0% found this document useful (0 votes)
169 views87 pages

Chapter 01 Introduction - Version1

This document contains 16 multiple choice questions about historical perspectives on adolescence from figures such as Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hall, Mead, and others. The questions assess understanding of these theorists' views on topics like when reasoning develops, what adolescents should study, the nature and challenges of adolescence, and how perspectives have changed over time.

Uploaded by

Saima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
169 views87 pages

Chapter 01 Introduction - Version1

This document contains 16 multiple choice questions about historical perspectives on adolescence from figures such as Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hall, Mead, and others. The questions assess understanding of these theorists' views on topics like when reasoning develops, what adolescents should study, the nature and challenges of adolescence, and how perspectives have changed over time.

Uploaded by

Saima
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 87

Student name:__________

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
1) According to Plato, reasoning first appears during

1) __c____

A) early childhood.
B) middle childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) young adulthood.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

2) Plato thought children should study

2) __b____

A) science.
B) music.
C) art.
D) mathematics.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

Version 1 1
3) Plato thought that adolescents should study

3) _a_____

A) science.
B) language.
C) music.
D) history.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

4) Which ability did Aristotle argue is the most important aspect of adolescence?

4) _d_____

A) the ability to reason


B) the ability to think critically
C) the ability to debate
D) the ability to choose

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

Version 1 2
5) What did Aristotle see as the hallmark of maturity?

5) ____a__

A) self-determination
B) empathy
C) self-efficacy
D) critical thinking

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

6) Rousseau believed that curiosity should be especially encouraged in the education of

6) ____c__

A) 6- to 8-year-old children.
B) 8- to 11-year-old children.
C) 12- to 15-year-old children.
D) 17- to 19-year-old children.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

7) Ms. Bowen encourages her students, ages 12-15, to engage their curiosity in their
learning. This teacher's ideas most closely resemble those of

Version 1 3
7) __d____

A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Aristotle.
C) Hall.
D) Rousseau.

Question Details
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

8) G. Stanley Hall believed that development is controlled primarily by _____ factors.

8) __d____

A) cultural
B) psychological
C) social
D) biological

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

9) The "storm and stress" view of adolescence was postulated by

9) ____c__

Version 1 4
A) Jean Rousseau.
B) Alfred Adler.
C) G. Stanley Hall.
D) Margaret Mead.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

10) The "storm and stress" view of adolescence sees adolescence as a time of

10) ____d__

A) turbulence.
B) conflict.
C) mood swings.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

11) Mary tells her husband that she is not looking forward to the time their son becomes an
adolescent, because she has read that it is a time of great conflict and stress for the family. Which
of the following theorists would agree with Mary's view of adolescence?

11) __d____

Version 1 5
A) Carl Jung
B) Carol Gilligan
C) Anna Freud
D) G. Stanley Hall

Question Details
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

12) Anthropologist Margaret Mead concluded that the basic nature of adolescence is

12) _c_____

A) biological.
B) psychological.
C) sociocultural.
D) cognitive.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

13) Mead believed that cultures in which adolescents' experiences are quite different from
adults' experiences produce adolescents who

13) ____a__

Version 1 6
A) experience more stress.
B) experience less stress.
C) develop empathy at early ages.
D) develop empathy later in life.

Question Details
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

14) Every state had developed special laws for youth between the ages of 16 and 18-20 by
which year?

14) __d____

A) 1920
B) 1930
C) 1940
D) 1950

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

15) Which of the following historical events changed both the description and the study of
adolescents?

15) ___b___

Version 1 7
A) the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s
B) the feminist movement of the 1970s
C) the anti-war protests of the 1960s
D) the Great Depression of the 1930s

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Difficult
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

16) Millennials are more ________ than their counterparts of previous generations.

16) ___d___

A) diverse
B) tolerant
C) open-minded
D) All of these choices are correct

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

17) Which of the following statements regarding Laurence Steinberg’s position on the state
of adolescent well-being in today’s generation is NOT TRUE?

17) __c____

Version 1 8
A) The academic achievement in math and science among U.S. teens falls well below
the academic achievement of teens in many other countries.
B) Almost one-third of today’s teenage girls become pregnant by the age of 20.
C) Rates of first sexual intercourse prior to age 18 has risen dramatically over the past
several years.
D) College graduation rates among U.S. college students falls below the college
graduation rates among college students in other countries.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

18) Which of the following statements about stereotypes is NOT true?

18) ___a___

A) There are very few stereotypes related to adolescents.


B) Stereotypes are difficult to give up once assigned.
C) Stereotypes are generalizations about a broad category of people.
D) Stereotypes describe a typical member of a specific group.

Question Details
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

19) Howard is a manager of a fast-food restaurant that employs many adolescents. Howard
tells his wife, "They are all self-centered mopes who have no work ethic!" Howard's statement
about adolescents is

Version 1 9
19) ___c___

A) a prototype.
B) an exaggeration.
C) a stereotype.
D) a sign that he needs counseling.

Question Details
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

20) The term "adolescent generalization gap" refers to

20) ___b___

A) differences in decision-making skills between adolescents and older adults.


B) generalizations based on information about a limited group of adolescents.
C) technological skill differences between adolescents and grade school children.
D) differences in social abilities between younger and older adolescents.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

21) Daniel Offer and his colleagues discovered that most adolescents have

21) ____c__

Version 1 10
A) a negative self-image.
B) negative attitudes towards their schools.
C) a positive self-image.
D) an ambiguous self-image.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 3.2 Build and enhance interpersonal relationships
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

22) Julie, age 15, has dyed her hair purple and will only wear black jeans and white tops.
Julie's parents should know that, according to adolescent psychologists

22) _c_____

A) Julie is showing signs of a conduct disorder.


B) Julie needs counseling for her hostility issues.
C) Julie is testing boundaries and discovering her identity.
D) Julie needs more parental control over her behavior.

Question Details
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 3.2 Build and enhance interpersonal relationships
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

23) Which of the following factors influence the developmental trajectory of every
adolescent?

23) _d_____

Version 1 11
A) socioeconomic
B) ethnic
C) lifestyle
D) All of these choices are correct

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

24) The settings in which development occurs are known as

24) __d____

A) arenas.
B) compounds.
C) cohorts.
D) context.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

25) The fastest-growing ethnic group of adolescents in the United States is

25) ____b__

A) non-Latino Whites.
B) Asian Americans.

Version 1 12
C) Latinos.
D) African Americans.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

26) Sherry's community college has partnerships with the local hospital, the library, and the
Boys' and Girls' Club to encourage students to engage in cooperative learning experiences and
build strong community relationships. This is an example of what Peter Benson and his
colleagues would call a

26) _____a_

A) developmentally attentive youth policy.


B) community-enhancing initiative.
C) cross-generational policy.
D) socially enhancing planned model.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

27) Research has shown that children living in poverty have elevated levels of

27) __b____

Version 1 13
A) blood glucose.
B) stress.
C) anger.
D) growth hormones.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

28) Which of the following statements about adolescent health and well-being is TRUE?

28) ___d___

A) Adolescent health and well-being have improved in all areas.


B) More adolescents around the world die of malnutrition today than at any time in the
past.
C) More adolescents around the world die of infectious diseases today than at any time
in the past.
D) Extensive increases in the rates of HIV in adolescents have occurred in many sub-
Saharan countries.

Question Details
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

29) What do studies show about gender differences?

29) ___b___

Version 1 14
A) In many countries, males have less freedom than females to engage in leisure
activities.
B) Except in a few areas, males have greater access to educational opportunities than
females.
C) Gender differences are similar in all countries.
D) In some parts of the world, control over adolescent girls’ sexual relationships is
increasing.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

30) Which of the following is NOT a trend related to families around the world?

30) ___a___

A) migration to rural areas


B) smaller families
C) increase in mothers' employment
D) greater family mobility

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

31) Which of the following is true about adolescents' peers?

31) ___d___

Version 1 15
A) Peers figure prominently in the lives of adolescents in most Western nations.
B) Peers can serve as surrogate families for some street youth.
C) Peers have a limited role for girls in Arab cultures.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 3.2 Build and enhance interpersonal relationships
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

32) Development

32) __d____

A) involves growth.
B) is complex.
C) continues through the lifespan.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

33) Which of the following is NOT a biological process?

33) ___d___

Version 1 16
A) advances in motor skills
B) development of the brain
C) weight gains
D) changes in personality

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

34) Which process of human development includes the hormonal changes of puberty?

34) ___c___

A) socioemotional
B) cognitive
C) biological
D) psychological

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

35) Which of the following is associated with the developmental period of early childhood?

35) __b____

Version 1 17
A) beginning of symbolic thought
B) school readiness
C) extreme dependence on adults
D) beginning of sensorimotor skills

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Difficult
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

36) The developmental period of childhood includes all of the following periods EXCEPT

36) ____b__

A) prenatal.
B) perinatal.
C) infancy.
D) early childhood.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Basic
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

37) A key task of adolescence is

37) ___d___

Version 1 18
A) refining sensorimotor coordination.
B) development of an understanding of one's culture.
C) mastery of language skills.
D) preparation for adulthood.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

38) In the United States and most other cultures, adolescence begins at approximately _____
years of age.

38) ____c__

A) 9-12
B) 11-14
C) 10-13
D) 12-15

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

39) Alex has begun dating and he is interested in taking a course called "Career Exploration"
that will help him decide on a future career. Alex is probably in which period?

39) __b____

Version 1 19
A) early adolescence
B) late adolescence
C) late childhood
D) early adulthood

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

40) The developmental period when people are interested in transmitting their values to the
next generation is

40) ___b___

A) emerging adulthood.
B) middle adulthood.
C) late adulthood.
D) early adulthood.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

41) Paul spends much of his time working in his garden and reading books on photography.
He doesn't have as much strength as he used to have, but he is enjoying his time of decreased
responsibility. Developmental psychologists would say that Paul is probably in

41) __c____

Version 1 20
A) emerging old age.
B) middle adulthood.
C) late adulthood.
D) terminal adulthood.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty : Difficult
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

42) The transition from childhood to adolescence includes all of the following EXCEPT

42) __c____

A) biological changes of puberty.


B) more abstract ways of thinking.
C) desire to spend more time with family.
D) greater interest in romantic relationships.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

43) The transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred to as

43) __d____

Version 1 21
A) pre-adulthood.
B) post-adolescence.
C) transitional adulthood.
D) emerging adulthood.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

44) According to Jeffrey Arnett, emerging adulthood is characterized by five key factors.
Which of the following is NOT one of these features?

44) _a_____

A) stability
B) identity exploration
C) feeling in-between
D) self-focused

Question Details
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

45) Jeffrey Arnett saw emerging adulthood as a time when many individuals are

45) c______

A) secure in their adult status.

Version 1 22
B) absorbed in social obligations and family duties.
C) optimistic about their futures.
D) fairly stable in love and career.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty : Difficult
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

46) In the United States the most widely recognized marker for entry into adulthood is

46) __c____

A) graduation from high school.


B) graduation from college.
C) holding a permanent, full-time job.
D) getting married.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

47) The ability to adapt positively and achieve successful outcomes despite significant risks
and adverse consequences is

47) ___b___

A) hardiness.
B) resilience.
C) self-efficacy.

Version 1 23
D) propriate striving.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

48) Ann Masten and her colleagues found that emerging adults who overcame adversity and
went on to become competent adults had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

48) __a____

A) they were well-traveled.


B) they were intelligent.
C) they had high-quality parenting.
D) they had a higher socioeconomic status.

Question Details
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

49) Which of the following events may be seen as a turning-point opportunity for changing
the life course during emerging adulthood?

49) ___d___

A) marriage
B) work opportunities
C) higher education

Version 1 24
D) All of these choices are correct

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
null : APA: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains
Difficulty : Difficult
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

50) Dr. Jackson argues that human beings have basic growth tendencies genetically wired
into them. Dr. Albright believes that humans are basically shaped by their environments. Dr.
Jackson supports the _____ approach to development, while Dr. Albright advocates for the
_____ approach.

50) __b____

A) nurture; nature
B) nature; nurture
C) continuity; discontinuity
D) cognitive; biological

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

51) Which of the following would a proponent of the nature approach to human development
cite as evidence of the strength of genetics?

51) ___a___

A) the fact that we grow rapidly in infancy


B) the fact that development is affected by nutritional status

Version 1 25
C) the fact that development is shaped by the media
D) the fact that access to medical care affects development

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

52) Developmentalists who emphasize the importance of experience describe development as

52) __b____

A) a series of distinct stages.


B) a gradual, continuous process.
C) chaotic and unpredictable.
D) None of these choices are correct.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

53) Developmentalists who emphasize the importance of nature describe development as

53) ___a___

A) a series of distinct stages.


B) a gradual, continuous process.
C) alternating periods of turbulence and calm.
D) None of these choices are correct.

Version 1 26
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

54) Carrie was abused by her parents. She was eventually removed from their care and was
later adopted at age 6 by her foster parents. Which of the following doctrines would assert that
Carrie's later quality of parental care can overcome her earlier negative experience?

54) _b_____

A) early-experience
B) later-experience
C) middle-experience
D) positive-experience

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

55) Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

55) ____d__

A) conceptualize a problem to be studied


B) collect data
C) analyze data
D) publish study results

Version 1 27
Question Details
Difficulty : Basic
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

56) An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomenon and to make
predictions is called

56) ___c___

A) a hypothesis.
B) an operational definition.
C) a theory.
D) an independent variable.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

57) Specific assertions and predictions that can be tested are

57) ___b___

A) theories.
B) hypotheses.
C) independent variables.
D) extraneous variables.

Version 1 28
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

58) The pioneering architect of psychoanalytical theory was

58) __d____

A) Carl Jung.
B) Erik Erikson.
C) Karen Horney.
D) Sigmund Freud.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

59) Psychoanalytic theories emphasize that development is all of the following EXCEPT

59) __a____

A) primarily related to observable behavior.


B) primarily unconscious.
C) shaped by early experiences with parents.
D) heavily colored by emotions.

Version 1 29
Question Details
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

60) Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's psychosexual stages?

60) ____d__

A) phallic
B) genital
C) oral
D) moral

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

61) Which of the following is a structure in Freud's concept of personality?

61) __b____

A) the collective unconscious


B) the id
C) the self
D) the personal unconscious

Version 1 30
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

62) According to Freud, the moral branch of the personality is the

62) ____c__

A) ego.
B) id.
C) superego.
D) self.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

63) According to Freud, _____ is the most powerful and pervasive defense mechanism.

63) ____d__

A) reaction formation
B) denial
C) regression
D) repression

Version 1 31
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

64) Which of the following statements about defense mechanisms is TRUE?

64) __b____

A) Defense mechanisms are always unhealthy.


B) Defense mechanisms are unconscious.
C) Defense mechanisms are conscious.
D) Defense mechanisms are always helpful in avoiding reality.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

65) Erikson believed that we develop in _____ stages.

65) _____a_

A) psychosocial
B) psychosexual
C) psychodynamic
D) psychometric

Version 1 32
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

66) Denise argues that early experiences are more important; Barbara believes that both early
and later experiences are important. Denise's view is consistent with _____, while Barbara's view
would be supported by _____.

66) __c____

A) Skinner; Erikson
B) Erikson; Freud
C) Freud; Erikson
D) Erikson; Skinner

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Difficult
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

67) Erikson's _____ psychosocial stage is experienced in the first year of life.

67) ___d___

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt


B) initiative versus guilt
C) generativity versus stagnation
D) trust versus mistrust

Version 1 33
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

68) Harper, age 19 months, has just begun to assert her independence. Harper is probably in
Erikson's psychosocial stage of

68) __c____

A) identity versus identity confusion.


B) trust versus mistrust.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

69) The negative outcome of Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development is

69) __d____

A) mistrust.
B) shame.
C) doubt.
D) inferiority.

Version 1 34
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

70) According to Erikson, adolescents are in the psychosocial stage of

70) __b____

A) intimacy versus isolation.


B) identity versus identity confusion.
C) initiative versus guilt.
D) industry versus inferiority.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

71) According to Erikson, the core developmental task of early adulthood is to develop

71) __a____

A) intimacy.
B) integrity.
C) identity.
D) initiative.

Version 1 35
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

72) Edith, age 57, believes that she has done little to help nurture the next generation.
According to Erikson, Edith has experienced _____ associated with the seventh stage of
psychosocial development.

72) ___d___

A) inferiority
B) role confusion
C) selfishness
D) stagnation

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

73) Cognitive theories emphasize

73) ____c__

A) behaviors.
B) emotions.
C) conscious thoughts.
D) None of these choices are correct.

Version 1 36
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

74) For Piaget, the two processes that underlie cognitive construction of the world are

74) _____c_

A) denial and distortion.


B) internalizing and externalizing.
C) organization and adaptation.
D) ordering and differentiating.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

75) Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory is NOT true?

75) ___a___

A) Piaget believed that people go through six stages in understanding the world.
B) Piaget believed that people go through four stages in understanding the world.
C) Each of Piaget's stages is age related.
D) Each of Piaget's stages represents a different way of understanding the world.

Version 1 37
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

76) Caleb, age 3, is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

76) __b____

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

77) Which of the following statements about Piaget's concrete operational stage is TRUE?

77) ___c___

A) It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age.


B) It encompasses the ability to think in an abstract manner.
C) It lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age.
D) Children can perform operations that involve developing hypotheses.

Version 1 38
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

78) Jenn has just begun to think abstractly and develop images of ideal circumstances.
According to Piaget, Jenn is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

78) _c_____

A) sensorimotor
B) concrete operational
C) formal operational
D) post-formal operational

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

79) Vygotsky emphasized the role of _____ in cognitive development.

79) ___d___

A) culture
B) social interaction
C) learning to use the inventions of society
D) All of these choices are correct

Version 1 39
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

80) Which of the following operations is emphasized by information-processing theorists?

80) ___d___

A) encoding information
B) storing information
C) retrieving information
D) All of these choices are correct

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

81) Which of the following is a version of behaviorism?

81) ___a___

A) Social Cognitive Theory


B) Information-processing Theory
C) Psychosocial Theory
D) Sociocultural Cognitive Theory

Version 1 40
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

82) Which of the following statements describing Skinner's theory of operant conditioning is
NOT true?

82) _c_____

A) A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is likely to be repeated.


B) A behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur.
C) A behavior that is ignored will be repeated.
D) Rewards and punishments shape behavior.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

83) The leading theorist in the development of social cognitive theory is

83) ____a__

A) Albert Bandura.
B) Walter Mischel.
C) George Kelly.
D) John Watson.

Version 1 41
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

84) Craig sees his father help an elderly man who seems to have become confused and lost
his way. Several days later, Craig notices a woman looking in the shrubs for her lost wallet.
Craig tries to help her look for her wallet. Bandura would say that Craig's behavior was learned
through

84) ____a__

A) observation of his father.


B) teaching of moral values in Sunday School.
C) being punished in the past for not offering to help an older person.
D) being given a reward in the past for turning in a lost wallet to the police.

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

85) Bandura's model of learning and development includes the elements of behavior,
person/cognition, and the

85) ___b___

A) unconscious mind.
B) environment.
C) rewards available.

Version 1 42
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

86) Bronfenbrenner developed ______, a perspective that has important implications for
understanding adolescent development.

86) ___a___

A) ecological theory
B) environmental theory
C) socioeconomic theory
D) existential theory

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

87) What is the system in Bronfenbrenner's theory that considers sociohistorical


circumstances?

87) ____c__

A) mesosystem
B) microsystem
C) chronosystem

Version 1 43
D) exosystem

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

88) Which of the following of Bronfenbrenner's systems considers the culture in which
adolescents live?

88) ___d___

A) chronosystem
B) microsystem
C) exosystem
D) macrosystem

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

89) Harry fights constantly with his parents. Bronfenbrenner would predict that Harry might
have difficulty relating to his teacher because of a disruption in his

89) __a____

A) mesosystem.
B) exosystem.
C) chronosystem.

Version 1 44
D) macrosystem.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology
Difficulty : Difficult
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

90) An approach to understanding adolescent development that selects from each theory
whatever is considered its best features is called

90) __c____

A) a hybrid theory.
B) a patchwork theory.
C) an eclectic theory.
D) a blended theory.

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

91) Scientific observations

91) ___d___

A) require a special set of skills.


B) are the first step in collecting data.
C) have to be systematic.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Version 1 45
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

92) Researchers can conduct observations in the everyday world or in the

92) __a____

A) laboratory.
B) virtual world.
C) theoretical world.
D) None of these choices are correct.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

93) Which of the following is a drawback to conducting observational research in a


laboratory?

93) ____d__

A) People must be paid for their time.


B) People behave more naturally when they are away from the stresses of the "real
world."
C) People may be too relaxed in a laboratory setting.
D) People who are willing to come to a laboratory might not be representative of the
general population.

Version 1 46
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

94) Lilly is a researcher who wants to know how often high-school students are using their
cell phones to cheat on tests. Lilly pretends to be a visiting student. She sits in on classes and
observes students as they take tests. Lilly's method of research is known as

94) ___b___

A) in situ research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) covert research.
D) in vivo research.

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

95) Which of the following statements about using surveys to collect data is TRUE?

95) __a____

A) People answer in ways that they see as socially desirable.


B) Surveys need to be conducted in person so the participant can be observed.
C) Surveys can only be done on a limited range of topics.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Version 1 47
Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

96) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence test is an example of

96) ___c___

A) a projective test.
B) a case study.
C) a standardized test.
D) a subjective test.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

97) Which of the following statements about standardized tests is TRUE?

97) ___b___

A) They assume that people will perform differently depending on the setting of the test.

B) They assume that a person's behavior is consistent and stable.


C) They do not allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of
other people.
D) They do not provide any information about differences among people.

Version 1 48
Question Details
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

98) Measuring the levels of hormones in an adolescent's blood stream is an example of which
type of measure of adolescent development?

98) ___c___

A) psychological
B) experience sampling
C) physiological
D) concrete

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

99) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses _____ to construct an image of the _____.

99) ____b__

A) x-rays; brain
B) radio waves; brain
C) radioactive glucose; brain
D) electrical activity levels; heart

Version 1 49
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

100) Corey is participating in research. She is given an electronic pager, and a researcher
"beeps" her several times a day to ask her what she is doing. The researcher is using which of the
following methods?

100) ___c___

A) random sampling
B) experimental design
C) experience sampling
D) correlational research

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

101) A research method in which a single individual is examined in depth is called the

101) __b____

A) single-subject design.
B) case-study method.
C) observational design.
D) descriptive method.

Version 1 50
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

102) The three main types of research designs are descriptive, correlational, and

102) ___c___

A) observational.
B) covert.
C) experimental.
D) overt.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

103) Dr. Tremble sends out surveys to faculty at 57 randomly selected colleges to assess their
perceptions of faculty harassment. This is an example of _____ research.

103) ___b___

A) correlational
B) descriptive
C) experimental
D) observational

Version 1 51
Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

104) Which of the following statements regarding correlational research is NOT true?

104) __a____

A) The goal of correlational research is to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships.

B) The goal of correlational research is to describe the strength of the relationship


between two or more events or characteristics.
C) The results of correlational research are reported in a numerical measure called a
correlation coefficient.
D) A negative correlation coefficient means an inverse relationship.

Question Details
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

105) Professor Sands studies the relationship between the number of minutes that an
adolescent spends text messaging each semester and his/her grades in school. She found a
correlation of +.60. What can we conclude from this report?

105) __c____

A) Text messaging results in lower grades for adolescents.


B) Text messaging has no effect on grades for adolescents.
C) Text messaging and academic grades are related in adolescents.

Version 1 52
D) The more an adolescent text messages, the higher his or her grades.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

106) Three doctoral students are using correlational research designs for their dissertation
research. When all of the work is done, Marilyn's data yielded a correlation coefficient of -.45,
Susan's data was at +.30 and Bryan's data a -.50. Which student's data shows the strongest
correlation between variables?

106) __a____

A) Bryan
B) Susan
C) Marilyn
D) All students showed very similar results.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

107) Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the weakest correlation?

107) ____a__

A) -.10
B) +.15
C) +.70

Version 1 53
D) -.80

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

108) The factor that is manipulated in experimental research is the

108) ____a__

A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) extraneous variable.
D) None of these choices are correct.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

109) The variable that is measured and that is expected to change as a result of experimental
research is the

109) __b____

A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) extraneous variable.
D) experimental variable.

Version 1 54
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

110) Which of the following statements about experimental research is NOT true?

110) ___c___

A) All experiments involve at least one independent variable and one dependent
variable.
B) Experiments demonstrate cause and effect.
C) Experimental design uses experimental groups only.
D) Experimental design uses experimental and control groups.

Question Details
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

111) Assigning participants to experimental or control groups by chance is known as

111) ___a___

A) random assignment.
B) lottery assignment.
C) nonrandom assignment.
D) convenience assignment.

Version 1 55
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

112) The type of research that involves studying people all at the same time is known as

112) __d____

A) single-subject research.
B) longitudinal research.
C) sequential research.
D) cross-sectional research.

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

113) A disadvantage of cross-sectional research is

113) __c____

A) the variable under investigation is assessed all at the same time.


B) it is not very effective.
C) it gives no information about how individuals change over time.
D) it is time-consuming and expensive to conduct.

Version 1 56
Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

114) Professor Kelly is interested in seeing how adolescents' prosocial behavior changes over
time. He assesses a group of adolescents at ages 12, 15, and 18. Professor Kelly is doing _____
research.

114) _b_____

A) sequential
B) longitudinal
C) cross-sectional
D) experimental

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

115) A disadvantage of longitudinal research is

115) __d____

A) it is expensive to conduct.
B) it is time-consuming to conduct.
C) participants who remain in the study may be dissimilar to those who dropped out.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Version 1 57
Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation

116) Which of the following is NOT one of the APA's guidelines for ethical research?

116) _a_____

A) full disclosure to participants regarding the exact nature of the research


B) informed consent
C) confidentiality
D) debriefing

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice

117) Melissa has agreed to participate in a 90-day study of food preferences among
adolescents. After participating for two weeks, Melissa wants to withdraw from the study
because it is taking too much of her time. According to the APA guidelines

117) __b____

A) Melissa has to give the researchers a two-week notice before she can withdraw.

B) Melissa can withdraw at any time.


C) Melissa cannot withdraw once she has signed an informed consent form.
D) Melissa can withdraw only if she has a valid reason, such as a health issue or family
emergency.

Version 1 58
Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice

118) Which of the following statements about gender bias is TRUE?

118) __d____

A) Gender bias is a preconceived idea about the abilities of females and males that
prevents them from reaching their full potential.
B) When gender differences are found, they sometimes are unduly magnified.
C) Gender bias happens when conclusions are drawn about females from research
conducted with only males.
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

119) Using an ethnic label such as Asian or Latino in a way that portrays an ethnic group as
being more homogenous than it is, is known as

119) ___b___

A) ethnic stereotyping.
B) ethnic gloss.
C) ethnic shine.
D) ethnic categorization.

Version 1 59
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 2.5 Incorporate sociocultural factors in scientific inquiry.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
120) Compare and contrast G. Stanley Hall's "storm and stress" view of adolescence with the
inventionist view.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

121) What were the underlying themes of the 1960s and 1970s?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze

Version 1 60
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

122) List at least four stereotypes of adolescents today.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

123) Compare and contrast psychologists' early views of adolescents with views common
now.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Learning Goal : Describe historical perspectives on adolescence.
Difficulty : Moderate
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

Version 1 61
124) Describe how the cultural contexts of the United States are changing, especially with
respect to immigration patterns and the projections for future demographics.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

125) List and describe at least four cultural variations of adolescence around the world.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

126) Discuss major trends in health and well-being for adolescents around the world. Include
both positive and negative changes.

Version 1 62
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

127) Discuss gender differences in the experiences of male and female adolescents, with
respect to education, leisure activities, sexual experiences, family, and peers.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Difficulty : Difficult
null : APA: 3.3 Adopt values that build community at local, national, and global levels
Learning Goal : Discuss the experiences of adolescents in the United States and around the world.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

128) List and briefly define the three determinants of human development.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Version 1 63
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

129) Explain what modern theorists mean when they say, "Development is a lifelong process."

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Basic
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

130) Briefly describe the three periods of adult development.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad

Version 1 64
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

131) Beth is 22 years old. What developmental transition period is Beth in, and what are the
two main characterizations of this period?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Basic
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Apply
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

132) List Jeffrey Arnett's five key features of emerging adulthood.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

Version 1 65
133) What are some of the factors that make it difficult to determine when an individual
becomes an adult?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

134) List and briefly describe the three types of assets that Jacquelynne Eccles and her
colleagues determined are especially important for making a competent transition through
adolescence and emerging adulthood.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

135) List and define the three major issues in studying adolescent development.

Version 1 66
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Difficult
Learning Goal : Summarize the developmental processes, periods, transitions, and issues related to ad
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

136) List the four steps in the scientific method.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
null : APA: 2.2 Demonstrate psychology information literacy
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

137) List and describe Freud's three parts to the personality.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Version 1 67
Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

138) Describe Piaget's formal operational stage of cognitive development. Be sure to address
ages and major changes in thinking.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

139) What are the main ideas behind Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.

Version 1 68
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

140) What is the main idea behind Skinner's theory of operant conditioning?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Understand
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

141) List the three key factors in development, according to social cognitive theory.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Basic
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

Version 1 69
142) List and describe the five environmental systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory.
Explain how the systems relate to each other.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : APA: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Difficulty : Difficult
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

143) Compare and contrast laboratory observation and naturalistic observation.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
Difficulty : Moderate
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Analyze
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

144) Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of case-study research.

Version 1 70
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

145) Compare and contrast correlational and experimental research.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
null : APA: 2.4 Interpret, design, and conduct basic psychological research
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

146) List and briefly describe the four APA guidelines that must be followed in the conduction
of ethical research.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Version 1 71
Question Details
null : Bloom's Taxonomy: Remember
Difficulty : Moderate
Learning Goal : Characterize the science of adolescent development.
Accessibility : Keyboard Navigation
null : APA: 3.1 Apply ethical standards to evaluate psychological science and practice
null : APA: 4.1 Demonstrate effective writing for different purposes

Version 1 72
Answer Key

Test name: Chapter 01 Introduction

1) C
2) B
3) A
4) D
5) A
6) C
7) D
8) D
9) C
10) D
11) D
12) C
13) A
14) D
15) B
16) D
17) C

Version 1 73
18) A
19) C
20) B
21) C
22) C
23) D
24) D
25) B
26) A
27) B
28) D
29) B
30) A
31) D
32) D
33) D
34) C
35) B
36) B
37) D
38) C

Version 1 74
39) B
40) B
41) C
42) C
43) D
44) A
45) C
46) C
47) B
48) A
49) D
50) B
51) A
52) B
53) A
54) B
55) D
56) C
57) B
58) D
59) A

Version 1 75
60) D
61) B
62) C
63) D
64) B
65) A
66) C
67) D
68) C
69) D
70) B
71) A
72) D
73) C
74) C
75) A
76) B
77) C
78) C
79) D
80) D

Version 1 76
81) A
82) C
83) A
84) A
85) B
86) A
87) C
88) D
89) A
90) C
91) D
92) A
93) D
94) B
95) A
96) C
97) B
98) C
99) B
100) C
101) B

Version 1 77
102) C
103) B
104) A
105) C
106) A
107) A
108) A
109) B
110) C
111) A
112) D
113) C
114) B
115) D
116) A
117) B
118) D
119) B

Version 1 78
120) Hall's concept was that adolescence was a turbulent time, charged
with conflict and mood swings. He saw these changes in thought,
feeling, and actions as happening quite frequently and as normative. He
believed that adolescence has a biological base. The inventionist view
saw adolescence as less of a biological event than a sociohistorical
creation. Inventionists stress that sociohistorical circumstances, such as a
decline in apprenticeship, increased mechanization of the Industrial
Revolution, age-graded schools, urbanization, appearance of youth
groups such as the YMCA and the Boy Scouts are affecting adolescents.
The three key dimensions for the inventionist view of adolescence are
schools, work, and economics.
121) There were three major themes in the United States during the
1960s and the 1970s. These were the anti-discrimination protests, the
anti-war protests, and the feminist movement. One major theme of
thisperiod was that political protests reached their peak when millions of
adolescents reacted to what they saw asthe United States’ immoral part
in the Vietnam War. Ethnic conflicts became pervasive as African-
Americanadolescents were denied a college education, and the
secondary education that they did receive was seen asinferior. College
students participated in riots and sit-ins even as they pursued higher
education in highernumbers. Finally, the feminist movement of the
1970s changed both the description and the study ofadolescence.
122) "They are all lazy." "All they think about is sex." "They are all
into drugs." "Kids today don't have themoral fiber of my generation."
"They don't want to work." "They are rebellious." Any positive
youthaccomplishment is seen as an exception.

Version 1 79
123) For much of the last century in the United States and other
Western cultures, adolescence was perceived as aproblematic period of
the human life span. The discipline of psychology, likewise, viewed
adolescentsnegatively. Psychology today focuses more on the positive
side of human experiences and places greateremphasis on hope,
optimism, creativity, and positive individual and group traits.
124) The cultural context for U.S. adolescents is changing with the
dramatic increase in the number of adolescents immigrating from Latino
and Asian countries. Asian Americans are expected to be the fastest-
growing ethnic group of adolescents, with a growth rate of more than
500 percent by 2100. Numbers of Latino adolescents are projected to
increase almost 400 percent by 2100. By 2100, Latino adolescents are
expected to out number non-Latino White adolescents.
125) Two-thirds of Asian Indian adolescents accept their parents'
choice of a marital partner for them. Many female adolescents in the
Philippines will sacrifice their own futures by migrating to the city in
order to send money to their families. Street youth in Kenya may engage
in delinquency or prostitution to survive. In the Middle East, many
adolescents are not allowed to interact with the other sex, even in school.
Youth in Russia are marrying earlier to legitimize sexual activity.
126) Adolescent health and well-being have improved in some areas
but not in others. On the positive side, fewer adolescents around the
world die from infectious diseases and malnutrition than in the past.
However, adolescents continue to engage in a number of health-
compromising behaviors, such as illicit drug use and unprotected sex, at
levels that place adolescents at risk for serious developmental problems.
Extensive increases in the rates of HIV in adolescents have occurred in
many sub-Saharan countries.

Version 1 80
127) Except in a few areas, males have more educational opportunities
than females. In some countries adolescents do not have access to
secondary schools and higher education. Many schools do not provide
students with the skills that they need to be successful in adult work.
Adolescent females have less freedom to pursue leisure activities than
males, and gender differences in sexual expression are widespread. This
is especially true for adolescent females living in India, Southeast Asia,
Latin America, and Arab countries.
Family life for adolescents can be very different, depending on the
culture and country. For example, adolescents who grow up in Arab
countries adhere to a strict code of conduct and loyalty. Adolescents
who grow up in the United States and other Western countries may
experience divorce and stepfamilies; parenting is less authoritarian than
in the past. Other family trends include greater family mobility,
migration to cities, smaller families, fewer extended families, and
increases in mothers' employment.
Some cultures give peers a stronger role in adolescence than others.
While peers figure prominently in the lives of adolescents in Western
countries, in Arab countries peers have a very restrictive role, especially
for girls.
128) The three determinants of human development are biological
processes, cognitive processes, and socioemotional processes.
Biological processes involve physical changes in an individual's body.
Cognitive changes involve changes in an individual's thinking and
intelligence. Socioemotional processes involve changes in an
individual's emotions, personality, relationships with others, and social
contexts.

Version 1 81
129) Today developmentalists do not believe that change ends with
adolescence. Adolescence is part of the life course and is not an isolated
period of development. Although it has some unique characteristics,
what takes place in adolescence is connected with development and
experiences in both childhood and adulthood.
130) The three periods of adult development are early adulthood,
middle adulthood, and late adulthood. Early adulthood begins in the late
teens or early twenties and lasts through the thirties. Middle adulthood
begins at approximately 35-45 years of age and ends at some point
between 55 and 65 years of age. Late adulthood is the period that
extends from 60 or 70 years of age until death.
131) Beth is in the developmental period of emerging adulthood.The
two main characterizations of this period are experimentation and
exploration.
132) The five key features that characterize emerging adulthood are
identity exploration, especially in love and work; instability; self-
focused; feeling in-between; and the age of possibilities, a time when
individuals have an opportunity to transform their lives.
133) Determining when an individual becomes an adult is difficult. In
the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into
adulthood is holding a permanent, full-time job. Economic independence
is one marker for adult status but achieving it is often a long process.
Taking responsibility for oneself, deciding on one's own beliefs and
values, and establishing a relationship with parents as equal adults are all
markers of adult status.

Version 1 82
134) The three types of assets that Eccles and colleagues determined
are necessary for the successful transition through adolescence and
emerging adulthood are: intellectual development, psychological and
emotional development, and social development. Intellectual
development includes such things as knowledge of essential life and
vocational skills, critical thinking and reasoning skills, cultural
knowledge, and school success.Psychological and emotional
development encompasses such things as good mental health, good
emotional self-regulation and conflict resolution skills, mastery
motivation, personal autonomy, personal and social identity, and strong
moral character. Social development is related to connectedness, sense
of social place, attachment to prosocial institutions, and commitment to
civic engagement.
135) The three important issues raised in the study of adolescent
development are nature and nurture, continuity and discontinuity, and
early and later experiences. The nature-nurture issue involves the debate
about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture.
Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its
environmental experiences. The continuity-discontinuity issues focuson
the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative changes
(continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity). The last issue focuses on
the importance of earlier experiences in the child's life, and whether or
not later experiences can make up for deficits or poor early experiences.
Proponents of the early-experience doctrine believe that development
will never be optimal if infants are not given warm, nurturing care in the
first year of life. Proponents of the later-experience view argue that
children and adolescents are malleable throughout development, and
thatlater sensitive care giving is just as important as earlier sensitive care
giving.

Version 1 83
136) The four steps in the scientific method are:

1. Conceptualize a process or a problem to be studied.


2. Collect data.
3. Analyze data.
4. Draw conclusions.
137) The three parts to the personality, according to Freud, are the id,
ego, and superego. The id is totally unconscious and has no contact with
reality. It contains instincts, which are an individual's reservoir of
psychic energy. The ego deals with demands of reality and makes
rational decisions. The ego uses defense mechanisms to help resolve
conflicts between its reality demands, the id's wishes, and the superego's
constraints. The superego is the moral branch of the personality that
takes into account whether something is right or wrong.
138) The formal operational stage, which appears between the ages of
11 and 15 and continues through adulthood, is Piaget's fourth and final
stage. In this stage, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and
think in abstract and more logical terms. Adolescents begin to think
about possibilities for the future, solve problems more systematically,
and develop and test hypotheses.
139) The main idea behind Lev Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of
cognitive development is that social interaction and culture guide
cognitive development. He also believed that individuals actively
construct their knowledge. He stressed that cognitive development
involves learning to use the inventions of a society, such as language,
mathematical systems, and memory strategies.

Version 1 84
140) B.F. Skinner believed that, through operant conditioning, the
consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of that
behavior's occurrence. He emphasized that a behavior followed by a
rewarding stimulus is more likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed
by a punishing stimulus is less likely to recur. In Skinner's view, rewards
and punishments that followa behavior shape development. The key
aspect of development for Skinner is behavior, not thoughtsand feelings.
141) Social cognitive theory holds that behavior, environment, and
person/cognition are key factors in development.
142) Bronfenbrenner holds that development reflects the influence of
five environmental systems: microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem;
macrosystem; and chronosystem. The microsystem is the setting in
which a person lives. For adolescents the microsystem is made up of
family, peers, school, and neighborhood. The mesosystem involves
relations between microsystems. The exosystem consists of links
between a social setting in which a person does not have an active role
and the individual's immediate context. For example, things that happen
at a mother's or a father's workplace may have an indirect effect on the
adolescent. The macrosystem involves the cultures in which adolescents
live.
Finally, the chronosystem consists of the patterning of environmental
events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical
circumstances. Each of these systems may overlap one another.

Version 1 85
143) Laboratory observation takes place in a controlled situation, with
factors of the "real world" removed. A drawback to this approach is that
it is almost impossible to conduct this research without the participants
knowing that they are being observed. Because a laboratory setting is
unnatural, people may behave differently than they would in another
context. Naturalistic observation, on the other hand, means observing
behavior in real-world settings, making no effort to manipulate or
control the situation.
144) One advantage of case study research is that it allows the
researcher to take an in-depth look at a single individual. A disadvantage
is that one cannot generalize the findings from the study of one person to
a larger population. The subject of the case study is unique, and other
people, even those with the same condition, disorder, or factor of
interest, may be very different. In addition, case studies involve
judgment of unknown reliability.
145) In correlational research, the goal is to describe the strength of the
relationship between two or more events or characteristics. The more
strongly the two events are related or associated, the more effectively we
can predict one event from the other. Correlation does not equal
causation. If we want to know if one event causes another, we must look
to the experimental design for answers. An experiment is a carefully
regulated procedure in which one or more factors believed to influence
the behavior being studied are manipulated, while all other factors are
held constant.

Version 1 86
146) 1. Informed Consent: participants must know what the research
will involve and what risks might develop.
2. Confidentiality: Researchers are responsible for keeping all data
confidential and, when possible, anonymous.
3. Debriefing: After the study has been completed, participants should
be informed of its purpose and the methods that were used.
4. Deception: In all cases of deception the researcher must ensure that
deception will not harm the participants.

Version 1 87

You might also like