CHAPTER ie PROJECTIONS OF POINT 5.1.1 INTRODUCTION A point is defined as a smallest dimensionless size of a solid. A point in space is simply marking of a position, which has no magnitude. In Engineering drawing or graphics, itis represented by a “dot (C)” or small circle. To understand the projections of solids; projection of point, lines and planes must be studied before asasolid is made up of no. of planes; a plane is made of no. of lines and line is made up of no. of points. 5.1.2 POSITIONS OF POINT IN SPACE A point may lie in space in any one of the four quadrants formed by two principal planes (i.e., HP and VP) or may lie in any one of the plane or both of them. The following are the various positions in which a point may be situated in space (1) Point in front of the VP and above the HP. (2) Point in front of the VP and in the HP. 3) Point in the VP and above the HP. (4) Point behind the VP and above the HP. (5) Point behind the VP and in the HP. (6) Point behind the VP and below the HP. (7) Point in the VP and below the HP. (8) Point in front of the VP and below the HP. (9) Point in the VP and HP. 5.1.3 BIS CONVENTIONS In orthographic projections, BIS recommends the following conventional representations. These Conventions are obeyed internationally. (1) The actual points are denoted by the upper case letters called capital letters ie., P,Q,R, A,B,C, ete, Scanned with CamScanner(2) The top view (TV) of these points are denoted by the corresponding lower case letter Calleg small letters i.e., p, g, r, a, b, c, ... etc (3) The front view (FV) of these points are denoted by the corresponding lower case letters ¢ called small letters, with dashes i.e.. p,q, 7, d, B, ¢, ... etc (4) The side view (SV) of these points are denoted by the corresponding lower case letters calleg small letters, with double dashes i.e. Pig 1a, c,... ete, (5) The line of intersection of the HP and the VP is known as the Hinge line or grounds Tine o reference line. It is denoted as xy. (6) Both the front view (FV) and top view (TV) of a point must lie in a single straight line called the Projector which so always perpendicular to the xy-line. 4 TY. (Plan) >p + FY. (Elevation) —» p’ —* SV. (Profile view) —» p” 5.1.4 PROJECTION OF A POINT IN FOUR QUADRANTS Two principal planes (i.e, HP and VP) are used for the Projection of an objet. These planes are imaginary, transparent and dimensionless. If principal Planes are extended up to infinity they divide the Space into 4 quadrants. -e., in the first quadrant or 1° dihedral angle, then s. Similarly the second, third and fourth an; i 18 quadrant introntyp _°% 18*angle of projection sn a a 0 Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 261 + It is assumed that the for FV observer always stands at the ht Note? plane and for TY above the one ai tight side of the vertical reference oe , Table S.1.1 Location of points in reference planes and their projections. Location of Point FV TV ‘Above HP Above xy - Below HP Below xy = On HP Onay — in front VP - Below xy Behind VP = Above xy On VP — Onay Table 5.1.2 Location of points in quadrants and their projections — Quadrant Location of Point FV ‘ Tv Above HP i Above Below Hye in front VP % iid Above HP ‘Above xy Above xy Second eee Scanned with CamScanner7m 262. * Engineering Graphics 5.1.5 PROJECTION OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT < PROBLEM: A point Ais 30mm above HP and 40 mm in front of VP. Draw the projections gf, point, SOLUTION : Fig. 5.1.2 (a) shown in position of the point ‘A’ in the first quadrant such that i, distance above the HP is 30 mm and in front of the VP is 40 mm. The front view (@) is obtained at yy intersection point between the horizontal line through A and VP. The top view (a) is obtained a, intersection point between the vertical line through A and HP. ve | o# UW yx ouy r a HP] Otro Point Ain 8" quacrant HP ater Rotation Peston © (@) (0) Fig. 5.1.2 For presenting the views on a plane sheet, the HP is rotated about the xy line in a clockwise direction till itcomes in line with VP. Fig. 5.1.2 (b) shown the projections of the point after rotation of the HP. The FY (a) is 30 mm above the xy plane and the TV (a) is 40 mm below the xy line. Construction : (1) Draw the reference line xy. (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the xy line through any. point O on it. (3) Mark FV (a) on the projector, 30 mm above the xy line i.e., oa =30mm. (4) Mark TV (a) on the projector, 40 mm below on xy line ie., oa = 30mm. Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point = 263 Distance of the point from HP. Distance of the point from VP. a (3) xy line represents HP in front view (FV), (4) xy represents VP in top view (TV). (1) Distance of FV from xy lin | (2) Distance of TV from ay line = 5,6 PROJECTION OF POINT IN SECOND QUADRANT < PROBLEM 2: A point B is 30 mm above HP and 40 mm behind the VP. Draw the projections of the point. SOLUTION: Figure 5.1.3(a) shows the position ofthe point distance above the HP is 30 mm and behind the VP is 40 mm, intersection point betwe ‘B’ in the second quadrant such that its The front view (b') is obtained at the een the horizontal line through B and VP (assuming VP to be transparent). The top view (b) is obtained at the intersection point between the vertical line through B and HP. For presenting the views ona plane sheet, the HP is rotated about the. ‘xy line in a clockwise direction till it coincides with VP. Figure 5.1.3(b) shows the Projections of point after rotation of the HP. The FV )b' (is 30 mm above the xy line and the TV (6) is also 40 mm above the xy line. It may be noted that both the FV and TV are above the xy line. +— > ara a th g : g a oy, a HP after Rotation Orthographic Projection ) © Fig. 5.1.3 Scanned with CamScanner264 * Engineering Graphics Construction : (1) Draw the reference line xy. (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the xy line through any point 0 on it (3) Mark FV )b' (on the projector, 30 mm above the xy line i.e., ob’ = 30mm. ob = 40 mm. (4) Mark TV )b( on the projector, 40 mm above the xy line i.e., 5.1.7 PROJECTION OF POINT IN’ FHIRD QUADRANT < PROBLEM3: A point C is 30 mm below HP and 40 mm behind the VP. Draw the projections of the point. SOLUTION : Fig. 5.1.4 shows the position of the point ‘C’ in the third quadrant such that its distance below the HP is 30 mm and behind the VP is 40 mm. The FV (c’)is obtained at the intersection point between the horizontal line through c and VP (assuming VP to be transparent). The top view )c( is obtained at the intersection point between the vertical line through c and HP (assuming HP to be also transparent). For presenting the views on a plane sheet, the HP is rotated about the xy line in a clockwise direction till it comes in line with VP Figure 5.1.4(b) shows the projections of point after rotation of the HP'The FV )c' (is 30 mm below the xy line and the TV (c) is 40 mm above the ay line. B 7 HP. te Te ye | j z 1o a 19 y | | | i | a | 8 | | | pe oe | Orthographic | projection | ane _*8} 0 Point Cin quacrant QE H.P alter rotation 2 Fig. 5.14 Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 265 Construction : (1) Draw the reference line xy, (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the xy line a through any (3) Mark FV )c’ (on the projector, 39 mm below the xy i 'Y point 0 on it yline ie., 0 =30mm. he xy line i.e., o¢ = 40 mm, 5.4.8 PROJECTION OF POINT IN FOURTH QUADRANT (4) Mark TV Je(on the projector, 40 mm above 4 LEM 4: A 5 < PROBLE! a Dis 30 mmbelow HP and 40 mm in front of VP Draw the projections of the SOLUTION : Fig, 5.1.5(a) shows the position of the point ‘D" in the fourth quadrant such that its distance below the HP is 30 mm and in front of the VP is 40 mm. The FV )d' ( is obtained at the intersection point between the horizontal line through D and VP The TV (d) is obtained at the intersection point between the vertical line through D and HP (assuming HP to be transparent). y o Tec AL \ ’ tle +i, 4 __\ orthographic Projection ©) HP. alter rotation (b) Point D in 4! qua (a) Fig, 5.15 For presenting the views on a plane sheet, the HP is rotated about the xy line in a clockwise direction till it coincides with VP Fig. 5.1.5(b) shows the projections of point after rotation of the HP The FV )d’ ( is 30 mm below the xy line. It may be noted that both the FV and TV are below the xy line. Scanned with CamScanner266 = Engineering Graphics Construction ; (1) Draw the reference line xy. (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the xy line through any point 0 on it (3) Mark FV )d' (on the projector, 30 mm below the xy line i.e., od’ = 30mm. (4) Mark TV )d(on the projector, 40 mm below the xy line i.e., od = 40mm. 5.1.9 PROJECTION OF POINT IN FIRST OR SECOND QUADRANT < PROBLEMS: A point P is 50 mm above the HP and on the VP Draw the projection of the point, SOLUTION : Fig. 5.1.6(a) shows the position at the point ‘P’ in the first or second quadrant such that its distance above the HP is 50 mm and on the VP The FV )p’ (is obtained on point P, as point P is on the VP The TV (p) is obtained at the intersection point between the vertical line through P to intersect the HP on the reference line. wo 8) phy oP Orthographic Projection Point P in 24 quadrant Le) (@) Fig. 5.1.6 . For presenting the views on a plane sheet, the HPis rotated about the xy line in a clockwise direction tll t comes in the line with VP Fig, 5.1.6(b) shows the projections of the point after rotation of the HP. The FV (p') is 50. mm above the xy line and the TV (p) is on the xy line. Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 267 Construction : (J) Draw the reference line xy, (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the 2y line through any point o on it (3) Mark FV )p' (on the projector, 50 mm above the xy line i.e., op’ = 50mm (4) Mark TY )p(on the xy line, : 5.1.10 PROJECTION OF POINT IN THIRD OR FOURTH QUADRANT < PROBLEM 6: A point Q is 50 mm below the HP and on the VP Draw the projection of the point. JTION : ecu a Bg E a a Shows the position atthe point ‘Q' in the third or fourth quadrant such that i 'S20mm and on the VP The FV )¢ (is obtained on point Q, as point Qis on the VP The TV (q) is obtained at the intersection sho reference line. Point between the vertical line through Q and HP on the Point Q in 4!" quadrant | (a) Fig. ; For presenting the views on a plane sheet, the HP is rotated about the xy line ina clockwise direction ‘lit Comes in the line with VP Fig. 5.1.7(b) shows the projections of the point after rotation of the HP ‘The FV (¢ ) is 50 mm below the xy line and the TV (q) is on the xy line. —_—_ Scanned with CamScanner268 * Engineering Graphics Construction : (1) Draw the reference line xy. (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the xy line through any point @ on it (3) Mark FV )q {on the projector, 50 mm below the xy line i.e., oq = 50mm. (4) Mark TV ) q( on the xy line. 5.1.11 PROJECTION OF POINT IN FIRST OR FOURTH QUADRANT < PROBLEM 7: A point R lies in the HP and 50 mm in front of the VP Draw the projection of point. SOLUTION : Fig. 5.1.8(a) shows the position of the point R in the first or fourth quadrant, such that it lies on the HP and 50 mm in front of the VP The FV (7’ is obtained at the intersection point between the horizontal line through R and VP on reference line. The TV (r) is obtained on point R, as the point R lies on the HP Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 269 Construction : (1) Draw the reference line ay. (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the xy line through any point 0 on it. (3) Mark FV )r’ (on the projector on the ay line. (4) Mark TV )r(on the projector, 50 mm below the xy ie., oc = 50 mm. 5.1.12 PROJECTION OF A POINT IN SECOND OR THIRD QUADRANT < PROBLEM 8: A point S 50mm behind the VP and on the HP Draw the projections of the point. SOLUTION: Fig. 5.1.9(a) shows the position of the point P in the second or third quadrant such that itdistance behind the VP is 50 mm & on the HP The FV (s" )is obtained at the intersection point between the horizontal line through $ and VP The TV (s) is obtained on point S, as the point S is on the HP Point S in the 24 or 3" quadrant @ Fig. 5.1.9 _Forpresenting the views on a plane sheet, the HP is rotated about the xy line in a clockwise direction Llit coincides with VP Fig, 5.1.9(b) shows the projection of point after rotation of the HP. The FV (dis on the xy line and TV (s) is 50 mm above the xy line. Construction : (1) Draw the reference line xy. Scanned with CamScanner270 * Engineering Graphics (2) Draw a projector perpendicular to the xy line through any point ¢ on it (3) Mark FV )s’ (on the xy line. (4) Mark TV )s(on the projector, 50 mm above the xy line i.e., ox = 50 mm. 5.1.13 PROJECTION OF A POINT SITUATED IN ALL FOUR QUADRANT < PROBLEM 9: A point T is on the HP and the VP both. Draw the projections of the point SOLUTION : Fig. 5.1,10(a) shows the position of the point T situated both on the HP and the VP (ie., on the reference line). The FY (1) and TV )t( of the point lies on the reference line (or xy line). For presenting the views on a plane sheet, the HP is rotated about the xy line in a clockwise direction till it coincides with VP fig. 5.1.10(b) shows the projection of point after rotation of the HP The FV (') and TV (t) are on the xy line. ww ‘Orthographic Projection (b) Point $ in the 2" or 3'4 quadrant @) Fig. 5.1.10 Construction (1) Draw the reference line xy. (2) Mark FV jr’ (and TV )t( coinciding on the xy line. asl Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 271 5.1.14 ‘THREE VIEW PROJECTIONS OF POINTS | When the two views of an object are not sufficient to describe the shape completely, then it 1s necessary (0 go for a third view, preferably a side view or side elevation, The side view is obtained on profile plane. The profile plane is perpendicular to both the principle plane (HP and VP). It can be considered cither on the left or the right side of the principal planes. | The direction of sight for the profile or side view should be (a) From left to right for first angle projection (b) From right (o left for third angle projection. < PROBLEM 10: A point A is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in front of VP Draw the projection and find the shortest distance of point from xy line. SOLUTION : Fig. 5.1.11(a) shows the position of the point A in the first quadrant along with the right profile plane (R.P.P.), which is perpendicular to both HP and VP For presenting the views on a plane sheet, the P.P. is rotated till it in line with VP fig. 5.1.11(b) shows the projection of point after rotation of the P.P. x x VE RPP. vo, | 8 y 0 Y Pe a % vy PP after rotation Orthographic projection Point A in profil (b) © plane (PP) fa) Fig. 5.1.11 Construction : (1) Draw two perpendicular reference lines xy and x,y, such that they intersect at point P. (2) Draw a profile plane (PP) perpendicular to both reference planes HP and VP such that it intersects the HP in line PX, and VP in the line PY,. Scanned with CamScanner- 20 mm above and 30 mn below 3 ling a 272 © Engineering Graphics (3) Mark FV )a( and TV (a), on the projector, convenient distance from the xy line respectively. (4) Draw horizontal projector through ‘a’, intersecting the line (5) With p as centre and radius po, draw an arc intersecting the line xy ato. (6) Locate the side view a” at the intersection between the projectors drawn from o and a, at oy. (7) Draw a line pa" , gives the shortest distance (SD). 5.1.15 MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS ese < PROBLEM 11. Draw the projection of the following points on a common reference line, keeping the projectors 30 mm apart. (1) A — 20 mm above HP and 40 mm in from of VP (2) B — 20mm above HP and 45 mm behind VP (3) C — 30 mm below HP and 50 mm behind VP (4) D — 30 mm below HP and 40 mm in front of VP (5) E — 25mm above HP and on VP (6) F — 35 mm below HP and on VP (7) G — 25 mm in front of VP and on HP (8) H — 15 mm behind VP and on HP. SOLUTION : ah x4 cletqueagete c 2 8 Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 273 e SOLUTION : The position of each point with respect to HP and VP are noted below : A — 30mm above HP and 25 mm in front of VP B — 40mm below HP an 20 mm behind VP C — 50 mm above HP and 25 mm behind VP D — 45 mm below HP and 25 mm behind VP E — 35 mm behind VP and on HP. < PROBLEM 13. A point P is 40 mm above HP and 30 mmin front of VP. Another point Q is in HP and 25 mm behind VP. Draw the projections of points keeping the projectors 60 mm apart. Join their top views and front views. [SBTE 2015 (Oda)} SOLUTION : Scanned with CamScanner274 * Engineering Graphics Given: P —> 40 mm above HP (p') — 30mm above VP (p) Q> in HP (q) — 25 mm above VP (p) Projectors + 60 mm apart. Construction : (1) Draw two projectors, 60 mm apart, on the xy line. (2) Draw the projections of the point P, its FV (p") is 40 mm above and TV) Ps 30mm ely line. (3) Draw the projection ofthe point Q,its FV. (q )is ony line and TV (q)is 25 mm above xyling (4) Join p', ¢ and p. g, < PROBLEM 14, A point Pis 15 mm above the HP and 20 mm in front of the VP. Another pint Qis35 mm behind the VP and 40 mm below the HP. Draw projections of Pand Q keeping the distance between their projectors equal to 90 mm. Measure the length of top vies and front view of the line PQ. [SBTE2013 ven) SOLUTION: Given: P — 15 mmabove HP (p') — 20 mm in front VP (p) i Q- 25 mm behind VP (q) — 40 mm below HP (q) Projectors -> 90 mm apart. Scanned with CamScanneryr Projection of Point * 275 Construction : (1) Draw two projectors, 90 mm apart, on the xy line (2) Draw the projections of the point P, its FV (p' )is 15 mm above HP and TV (p is 20 mm below © xy line. {) Draw the projection of the point Q, its FV)¢ (40 mm below and TV (q) is 25 mm above xy line. (4) Join p', 4 and p. 4, (5) Measure the length of p’ ¢ and pg. « PROBLEM 15. Two points A and B are in VP. The point A is 30 mm above HP while the point Bis below the HP. The distance between the projectors of A and B is 50 mm and the line joining their front view makes an angle of 45° with the reference line. Draw the projections of line AB and hence find the distance of point B below the HP. [SBTE 2013 (Odd), 2009 (A)] SOLUTION : Given, A — in VP (a) ~> 30 mm above HP (d ) B ~ in VP(b) — below HP. Projectors —> 50 mm apart. FV makes angle —> 45° with xy b Answer j-___ ____, 8, 20 mm below HP. Construction : (1) Draw two projectors, 50 mm apart, on the xy line. Q) Draw the projections of the point A, its FV (d )is 30 mm above xy and TV (a) is on the xy line. (3) Draw the projection of the point B, its TV (b) is on xy line and FV )b’ (is below xy line. (4) Through point d draw a line inclined at 45° to xy, which intersect the projector of point B at b. (5) The distance of point B from HP is obtained by measuring the distance of b' from xy line. Scanned with CamScanner276 * Engineering Graphics < PROBLEM 16, ‘Two points P and Qarein HP. The point Pis 30 mmin front of VP, While the is behind the VP. The distance between the projectors of P and Qis 70 mm line joining their top views makes an angle of 45° with the reference line, Dray projections of line PQ and hence fi find the distance of point Q behind the yp. [SBTE 2012 (Odd), 2997, ay Poineg SOLUTION : Given, P — in HP > 30mm in front VP Q > inkP — behind VP Projectors —> 70 mm apart. TV make angle —> 45° with xy Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 277 PROBLEM 17. Two points A and B are in the HP. The point A is 30 mm in front of the VP, while B is i behind VP. The distance between their projectors is 75 mm and the line joining their top view makes an angle of 45° with xy. Find the distance of the point B from the VP. ISBTE 2012 (Bven)] SOLUTION : Same as in Problem 0. 6. < PROBLEM 18. A point P is on both HP and VP. Another point Q is 35 mm above HP and 40 mm in front of VP. Draw its projection when the line joining their plans is 70 mm. Also draw and measure the line joining their elevation. SOLUTION : Given, P — in HP (p') > on VP) p( Q 35 mm above HP) q ( — 40 mm in front VP (q) Plans (TV) — 70 mm (pq) Scanned with CamScanner> 278 * Engineering Graphics -y line and 40 mm below. (3) Draw a line r4, parallel t0 as centre of length 70 mm) which. Ute (4) Through p (TV of the point P), draw an are pqp atg. (5) Through g, draw a projector and mark FV 7 ( (6) Join p' and q and measure the length of p'd’- HP and in the first quadrant. Its shortest distance f Draw the top and front views of the point. 35 mm above xy. < PROBLEM 19. A point P is 25 mm above reference line xy in 50 mm. SOLUTION : Given, P — 25mm above HP — in first quadrant S.D. > 50mm 25 Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 279 « PROBLEM 20. A point A lies in the first quadrant such that it is equidistant from both HP and VP. Its shortest distance is 70 mm Draw the projections of the point and determine its distance from HP and VP. SOLUTION: Given, A — In first quadrant ~ equidistant from both HP and VP 8.D. > 70mm 7 A\45 ‘Answer a A, 49.5 mm from HP and VP Y Construction : (1) Draw two perpendicular reference lines xy and x), such that they intersect at point o. (2) From o, draw a line of length 70 mm inclined at 45° angle, Mark the point as a”. (3) From a, draw projectors on reference lines xy and x,y to meet the lines at 0 and 0, respectively. (4) Draw an are from o intersecting x,y,. (5) Draw a line parallel to x;y, ata suitable distance. Then extend a’, to intersect the parallel line at d and a as shown in figure. (6) Measure the distance of these points from the reference line xy. Itis found to be nearly 49.5 mm. Scanned with CamScanner280 + Engineering Graphics [LE] EXERCISE | Mu tip e Choice Questions 1. The line joining the front and top views of a point is called (a) reference line (b) projector (©) connector (d) locus 2. A point lying in the VP has its FV above the xy. Its TV will be (@) onay (b) above xy (c) below xy (d) any of these 3. A point whose elevation and plan are below xy is situated in (a) first angle (b) second angle (©) third angle (d) fourth angle + A point is 40 mm in front of VP and 30 mm below the HP. Its TV will be (a) 40 mm below xy (b) 30 mm below xy (c) 40 mm above xy (d) 30 mm above xy 5. Ifboth the front and the top views of a point lie on the same side of the reference line, the point maybe situated in following angles (a) first or second (b) first or third (c) second or fourth (d) third or fourth 6. If the point is in HP and 20 mm in front of VP then its elevation lies (SBTE 2014 (Oda) (a) onxy (b) 20 mm above xy (c) 20 mm below xy (@) none of these 7. Distance of a point from VP appears in .. [SBTE 2013 (Odd), 2013 (Even)] (a) elevation (b) plan (c) both plan and elevation (d) none of these noth 8. The position of a point is above HP and behind VP, then the point will be in [SBTE 2012 (04a)) (a) 4® quadrant (b) 3 quadrant 7 (©) 2" quadrant (@) 1 quadrant a ith % ee Mom no et vi front view. Point M willbe in the 0 (@) 4" quadrant Scanned with CamScannerProjection of Point * 281 a Answers to Objective Questions 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) + (@) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) Review Questions a 1, Draw the projection of the following points on a common reference line, keeping the projectors, 25 mm apart. > — 25mm above HP and 40 mm in front of VP — 30mm above HP and 50 mm behind VP 45 mm below HP and 30 mm behind VP — 35mm below Hp and 40 mm in front of VP 40 mm above HP and on VP — 45mm below HP and on VP — on HP and 30 mm in front of VP — on HP and 35 mm behind VP — on both HP and VP 2. Indicate the positions of the following points are given in figure with respect to the plane of projection, All dimensions are marked in mm. xsmonmoow | Scanned with CamScanner282 © Engineering Graphics - 5. State the quadrants in which the following points are Hneated | A — front and top views are above xy. B_ — front view below xy and top view above y- C_ — front view above xy and top view below ty. D_— front and top views are below xy. 6. Anelectric pole is 10m high. A mighty storm bent iin such a way thal ils Up is now ata distance, jg of ts original distance from the ground. Draw the projections of the pole tip if itis 3 m from a wall og, building. 7. A point A is 30 mm above HP and is in first quadrant, Its shortest distance from xy line is 50 ry, Draw its plane and elevation. 8. Find the shortest distance of point A from the reference line xy which is 20 mm from the HP and 3p, mm from the VP. 9. A point A is above the reference line xy is the front view of two points A and B. The top view of Ais 40 behind VP. and the top view of B is 50 in front of VP. Draw the projections of the points and stae their positions relative to the planes of projection and the quadrant is which they lie. 10. Draw the projections of a point B, lying in first quadrant such that its shortest distance from the reference line ay is 50 and it is equi-distant from HP and VP. The point is 30 from PP. Draw the projections of the point and determine its distances from HP and VP. a0 Scanned with CamScanner