WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM

OUTCOME -BASED EDUCATION

Science, Technology and Engineering (STE) Program GRADE

ELECTRONICS 10

LEARNING QUARTER 1

MODULE WEEK 8

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 0

 MODULE IN ELECTRONICS
Science, Technology and Engineering
(STE) Program

QUARTER I
WEEK 8

Electronic Components and

Measurements
&
Printed Circuit Design and
Etching Process

Development Team

Writer: Richard F. Aison

Editor: Ponciano S. Raspado

Reviewer: Hamilton C. Remigio

Management Team: Vilma D. Eda, CESO V

Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan

Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 1

 What I Need to Know

This module in Electronics contains information and suggested learning activities

that provides you understanding on the knowledge, skills and desirable attitudes required in
assembling consumer electronic products and systems.

In order to benefit much from this module, you should learn the uses of tools
according to the tasks to be undertaken. You should also be able to apply proper soldering
techniques.

Most Essential Learning Competencies

1. Discuss different electronic components and measurements.

2. Checking the condition of electronics components

3. Discuss PCB Designing and Etching Process

Learning Objectives:

1. Identify the different electronic components and its measurement.

2. Identify the conditions of different electronic components.

3. Make their own PCB design but not leading to etching procedure.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 2

 What I Know

Pre-Test
Directions: Read the statements/questions carefully. Choose the correct answer and write
the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It has the principal job to "resist" or to impede the flow of electrons within an electrical or
electronic circuit
A. capacitor B. diode
C. resistor D. transistor

2. This is used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.
A. capacitor B. diode
C. resistor D. transistor

3. What is a small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or
even computer memory.
A. capacitor B. integrated circuit
C. resistor D. transistor

4. This electronic component allows an electric current to pass in one direction.

A. capacitor B. diode
C. resistor D. transistor

5. It makes it possible to store electric energy.

A. capacitor B. diode
C. fuse D. inductor

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 3

 What’s In

Figure 1. Series and Parallel Circuits

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

In Parallel Circuit, Voltage Value is constant while in Series Circuit, the Current Value
is constant.

What’s New

Activity 1
JUMBLED WORDS
Direction: Arrange the jumbled words in a correct form. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. PACITORCA -

2. TORSISNART -

3. ODEID -

4. SISTORER -

5. DETGRAETNI IUTCRIC -

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 4

 What is It

Lesson

1 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

RESISTOR

Resistors ( R ), are the most fundamental and commonly used of all the electronic
components. There are many different types of resistors available, from very small surface
mount chip resistors up to large wirewound power resistors. The principal job of a resistor
within an electrical or electronic circuit is to "resist" or to impede the flow of
electrons.

Figure 2. Fixed Type Resistor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

Resistors are "Passive Devices", that is, they contain no source of power or
amplification but only attenuate or reduce the voltage signal passing through them. This
attenuation results in electrical energy being lost in the form of heat as the resistor resists the
flow of electrons through it.

Most resistors produce a voltage drop across themselves when electrical current
flows through them because of Ohm's Law and different values of resistance produce
different values of current or voltage. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current.
This can be very useful in electronic circuits by controlling or reducing either the current flow
or voltage produced across them.

In all Electrical and Electronic circuit diagrams and schematics, the most commonly
used symbol for a fixed value resistor is that of a "zig-zag" type line with the value of its
resistance given in Ohms, Ω. Resistors have fixed resistance values from less than one ohm,
( <1Ω ) to well over tens of millions of ohms, ( >10MΩ ) in value. Fixed resistors

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 5

 have only one single value of resistance, for example 100Ω'sbut
variable resistors (potentiometers) can provide an infinite number of resistance values
between zero and their maximum value. Standard Fixed Type Resistor Symbols

The symbol used in schematic and electrical drawings for a Resistor can either be a
"zig-zag" type line or a rectangular box.

All modern fixed value resistors can be classified into four broad groups;

Carbon Composition Resistor - Made of carbon dust or graphite paste, low

wattage values

Film or Cermet Resistor - Made from conductive metal oxide paste, very low
wattage values

Wire-wound Resistor - Metallic bodies for heatsink mounting, very high wattage
ratings

Composition Type Resistors

Carbon Resistors are the most common type of Composition Resistors. Carbon
resistors are a cheap general purpose resistor used in electrical and electronic circuits.
Their resistive element is manufactured from a mixture of finely ground carbon dust or
graphite (similar to pencil lead) and a non-conducting ceramic (clay) powder to bind it all
together.

Carbon Resistor

Figure 3. Carbon Resistor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 6
 The Carbon Composite Resistor is a low to medium type power resistor. Power
rating is from 0.25 or 1/4 of a Watt up to 5 Watts.

Carbon composite resistors are very cheap to make and are therefore commonly
used in electrical circuits. However, due to their manufacturing process carbon type resistors
have very large tolerances so for more precision and high value resistances, film type
resistors are used instead.

Film Type Resistors

The generic term "Film Resistor" consist of Metal Film, Carbon Film and Metal Oxide
Film resistor types, which are generally made by depositing pure metals, such as nickel, or
an oxide film, such as tin-oxide, onto an insulating ceramic rod or substrate.

Figure 4. Film Resistor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

Film Resistor

Film type resistors also achieve a much higher maximum ohmic value compared to other
types and values in excess of 10MΩ (10 Million Ω´s) are available.

Figure 5. Parts of Film Resistor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

Metal Film Resistors have much better temperature stability than their carbon
equivalents, lower noise and are generally better for high frequency or radio frequency
applications. Metal Oxide Resistors have better high surge current capability with a much
higher temperature rating than the equivalent metal film resistors.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 7

 Metal Film Resistors are prefixed with a "MFR" notation (eg MFR100kΩ) and a CF
for Carbon Film types. Metal film resistors power rating is 0.05 (1/20th) of a Watt up to 1/2
Watt. Generally speaking Film resistors are precision low power components.

Wire-wound Type Resistors

Another type of resistor, called a Wire-wound Resistor, is made by winding a thin

metal alloy wire (Nichrome) or similar wire onto an insulating ceramic former in the form of a
spiral helix similar to the film resistor above. These types of resistors are generally only
available in very low ohmic high precision values (from 0.01 to 100kΩ) due to the gauge of
the wire and number of turns possible on the former making them ideal for use in measuring
circuits and Whetstone bridge type applications.

They are also able to handle much higher electrical currents than other resistors of
the same ohmic value with power ratings in excess of 300 Watts. These high power resistors
are moulded or pressed into an aluminum heat sink body with fins attached to increase their
overall surface area to promote heat loss and cooling. These types of resistors are called
"Chassis Mounted Resistors". They are designed to be physically mounted onto heatsinks or
metal plates to further dissipate the generated heat increasing their current carrying
capabilities even further.

Figure 6. Wire-wound Resistor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

Wire-wound Resistor

Figure 7. Parts of Wire-wound Resistor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 8

 Wirewound resistor types are prefixed with a "WH" or "W" notation (eg WH10Ω)
and are available in the WH aluminium cladded package with power ratings from 1W to
300W or more.

Variable Resistor

Figure 8. Types of Variable Resistor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

Variable resistors or potentiometers are used in many areas of electronics. They are
used for volume and gain controls as well as a variety of other applications. Preset variable
resistors or potentiometers are also used in circuits that need a small adjustment to be made
to set the circuit up after manufacture.

For convenience variable resistors are made by having a fixed resistor with a
variable tapping point. As a result of this arrangement these devices are often called
potentiometers or "pots" for short. Here the potentiometer consisted of a length of resistance
wire with a tapping point that could be moved along the wire - the same configuration as that
used in these variable resistors.

As shown in the diagram below, a variable resistor consists of a track which provides
the resistance path. Two terminals of the device are connected to both the ends of the track.
The third terminal is connected to a wiper that decides the motion of the track. The motion of
the wiper through the track helps in increasing and decreasing the resistance.

The track is usually made of a mixture of ceramic and metal or can be made of
carbon as well. As a resistive material is needed, carbon film type variable resistors are
mostly used. They find applications in radio receiver circuits, audio amplifier circuits and TV
receivers.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 9

 A track made in a straight path is called a slider. As the position of a slider cannot be
seen or confirmed according to the adjustment of resistance, a stopping mechanism is
usually included to prevent the hazards caused due to over rotation.

There are two major types:

Figure 9. Parts of Potentiometer

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

1. Rotary: The most common form of variable resistor or potentiometer is a rotary

version. This version of potentiometer uses a rotary motion to move the slider around a
track that compromises most of a circle, with contacts at either end of the track in the
area where part of the circle is missing. This form is widely used with knobs on a spindle
for the actual control, and they are found in many applications from providing
adjustments on test equipment through to being used for volume controls on domestic
radios.

Figure 10. Rotary Type of Potentiometer

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

2. Slider: Slider controls are those variable resistors that slide in a linear fashion, i.e. in a
straight line. These controls take up more front panel space, but are much easier to use
under some circumstances. For example they are widely used for audio mixers and
lighting desks. The advantage of sliders is that it is easier to control them quite precisely
and compare the relative positions of a number of sliders. It is also possible to control a
number of sliders together.

Figure 11. Rotary Type of Potentiometer

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

Other Electronic Components

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 10

 CAPACITOR

A device that consists essentially of two conducting surfaces separated by a dielectric

material like air, paper, mica, ceramic, glass, or Mylar. It makes it possible to store electric
energy. Electrons are detained within a capacitor. This, in effect, is stored electricity. The
component is designed intentionally to have a definite amount of capacitance. This
capacitance is a property that exists whenever insulating material permits the storage of
electricity. It is measured in Farad (F) micro Farad (μF), nano Farad (nF), and picoFarad
(pF).
Characteristics of Capacitor:

1. It can store electric charge even though the voltage source is already disconnected.
2.It can discharge electrical voltages.

Fixed type capacitor

Electrolytic Tantalum Mica

Figure 12. Types of Capacitor
Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

Variable capacitor used as tuning capacitor for radio receivers

Figure 13. Variable Capacitor

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 11

 Symbols of Capacitor

Figure 14. Symbols of Capacitor

Source: IA-DIODE
Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric transfer

characteristic, with low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high
(ideally infinite) resistance in the other. It is a semiconductor device.

1. Semiconductor Diodes

Figure 15. Semiconductor Diodes with symbols

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one
direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction
(the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check
valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating
current to direct current, these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

TRANSISTOR

A semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection
to an external circuit.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 12

 NPN PNP

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (IC)

Figure 16. Different Types of Transistor
An integrated circuit, or Source:
IC, is small chip that
IA- Electronics LM can function
Grade 7 & 8 as an amplifier, oscillator,
timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. An IC is a small wafer, usually made of
silicon, that can hold anywhere from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and
capacitors. These extremely small electronics can perform calculations and store data.

Figure 16. Integrated Circuit

Source: IA- Electronics LM Grade 7 & 8

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 13

 Lesson ACTUAL BASIC ELECTRONIC

2 COMPONENT TEST USING MULTI-

TESTER

WARNING:

When testing of electronic equipment there are several precautions you must take.

1. Make sure the equipment is disconnected from any form of power supply, this includes,
but not limited to, power sockets from walls and batteries

2. Be aware that devices such as television, microwaves and so on, contain components
which can hold enough electrical current to stop a human heart after it has been removed
from a power supply. So if you don’t know what it is, don’t touch it. If you do, take extra
precautions, even the experienced ones may die with a simple mistake.

3. Electrical current can damage your testing equipment when used improperly. So always
make sure that your testing equipment, is set to the correct testing mode, voltage and
amp settings. Most importantly, make sure that your testing equipment is the correct
equipment for the job. Remove electronic components to be tested from the circuit board
in testing resistance.

Figure 17. Proper Handling of Test Probe in Testing Electronic Components

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 14

 TESTING RESISTORS

Figure 18. Testing Resistor

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

1. Read the indicted color code on the resistor. If the resistor can’t be read due to
discoloration on burnt body, replace it with the same resistance and wattage as
schematic diagram illustrates.

2. Calibrate the ohmmeter.

3. Set the multi-tester to ohmmeter range: x1, x10, x1K, x10K, etc., depending on the
resistance value. Probably higher ranges first until you have clear reading.

4. Place the test probe to the two terminal lead of the resistor as shown above. Don’t touch
the both test probe lead simultaneously while testing. But holding just one test probe lead
is OK.

Good Resistor
The meter reading should be close to the rated value of the resistor depending on the
tolerance of the resistor.

Defective Resistor
1. The tester pointer does not deflect at all The Resistor is OPEN.

2. The resistance reading has big difference to the resistor rated value. The resistor is OUT
OF TOLERANCE.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 15

 TESTING CAPACITORS

If you don’t have the correct equipment for testing a capacitor, here is a simple way
to do it. Most capacitors rarely become damaged, and when they do you may notice the
following physical features; arcing or burning at the insulator, the presence of what looks like
an oily film on top of the capacitor or under it. An oily kind of smell is also a positive sign that
it may be defective. The last possible physical indication is the easiest to spot, any bulging
on the capacitor means that it either has broken down or is in the process of breaking down,
which means that it needs to be replaced.

1. Discharge the energy stored to capacitor by sorting the two terminal lead momentarily.
2. Set the multi-tester ohmmeter range

Capacitance Range
0.01µF to 1µF x10K
1µF to 47µF x1K
47µF to 1000µF x10
1000µF and above x1

3. Connect the positive probe to the capacitor negative lead and the negative probe to
capacitor positive lead, as shown below.

Figure 19. Testing Capacitor

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Good Capacitor
The tester pointer will deflect, and then move back to its initial position.

Defective Capacitor
1. The tester pointer won’t deflect at all. The capacitor is OPEN.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 16

2. The tester pointer will rest on the 0 ohm scale. The capacitor is SHORTED.

3. The tester pointer deflects toward the right position but does not return to its initial position
or remains stationary. The capacitor is LEAKY. See illustration below.

Figure 20. Testing Capacitor

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

TESTING POTENTIOMETERS

The most common defects of potentiometers are improper contact of the rotating
shaft or sliding arm that result to uncontrolled resistance and sudden change in resistance
when rotating the knob.

1. Set ohmmeter range in appropriate settings.

2. Connect the probes in the exterior terminals of the potentiometer as shown below. The
measured resistance is the rated resistance of the potentiometer even when rotating the
shaft. It will not deflect the pointer.

Figure 21. Testing Potentiometer

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

3. Rotate first the potentiometer knob full counter-clockwise. Connect one of the probes in
the middle of the potentiometer (as shown below). The meter reading must be at zero-
ohm resistance.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 17

 Adjust the potentiometer knob gradually again in clockwise direction without
removing the probe. The pointer deflects gradually until the rated resistance of
potentiometer is achieved.

Figure 22. Testing Potentiometer

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Defective Potentiometer
1. The tester pointer won’t deflect at all (step no. 2 and 3). The resistive element of a
potentiometer is OPEN.
2. The tester pointer suddenly deflects in gradual adjustment. The wiper contact is already
defective. Clean the potentiometer contact. 70% alcohol may help.

TESTING DIODE

As with most electronic components, physical damage is the first sign to look for in a
diode. Some good signs of a damaged diode are: a burned cracked diode, a spot that looks
like a blister (like a small cigarette burn sometimes.) Some diodes will even be split in two.
You can also look for a burnt smell coming from the diode. This is a nasty smell, you can’t
miss it. If there are no physical signs, you will have to test it. If your multi-meter has diode
testing mode then this will be very easy.

1. Set the ohmmeter range in x1 or x10. Connect positive probes of the tester to the anode
(A) of the diode and negative probe to the cathode (K) of diode. It should be no deflection
or infinite resistance, as shown below.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 18

 Figure 23. Testing Diode
Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)
2. Reverse the test probe. Connect the positive probe to cathode (K) and negative probe to
anode (A). The tester should deflect but not rest at zero ohm as illustrated below.

Figure 24. Testing Diode

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Defective Diode
1. The tester pointer won’t deflect even the probe is reverse. The diode is OPEN.
2. The resistance reading deflects and measures the same in both directions. The diode is
SHORTED.

Why does the pointer deflect by connecting the positive probe to cathode and negative
probe to anode? Is it reverse bias? Look at the figure below.

The positive probe

connected to the negative
of the 3-Volt battery inside
the multi-tester in
ohmmeter range (full
current in x1 ohm range)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 19

 Figure 25. Forward Bias
TESTING
Source: Simple LED
Electronics (Basic)

Do the same steps as that of the diode. But instead of monitoring the pointer of the
tester, the LED itself can be used as tester by connecting the positive probe of the tester
to the negative terminal lead of the LED. (x1 ohm setting). If the light glows, obviously the
LED is OK, if it doesn’t, the LED is defective. (Make sure that the Multi-tester and battery
are in good condition).

Testing LED using multi-tester

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 20

 Testing LED using 9-Volt Battery

LED GLOW only if the

bias is forward

Figure 26. Testing a Light Emitting Diode

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

TESTING SEVEN-SEGMENT LED

Remember that each segment of seven-segment is a LED. So do the same

procedures and settings in testing seven-segment LED, but determine first if the it is
COMMON ANODE or COMMON CATHODE. Actually, it’s not hard to determine the
common cathode or anode of the seven-segment but do trial and error to find this out.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 21

 Figure 27. Testing a Seven Segment - Light Emitting Diode
TESTINGSource: Simple Electronics
BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR(Basic)

Of all the components we have tested until this point, the transistor is one of the most
complicated. Like all of the previous components we have tested, there are some physical
signs to look for in a transistor which will indicate if it needs to be replaced. Some signs are a
crack on the body of the transistor (can be hard to spot at times), a burn transistor
(sometimes so burnt it just falls apart, if it looks burnt don’t touch it, Try to read the number
on its first), a blister (looks like a cigarette burn), or any other sign such as a burnt smell.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 22

 There are several things which make testing a transistor complicated. Is the
transistor NPN or PNP? If you know wat it is, it will make the test a lot easier, otherwise, you
need some extra steps to do. The only way you can do it is by trial and error. Here are some
steps in finding out the transistor terminal and types.

Set the Ohmmeter range in x1 or x10 ohm

Figure 27. Testing Transistor

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 23

 Figure 28. Testing Transistor
Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

If your test acts the same as the illustration, the transistor is probably NPN and the
base is at the middle of the three terminal leads of the transistor. Why?

Observe the steps on by one.

1 Connect the probe to any terminal lead of the transistor. As an example, we

connected the probe to the first and second terminal lead. If no deflection occurs
when connecting a positive probe to the middle of transistor lead and negative
probe to the left side of a transistor, try interchanging the connection. If deflection
occurs, reverse the polarity of the probe like in step 2. If the pointer deflects like in
step 2, remember the probe where you are testing. Make varying test on each
transistor terminal until the deflection occurs.

The pointer deflects in this set-up. Take note of the test probe. You now have a
2
suspect that the first and middle terminal of the transistor is the base. However, you
still don’t know the transistor configuration.

Move the positive probe from the first terminal to the third terminal, but leave the
3
negative probe pointed at the middle of transistor terminal. If the pointer deflects,
you may now conclude that the middle terminal of the transistor is the base and the
transistor is the NPN (Reverse in PNP, the positive probe to the base respect to the
two terminals), because th negative test probe (positive of the battery) is use as
input voltage source to operate the transistor (proven by step 2 and 3). As
4 illustrated.

5 This test is just to prove that the middle terminal is the base and a NPN. There
should be no deflection in this setup. If It deflects, the transistor is shorted. (for
NPN only).
6

You have now identified the types of transistor and the location of the base. The next
step is to find the emitter and collector.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 24

 Figure 29. Testing Transistor
Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Set the ohmmeter range in x10K, then connect the positive probe to the
7
transistor base (middle terminal of the transistor) and the negative probe to
the first terminal of the transistor. Take note of the pointer deflection. Now, transfer
the negative probe from first terminal to the third terminal of the transistor while the
8 positive probe remains in the middle (base). Compare the two deflections on step 7
and 8. The higher resistance (slight deflection) is the collector (step 8). And the lower
resistance is the emitter (step 7).

Figure 30. TO-92 Transistor

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Therefore, in the result of our test, the transistor is NPN. The first terminal of the
transistor is an emitter, second is base and third is a collector. Take note that this is only an
example. Not all transistors have this kind of configuration.
In testing PNP transistor, do the same procedure but reverse the polarity of the test
probe.

Defective Transistor

1. Two terminals of the transistor reads the same resistance (almost zero ohm reading) in
both direction (step 1 and 4), the transistor is SHORTED.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 25

2. The tester pointer does not deflect in base to emitter or base to collector (step 2 and 3),
the transistor is OPEN.

TESTING SCR
SCR may also be tested in a ohmmeter. Like in transistor testing, you will go through
trial and error if you do not know the Anode (A), cathode (K) and Gate (G) of SCR.

Figure 31. TO-202 Transistor

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Figure 32. Setting Ohmmeter in x1 ohm

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 26

 Figure 33 . Step 4 & 5 of Setting Ohmmeter in x1 ohm
Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Procedure

Set the ohmmeter in x1 ohm. Connect the positive test probe to the first terminal
1 (cathode) and the negative test probe to the second terminal (anode) of the
SCR. The tester pointer should not deflect. As discussed in the previous lesson, the
anode and cathode of SCR conduct only if positive voltage is applied to the gate
terminal.

Short the second (anode) and third (gate) terminal of SCR with the negative test
2 probe while the positive probe remains on the first terminal. The pointer
should deflect. In this case, the gate supplies positive voltage to conduct the cathode
and anode.

Try to remove the negative probe from the third (gate) of the SCR. The pointer will
3
remain in its position as in step 2. It is because of the ability of SCR that once the
gate applies voltage, it cannot be controlled even after disconnecting the gate
positive voltage source
4
This set-up proves that the SCR is not defective. If the pointer deflects in this set-up,
the SCR is defective.
5

Defective SCR
1. The pointer deflects on step 1,4 and 5, the SCR is Shorted.
2. The pointer did not deflect on step 2, the SCR is Open.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 27

 TESTING TRIAC

A Triac is similar triac but this is bidirectional. This is equivalent to two

SCRs connected back to back.

Figure 34. Typical Packaging and Terminal Configuration

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Figure 35. Steps in Testing a Triac

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 28

 Procedure

Set the ohmmeter in x1 ohm. Attach the negative probe to MT2 and positive
1
probe to MT1 of the triac as illustrated. The pointer should not deflect.

Short the second (MT2) and third (gate) terminal of triac with the negative test probe
2 while the positive remains on the first terminal. The pointer should deflect. In
this case, the gate voltage applies voltage to conduct the MT1 and MT2.

Try to remove the negative probe from the third terminal (gate) of the triac
3
because like SCR, once the gate applies voltage, you cannot control the triac
even after disconnecting the gate voltage source. The pointer remains in the position
as in step 2.

4 This set-up proves that the SCR is not defective. If the pointer deflects in the
set-up, the SCR s defective.

Note:
This test procedure is almost the same as SCR. The only difference that must be
noted is that triac will conduct in both polarity.

TESTING TRANSFORMER

A Transformer is checked for continuity just like a wire.

Figure 36. Steps in Testing the Primary of the Transformer

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 29

 Attach the test probes (any direction) to the terminal of the primary transformer. The
pointer should deflect.

Figure 37. Steps in Attach

Testing the Secondary of the Transformer
the Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

secondary transformer. The pointer should deflect.

Defective Transformer

1. The resistance of the primary or secondary winding is very low that the pointer almost
rests at zero ohm, the transformer winding is SHORTED.
2. The resistance of the primary and secondary winding is very high that the pointer does not
deflect (infinite resistance). The transformer winding is OPEN.

You can also test the transformer by measuring voltage at the secondary winding.

TESTING LOUDSPEAKER

Testing speaker is also similar to testing a transformer because of its similar

materials use.

Figure 38. Testing Speaker using Ohmmeter

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 30
 Figure 39. Testing Speaker using Battery
Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

Set the ohmmeter in a x1 ohm. Attach the positive probe to the negative terminal of
1
speaker and negative probe to positive terminal. As illustrated.

There are two indications:

1. The reading could be either 4 ohms or 8 ohms depending on thhe rated
impedance of the speaker.

2. You can hear scratchy sound because the battery inside the tester supplies the
speaker that causes to produce scratchy sounds.

If you don’t have a multi-tester, you can also test the speaker with a battery. By
2 connecting the battery terminals to corresponding polarity of the speaker. As
illustrated. You can also hear scratchy sounds. If you can’t hear anything, the
speaker is defective. (the battery fully charge).

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 31

 Lesson

3 PCB DESIGN AND ETCHING PROCESS

Printed Circuit Board

The circuit board is one of the 19th century’s greatest electrical products to come out. It
introduced smaller, faster (etching process), cheaper models. This of course refers to the
time it takes to produce a product out of wires and other electrical components. A Printed
Circuit Board (PCB) is a baseboard upon which electronic components are mounted and
soldered, see the picture below.

PCB

Figure 40. Printed Circuit Board

Source: [email protected]

PCB where electronic components mounted

Figure 41. Printed Circuit Board Sections

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

PCB Cross Section

Substrate- Consist of thin copper layer which is firmly bonded to an insulating base material.
This is the side where the electronic components are placed. Substrate side is
also called components side.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 32

Copper- A conductor where the components terminal lead are soldered. Also called solder
side.
PCB DESIGNING

The first thing to consider before designing a PCB is, you must prepare or construct a
schematic diagram according to your design. Let us use the schematic diagram below as an
example.

Figure 42. Sample Schematic Diagram

Source: [email protected]

Using Ordinary PCB

1. Prepare your tools and materials.

a. PCB
b. Ferric Chloride (liquid)
c. Reflectorize Sticker
d. Blade Cutter
e. Pencil and ball pen
f. Ruler
g. Plastic Tray
h. Mini Drill with drill cut (0.8mm typically) with adaptor
(+12V DC Supply)
i. Cross sectional paper (optional)

Figure 43. Printed Circuit Board Figure 44. Ferric Chloride Acid
Source: [email protected] Source: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 33

 Figure 45. Masking Tape Figure 49. Blade Cutter
Source: [email protected] Source: [email protected]

Figure 46. +12V DC Adaptor Figure 50. Mini-Drill

Source: [email protected] Source: [email protected]

Figure 47. Carbon Paper Figure 51. Plastic Tray

Source: [email protected] Source: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 34

2. Measure
Figurethe
48. PCB size inSticker
Reflectorize proportion to your design, Mark it with a pencil. Cut the
Source:PCB
measured [email protected]
with the blade cutter.

Figure 52. Step 2

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

3. Attach the reflectorize sticker on the copper side (solder side) of the PCB, not on the
substrate side (component side). Used white reflectorize sticker.

Figure 53. Step 3

Source: [email protected]

4. Put a carbon paper on the top of the copper side of a printed circuit board (PCB).

Figure 54. Steps in putting a Carbon Paper on a Printed Circuit Board

Source: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 35

5. Place your circuit design on the top of the carbon paper placed on the PCB. Use a
masking tape to fasten your circuit design into the PCB.
.

Figure 55. Steps in putting a Circuit Design on a Printed Circuit Board

Source: [email protected]

Figure 56. Importance of Terminal Distance

Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

6. Trace and shade your circuit design so that it can be copied on the PCB.

Figure 57. PCB with Circuit Design

Source: [email protected]
7. Remove your circuit design out of the PCB to visualize your design copied on it.
Copper Side

The drawn pattern is

The unshaded area is the etch resistance
portion to be etched, and the
shaded area is the portion that
should remain Etch resist is typically the
material or chemical that
protects from the etching
solution.

Figure 58. PCB with Circuit Design

Source: [email protected]
WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 36
8. Cut and remove the unshaded sticker. The darker portion must remain on the PCB.

Leave the shaded portion

Solder Side Solder Side

Peel-off the
unshaded
reflectorize sticker

Copper Etch-resist

Substrate

Figure 59. PCB Cross Sectional View

Source: [email protected]

9. When you are satisfied with the outline of the circuit of the circuit pour the etching solution
(ferric chloride) in a plastic or glass dish approximately ¾ inch high so there is sufficient
liquid on the bowl to dissolve the copper skin. Now place the circuit board in the dish and
oscillate for approximately 20 minute or until all the unwanted copper is dissolved. Shake the
container slightly to dissolve the copper faster. Ferric chloride is a chemical that eliminates
copper in the PCB.

Ferric Chloride PCB

Figure 60. PCB with Ferric Chloride

Source: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 37

After the etching process completed, the PCB cross section looks like this.
Etch-resist
Copper

Figure 61. PCB Cross Sectional View (Etched PCB)

Source: [email protected]

10. When the unwanted copper dissolves, clean up the board. Place it under water and
scrub for 2 minutes to stop the chemical reaction.

11. Drilling with 0.8 mm drill bits can be a bit tricky as it is easy to break the drill bits. Always
hold the drill straight (perpendicular to the PCB) and do not bend it when the hole has
started. Putting a soft block of wood under the PCB provides a good base to drill into.

a. Dry off the board using cloth.

b. Use 0.8 mm PCB drill bit drill out all of the components holes
c. Some 1 mm holes may need to be made for connectors, 3mm for corner fixings.

Figure 62. Drilling a PCB Figure 63. Drilling a PCB

Source: [email protected] Source: Simple Electronics (Basic)

12. Peel the reflectorized sticker off and take fine grit sand paper and scrub the PCB copper
to remove the dirt.

Copper

Substrate
Figure 65. PCB Cross Sectional View
Source: [email protected]
Figure 64. Drilling a PCB
Source: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 38

13. Inspect your PCB of any defect. The usual damages are hair-line crack in the copper and
a half-line short-circuiting path between adjacent foil pattern tracks. These defects can easily
be spotted by placing the PCB in front o a lamp with the component side facing the lamp.

Figure 66. Inspecting PCB for any Defect

Source: [email protected]

Figure 67. Inspecting PCB for any Defect

Source Simple Electronics (Basic)

Apply plastic varnish on the PCB copper to protect from corrosion. (Optional)

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 39

 OUR PCB FINISHED DESIGN

Figure 68. PCB with reflectorized Sticker Figure 69. PCB without reflectorized Sticker
Source: [email protected] Source: [email protected]

Figure 71. PCB with holes

Source: [email protected]

Figure 70. PCB with the materials needed Figure 71. Soldering the Components on
Source: [email protected] the Copper Side of the PCB
Source: [email protected]

Figure 72. Cutting the excess wire of the Electronic Figure 73. Checking the Functionality of the Project
Components using a side cutter Source: [email protected]
Source: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 40

 What’s More

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

Direction: Look for the words intended for different electronic components. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

W E T Y U I O P L K J H G F T D S A Z X C
L K P O T E N T I O M E T E R U T Y O I V
C V B N R M L K J H G F D S A A W E R T Y
O I U Y A T R E W A S D F G N H Y R U I P
M N B V N W A Z X F T Y H U S P E A K E R
J H Y T S B N M E R U I O R F N G D F S E
Y R H E I T Y U I O N V F D O S X D V T E
P O R E S I S T O R I U Y T R R E W Q A S
E R T Y T U I O N H F D S C M V E J U Y T
N B H Y O T E R S D F G J K E R E T Y U I
P I Y T R R E W S X C V B N R U I T R N B
I O N M G H J K Y U I O T R E N V D H I L

What I Have Learned

It is necessary to familiarize ourselves with all the electronic components including its
way of measuring its value and conditions so that we will be able to make our own functional
innovations including the knowledge of making your personal design of the printed circuit
board needed.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 41

 What I Can Do

I. CREATIVE CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE TEST ITEM (100 Points)

LEARNING COMPETENCY: Discuss PCB Designing and Etching Process

OBJECTIVE: Make their own PCB design but not leading to etching procedure.

SITUATION: Chadz wanted to familiarize himself with PCB Designing and Etching Process,
he wanted you to make your own PCB design but not leading to etching
procedure so out of the schematic diagram below, make your own design
applying almost all of the procedures provided on our discussion but ends on
step 8 applying safety precautions as well as provided by the actual distance of
every component.

Actual Distance per Component’s

Terminal:

Source: 1 cm
Push Button Switch: 3 mm
Light Emitting Diode: 5 mm
Resistor: 1 cm

Rubrics for Making Printed Circuit Board Design

5 4 3 2 1
OUTSTANDING SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING MISSING RATING
CRITERIA
WORKMANSHIP Follows Follows Follows Does not No Attempt
80% Schematic Schematic Schematic follow
Diagram, Diagram, Diagram but Schematic
includes includes not neat or Diagram,
details, very detail, very lacks of very little
neat, neat. details. detail, not
professional neat.
layout.
SPEED Work Work done on Work done Work done No
20% properly time. closed to the beyond the performance
done and given time. given time.
finished
ahead of
time.
TOTAL:

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 42

 Assessment

MATCHING TYPE

Direction: Match the tools with its function. Choose the correct answer and write the letter of
your choice on a separate sheet of paper.

_______1. Capacitor a. It has the principal job to "resist" or to impede the

flow of electrons

_______ 2. Diode b. It makes it possible to store electric energy.

_______ 3. Integrated Circuit c. This is used to amplify and switch electronic signals
and electrical power.

_______ 4. Resistor d. This electronic component allows an electric current

to pass in one direction.

_______ 5. Transistor e. It is a small chip that can function as an amplifier,

oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even computer

memory.

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 43

 Answer Key

PRE-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY 1 POST-ASSESSMENT

1. C 1. CAPACITOR 1. B
2. D 2. TRANSISTOR 2. D
3. C 3. DIODE 3. E
4. B 4. RESISTOR 4. A
5. A 5. INTEGRATED CIRCUIT 5. C

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

W E T Y U I O P L K J H G F T D S A Z X C
L K P O T E N T I O M E T E R U T Y O I V
C V B N R M L K J H G F D S A A W E R T Y
O I U Y A T R E W A S D F G N H Y R U I P
M N B V N W A Z X F T Y H U S P E A K E R
J H Y T S B N M E R U I O R F N G D F S E
Y R H E I T Y U I O N V F D O S X D V T E
P O R E S I S T O R I U Y T R R E W Q A S
E R T Y T U I O N H F D S C M V E J U Y T
N B H Y O T E R S D F G J K E R E T Y U I
P I Y T R R E W S X C V B N R U I T R N B
I O N M G H J K Y U I O T R E N V D H I L

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 44

References

Enriquez, Michael Q., Gantalao, Fred T., Lasala, Rommel M. Simple Electronics (Basic),
pp11-25, Andres Mountain Printers: 2004

Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). “Consumer Electronics

Servicing II”. Accessed October 8, 2012. http://www.tesda.gov.ph/inc/files/Consumer
%20Electronics%20Servicing%20NC%2 0II.doc.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City

Curriculum Implementation Division
Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900
Contact Number: (077)-771-3678
Email Address: [email protected]

WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module Electronics (Grade 10) 45