Chapter 2

Atoms, Molecules,
and Ions
 Chapter 2
Table of Contents

2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

2.6 Molecules and Ions
2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

▪ An atom is the basic unit of an element

The atom contains:
▪ Electrons – found outside the
nucleus; negatively charged.
▪ Protons – found in the
nucleus; positive charge equal
electrons
in magnitude to the electron’s
negative charge. shells
▪ Neutrons – found in the
nucleus; no charge; virtually
nucleus
same mass as a proton.

Simplified structure of an atom

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
• The nucleus is:
▪ Small compared with the overall size of the atom.
▪ Extremely dense; accounts for almost all of the
atom’s mass.
Particle found Mass (kg) Charge (C) Charge
Proton (P+) Part of 1.67 x10-27 +1.6 × 10-19 +1
nucleus
Neutron (n) Part of 1.67 x10-27 none none
nucleus
Electron (e-) Outside 9.11x10-31 -1.6 × 10-19 -1
nucleus (small)

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Nuclear Atom Viewed in Cross Section
• Volume of atom: volume occupied by electrons
• Mass of atom: mass of the nucleus
• Number of protons determine which atom is which, e.g.
an atom of sodium always has 11 protons

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Atomic symbol : The chemical symbol of an atom.
If X is an atomic symbol for a hypothetical
element
The atomic number is Z
The mass number is A
Then the element can be written as:
Mass number (A) = sum of
numbers of protons and neutrons
A = P+ + n

atomic numbers (Z) = number of

protons : Z = P+
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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

▪ The atomic number (Z) of each element is given in the

periodic table of elements.
▪ An element is identified by its atomic number Z
(number of protons )
▪ All atoms in the periodic table are arranged in order of
increasing atomic number.
▪ All atoms of a given element have the same number of
protons
▪ An electrically neutral atom has the same number of
protons and electrons (P+ = e-)

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Example: Find the missing values in the following table

Element Atomic Mass No. of No. of No. of

number (Z) number (A) electrons protons neutrons
11 23 11 11 12

17 17

31 15

92 92

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Isotopes
• Atoms with the same number of protons but
different numbers of neutrons.
• Show almost identical chemical properties; chemistry of
atom is due to its electrons.
• In nature most elements contain mixtures of isotopes.

e.g. Isotopes of oxygen

O - 16 Oxygen sixteen
O - 17 Oxygen seventeen
O -18 Oxygen eighteen
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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction

Two Isotopes of Sodium

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 Section 2.5
The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction
Exercise

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Most matter is composed of molecules or ions formed by
atoms.
compounds
Made up of Made up of

molecules ions
an aggregate of at least two Cations
atoms in a definite arrangement (metal or Anions
held together by chemical forces polyatomic) (monatomic or
(electrically neutral) eg. K+, polyatomic) eg.
Mn2+, NH4+ Cl-, O2-, SO42-.
atoms of the atoms of two or
same element eg. more elements NaCl
H2, O2, N2 joined in a fixed K2CO3
(diatomic) ratio. eg. H2O, MgSO4
Not a compound ClO2, NF3 FeCl3
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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Molecules
A collection of atoms to result an electrically
neutral assembly through covalent chemical bond.

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Neutral atoms have the same number of protons and
electrons. eg. He, C, K and Br.
Some elements have tendency to lose one or more electrons
to form ions

Loss of electrons turns the neutral atom to a positive ion

called a Cation
10 e-
12 e- 12 P+
12 P+

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions

Other atoms have tendency to gain one or more electrons

to form ions

A negative ion (anion) will form when the net charge is

negative
8 e- 10 e-
8 P+ 8 P+

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Exercise: Find the missing values in the following table
Chemical symbol Mass # of # of # of Net
name number protons neutrons electrons charge

15 16 0
80 36 -2
0 0 +1
1 2 -1
108 47 46
Arsenic-75

15 16 -3 Return to TOC

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Chemical Atomic Number of Number of charge Chemical name
symbol number neutrons electrons
1 Te2- 52
2 Mg2+ 12 Magnesium ion
3 Se2- 36 -2
4 Kr 36 0
5 Rb+ +1
6 Ag+ 47 Silver ion
7 40Ar 18
8 18 +2
9 18 -2
10 2 1 0
11 50 48
12 Mo4+ 42
13 24Na 11
14 0 2 -1
15 32 0 Return to TOC

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions

Exercise

A certain isotope X+ contains 54 electrons and

78 neutrons.

• What is the mass number of this isotope?

133

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Chemical Bonds
The forces that hold atoms together in compounds are
called chemical bonds.

Two types of chemical bonds:

1) Ionic Bonds
▪ Bonds form due to force of attraction between
oppositely charged ions.
▪ Ion – atom or group of atoms that has a net
positive or negative charge.
▪ Cation – positive ion; lost electron(s).
▪ Anion – negative ion; gained electron(s). Return to TOC

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Ions can be :
• Monatomic ions: consists of only one atom
e.g. Na+ , Cu2+, Al3+, P3-, Zn2+ , Cl- , Ag+, Sr2+, N3- , O2-
• Polyatomic ions: consists of two or more atoms
e.g. NH4+ , H3O+, NO3- , MnO4- , CH3COO-, ClO4- , N3-, SCN-
Hg22+ , SO42-, Cr2O72-, C2O42-, O22-
PO43-

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions
Chemical Bonds
2) Covalent Bonds
▪ Bonds formed between atoms by sharing electrons.
▪ Resulting collection of atoms is called a molecule.
▪ Molecules doesn’t have charge (net charge = 0)
▪ This type of bonding forms molecular compounds
or covalent compounds

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 Section 2.6
Molecules and Ions

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 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table
Is a chart which shows the arrangement of the elements
in rows (periods) and columns (groups or families)
Highlighting regular repetition of (or similar) properties.
PERIODS: horizontal rows, the atomic number increases
by one from an element to the next element
Period 1 : H and He
Period 2: Li → Ne
Period 3: Na → Ar
Period 4 : K → Kr
Period 5 : Rb → Xe
Period 6: Cs→ Rn
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 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table
GROUPS:
▪ Vertical columns
▪ Elements in the same group have
similar chemical properties
e.g.
Group 1 (IA) : (Li → Fr ) Alkali metals
Group 2 (IIA) : (Be → Ra ) Alkaline earth elements
Group 17 (VIIA) : (F → Uus) Halogens
Group 18 (VIIIA) : (He → Uuo) Noble gases
In the periodic table there are broad classes of elements:
▪ Metals Semimetals or metalloids
▪ Nonmetals
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 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table
Noble gases
Alkaline earth halogens
Alkali metals
metals chalcogens
Group 12 metals
1

3
4
PERIODS

5
6

lanthanides

actinides Inner transition metals Return to TOC

 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table

Groups or Families
• Table of common charges formed when
creating ionic compounds.

Group or Family Charge

Alkali Metals (1) 1+
Alkaline Earth Metals (2) 2+
Halogens (17) 1–
Noble Gases (18) 0

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 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table
Classes of elements in the periodic table

Metals semimetals nonmetals

✓ Main- group metals Period 2: B Group IVA: C
Group IA Period 3: Si Group VA: N & P
Group IIA Period 4: Ge , As Group VIA : O , S & Se
Group IIIA : (Al → Tl) Period 5: Sb, Te Group VIIA: (F → Uus)
Group IVA: (Sn & Pb) Period 6: (Po , At) Group VIIIA: (He → Uuo)
Group VA: Bi
Group VIA : Po
✓ Transition metals
✓ Group 12 metals
✓ Inner transition metals
(lanthanides and actinides)
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 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table
Properties of metals
Physical properties:

Electrical Thermal ductility Malleability Lustrous

conductivity conductivity
Chemical properties:
Reducing agents in oxidation reduction (redox) reactions
with nonmetals
They lose electrons and reduce nonmetals
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 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table
Properties of nonmetals:
Physical properties:
▪ Not metallic (not ductile,
not malleable, etc)
▪ Their solids tend to be brittle
(e.g graphite)
Chemical properties:
• They tend to gain electrons (oxidizing agent).
• Often bond to each other forming covalent bonds.
Semimetals or metalloids:
Have properties which are intermediate between those
of metals and nonmetals : B , Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te , (Po, At)
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 Section 2.7
An Introduction to the Periodic Table

Memorize all the shaded elements

(the symbol and the name)

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