CHRISTIAN SAMARITAN HEALTH SERVICES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOL, INC.

✓ PUERTO CAMPUS, PUERTO NATIONAL HIGHWAY, CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

Name: Date: Score:

Instructor: Strand: section
Subject : Earth and Life Science
Topic: Earth Materials and Processes
B. Exogenic Processes and Endogenic Processes
Content Standard: The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
Geologic processes that occur on the surface of the Earth such as weathering, erosion, mass wasting,
and sedimentation (include the role of ocean basins in the formation of sedimentary rocks)
Geologic processes that occur within the Earth
2. The folding and faulting of rocks
Learning Competency: The learners shall be able to explain that
Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from. S11/12ES-Ib-14
Describe what happens after the magma is formed (plutonism and volcanism) S11/12ES-Ic-16
Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such as compression, pulling apart, and
shearing S11/12ES-Ic-19
References : Teachers Guide, Earth & Life Science: Knowing and Activity No.5 & 6
Understanding Nature, Rey Donne S. Papa, Jonathan A. Briones,
Donna May Papa, Dino T. Tordesillas
Concept Notes

Exogenic Process
- refers to activities or phenomena that occur on the earth’s surface. Rocks are naturally
exposed to different forces that affect their physical characteristics.
- wind, water, ground, organisms, and other factors influence the processes that shape the
surface of the earth.
Weathering
- the breaking or crumbling of rocks by physical, chemical, or biological means is essential for
rock cycle, soil production, and movement of materials on the earth’s surface. Reduces the size
of rocks and prepares materials for transport.
Affects the weathering process:
Different climate condition
Temperature fluctuations
Location of rocks
2 Types of Weathering:
 Mechanical Weathering
- the process of breaking down of rocks without changing their chemical composition. Changes
in temperature between day and night, and between seasons lead to constant expansion and
contraction of rocks that result in cracks or crevices in rocks.
 Chemical Weathering
- the breakdown of rocks by chemical mechanisms. This process usually involves water and
how it reacts with other substance in the rocks.
Softer rocks
- weathered easily
Harder rocks
- take more exposure time to break down.
Soil Formation

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- the mixture of different products of weathering and non-decaying organic matter known as
humus, makes up the soil. This readily movable mixture is found on the top of a stable layer of
bedrock.
Different Soil Types are identified based on a certain factors:
 Type of parent rock
 Climate
 Period of accumulation
 Elevation
 Amount of rainfall
 Other environmental variables
Soils
- categorized based on different characteristics
Soil texture
- depends on the composition of the soil mixture.
Differences in percentage of silt, clay and sand significantly affect how much water is retained
in the soil, in turn, affecting its texture.
Texture classes include clay, loam, sandy clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, clay loam, silty clay
loam, sandy loam, silt, silt loam, sand, and loamy sand.
Soil fertility
- refers to the amount of nutrients that is essential for plants to grow.
Erosion
- the amount of soil increases as weathering continues. The components of soil pile up and are
physically removed from their place. These materials are transported to different locations by
natural elements such as moving water, wind, gravity, and animals. After transportation, soil may
be eroded again or may be deposited as sediment that may eventually turn into rocks.
Agents of Erosion
- the most significant agent of erosion is running water. Accumulated rainfall and streams
carry suspended materials, dissolve substances, and roll large rock fragments at the same time.
Moving bodies of water continue these processes everyday, cutting and shaping landscapes.
Endogenic Processes
- activities or forces in the interior of the earth
- influence how the planet is shaped.
Earth’s Internal Heat
- it is believed that the Earth has been hot ever since it was formed more than the four billion years
ago.
- the process of forming the earth generated a large amount of heat when the small particles that have
attracted one another started hitting each other with great force.
- through a very long time, the high temperature eventually went down and the Earth was able to begin
sustaining life on its surface.
Radioactive Decay
- maintains the production of heat inside the earth
- the amount of heat that the planet produces is almost the same as the amount it loses, keeping the
temperature constant.
 Radioactive elements within the planet, such as uranium, polonium, radium, decay and produce heat
in the process.
Geological Processes:
 Diastrophism
- the movement of crustal plates that deform and alter surface of the earth.
- is a geological process that forms structures such as mountains, valleys and plateaus on the crust.

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  Magmatism
- a geological process by which magma is produced by partial melting of subsurface rocks.
- it originates within the mantle.
 Magma is pushed upward by pressure through vents and can reach the Earth’s surface.
 Diastophism and magmatism continously change the face of the earth.
 Deformations in the earth’s crust are caused by multidirectional forces of pressure.
Stress
- the applied force that causes the deformations.

3 Major Types of Stress:

 Tensional Stress
- provides a stretching pressure away from the central plane and results in an increase in total
volume.
 Shearing Stress
- is the pressure applied to opposite directions from a parallel central plane that results in a
significant change in the initial shape of the rock layer.
 Compressional Stress
- imposes a squeezing pressure toward a central plane and results in a decrease in total volume.

Deformation of Rocks
-The deformation may take the form of a fold or a fault. A fold is a wavelike movement that happens when rocks
are bent. A fault refers to a fracture in the crust along which displacement has occurred.
-Elastic deformation takes place when rocks are stretched like a rubber band. When this stress is removed, the
rocks return to their original size and shape. But if the elastic limit is reached, rocks will be deformed or
fractured permanently. When this happens, folding occurs changing the size and shape of rocks.
Strains
- resulting deformation from stress
Ductile or Plastic Deformation
- if the stress causes the rock layers to gradually bend or fold due to long term exposure to intense
heat and pressure.
Folds
- are wavelike plastic deformations in rock layers that are result of horizontal compressional stress.
3 Types of Folds:
 Monocline Fold
- simplest class
- involves a slight double flexure of parallel rock layer.
 Anticline Fold
- the upwarping of rock layers that results in an arch-like structure with a convex-up configuration.
 Syncline Fold
- opposite of an anticline fold
-wherein downwarping of rock layers
Brittle Deformations
- when ruptures or fractures within a rock layer are produced.
- materials in the rock move toward opposite directions from the source of the break.
Joints
- are brittle deformations where fractures are present in the rock layer, but the movement of rock
materials is not evident.
Faults
- are breaks in rock layers in which a significant movement going toward opposite directions occurs.

Types of Fault:
 Normal or Dip-slip Fault

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 - develops from the vertical tensional stress acting on opposite rock slabs, resulting in one slab that
is displaced upward and the other slab that is moved downward.
 Reverse Fault/ Thrust Fault
- is a type of fault that occurs when the compressional stress is observed among opposite rock slabs,
resulting in one slab that is displaced upward and the other slab that is moved.
 Strike-slip or Transform Fault
- horizontal movement of 2 rock layers that are parallel to each other, resulting from shearing
stress.

ACTIVITY 1:

Use the terms in the word box to answer the questions below:
Tension plate boundary
Reverse fault normal fault
Strike-slip fault deformation
Geological process

1. What is the difference between a fault and a fold?

2. What are the three types of fault? Explain and paste some printed/cut/draw pictures.
3. What are the 3 types of stress? Explain and paste some printed/cut/draw pictures.
4. What are the types of folds? Explain and paste some printed/cut/draw pictures.
5. What is magmatism? Explain and paste some printed/cut/draw pictures.

ACTIVITY 2. In a group of 3 members (choose your groupmates), do a video performing the activity
below, and answer the following questions orally that will be included in your video. (all answers will be
included in the video, I will not accept answers in a paper)

Objective: Simulate the deformation of rocks

Materials: Thick rubber band
Meterstick or foot rule or a 12 inches ruler
Procedure:
1. Get a thick rubber band.
2. Lay it on the meterstick or a foot rule or a 12 inches ruler without stretching it.
Determine its length.
3. Stretch the rubber band until its length is twice as the original.
4. Release the other end.
5. Note the length of the rubber band when you stop applying force.

(Guide table):
BEFORE STRETCHING DURING STRETCHING AFTER STRETCHING

Question:
1. What does the rubber band represent?
2. What happens to the length of the rubber band when you stretch it?
3. What happens when you stopped applying force to the rubber band?
4. What happens to the rocks underneath Earth when they are subjected to stress?
5. What happens to a rock when the elastic limit is reached?

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