. These mirrors'

placements and the associated spectral emissions are noted. The effects of each

component such as micro-objectives, variable intensity filters, etc., were described, and

their impact on the fiber's dispersion measurement was taken into consideration. The IR

spectrometer AvantesAvaSpec-NIR256/512-1.7 and the VIS spectrometer OceanOptics

Red Tide, which have wavelength ranges of 900–1700 nm and 350–1000 nm, respectively,

were used to record the interference fringes.

Fig. 5. Mach-Zehnder interferometer setup used to measure dispersion characteristic in

PBG-08-PCF.

The obtained experimental data 1 and the dispersion profile, which were numerically

estimated using real fiber geometric characteristics, are shown in Fig. 6. As result…

V. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we presented numerical and experimental results of the chromatic dispersion

of the PBG-08 PCF…..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research is funded by Hong Duc University under grant number ĐT-2022-06.

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