Global NEST Journal, Vol 25, No 7, pp 166-173

Copyright© 2023 Global NEST

Printed in Greece. All rights reserved

Extraction, performance and emission characterization of diesel

engine using waste lipolytic microorganism biodiesel
Arunkumar M.1, Magesh Mani2, Anjani Kumar Rai3, A. Adinarayanan4, Ram Subbiah5, Ganeshan P.6, Kannan S.7, Seikh A.H.8 and
Iqbal A.9

1Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Hindusthan College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India-641032
2Department of Aerospace Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
3Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281406, India

4Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMET University, Kanathur, Chennai 603112, Tamil Nadu, India

5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Nizampet, Hyderabad, India

6Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Eshwar Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

7Department of VLSI Microelectronics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai -

602105, Tamilnadu, India

8Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia

9Department of Materials Technologies, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland

Received: 23/03/2023, Accepted: 03/07/2023, Available online: 12/08/2023

*to whom all correspondence should be addressed: e-mail: xxx
https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.004981
by 0.59, 0.68, 1.30 and 2.98% respectively for the blends
Graphical abstract
of 10, 20, 30 and 50% of biodiesel mixing. The brake
specific energy consumption (BSEC) is decreased by 0.1,
0.3, 0.44, and 0.77%. Any biodiesel-diesel combination
reduces exhaust gas pollutants. At maximum load, the
values of emissions like CO, HC, and smoke opacities of
B30 decreased by 12.1%,3.94%, and 11% when compared
to standard diesel. However, as per the analysis biodiesel
of LMD is a potential alternative fuel that doesn't require
significant alterations to be used in I.C engines.

Keywords: Biodiesel, milkwaste, fatty acids, engines,

microorganisms

Abstract 1. Introduction
In this study, milk wastewater will be extracted, Lipolytic microorganisms are microorganisms that are
transformed into Lipolytic microorganism’s biodiesel capable of producing lipases, which are enzymes that can
(LMD) using transesterification, and tested for break down fats or lipids. These microorganisms can be
appropriateness as an alternative, sustainable, renewable used in the production of biodiesel, a renewable and
source for IC engines. The properties of the created environmentally friendly alternative to traditional diesel
blends of biodiesel were investigated and compared to fuel. The process of using lipolytic microorganisms to
those of conventional diesel. The outcomes demonstrated produce biodiesel typically involves growing the
that the fuel's fundamental characteristics are discussed microorganisms in a suitable medium, such as a mixture of
with neat diesel. Investigated are the operation, vegetable oil and water. The lipases produced by the
combustion, and exhaust gas analysis of a test engine microorganisms then break down the triglycerides in the
running on LMD. The studies involve running different vegetable oil into fatty acids and glycerol (Shrivastava et
biodiesel-diesel blends (B10, B20, B30, B40, B50, and B80) al., 2019). It is a well-known fact that the lifespan of crude
at varying loads (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in a single- oil-based fuel used in automobiles is predicted to be short
cylinder direct-injection diesel engine at a constant speed given the state of our current knowledge of the use of
and comparing the results to the benchmark diesel. The fossil fuels and their rising rates of consumption
values of break thermal efficiency (BTE) were decreased (Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha et al., 2019). Additional

Arunkumar M., Mani M., Rai A.K., Adinarayanan A., Subbiah R., Ganeshan P., Kannan S., Seikh A.H. and Iqbal A. (2023), Extraction,
performance and emission characterization of diesel engine using waste lipolytic microorganism biodiesel, Global NEST Journal, 25(7),
166-173.
EXTRACTION, PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL ENGINE 167

concerns with using diesel in an I.C engines include rising hazardous gases from exhaust gas results from the
emissions of exhaust gases and the price of crude oil. addition of additives to biodiesel (Sathish et al., 2022).
Major pollutants that damage human health and Heat release rate and thermal efficiency both experienced
contribute to environmental pollution include CO, Smoke significant improvements. Investigation and the exhaust
opacity and unburned hydrocarbons. In order to address parameter of agricultural engines running on biodiesels of
these problems and related ones, as well as prevent coconut oil. Many studys demonstrated biodiesel made
climate change, it is crucial to discover a suitable the direct use of coconut acid oil in diesel engines without
replacement for diesel is oil based alternative fuels requiring any changes (Doppalapudi et al., 2023). The
(Ogunkunle and Ahmed, 2020). One such alternative fuel engine's performance was somewhat enhanced by using
that is produced by the transesterification process from these biodiesels, but brake-specific fuel consumption
plant biomass or seeds is biodiesel. With or without (BSFC) went up. Accordingly algal biodiesel/diesel/n-
engine modifications, biodiesel, a renewable fuel that is pentane blends improved DI diesel's efficiency,
free of petroleum, can be used in diesel engines. The combustion, and emissions engines. Using a mixture of
percentage of biofuel used in the industry of automotive 50% normal biodiesel and 50% algal biodiesel. n-pentane
is rising quickly in the twenty-first century due to concerns was employed to improve the engine's performance
about the environment, society, and economy (Bitire et al., 2022; Sundar et al., 2022; Kumar et al., 2023;
(Shrivastava et al., 2020). Alok et al., 2022). It was found that the engine
As a substitute for fossil fuels, various biodiesels have performance of a biodiesel blend that includes n-pentane
been used in ICE to produce electricity. The manufacturing is much greater than that of ordinary diesel. When
of biodiesel uses a variety of vegetable oils, both edible utilising biodiesel as an alternate fuel with heated Dhupa
and non-edible. The characteristics of an IC engine seed oil, various studied the operation, emissions, and
running on enhanced waste-source fuel were examined in combustion of a CI engine (Jain and Vora, 2021). The
terms of combustion, performance, and exhaust results of this study showed that preheating blends
pollutants in various countries (Munimathan et al., 2021). improves fuel spray characteristics by reducing viscosity,
Upgraded cooking oil waste outperformed standard diesel which boosts engine performance while reducing CO and
in terms of power and torque by 14% and 13.8%, HC emissions while slightly raising NOX and CO2 emissions
respectively. Fuel produced by the disposal of waste (Elumalai et al., 2021). A single-cylinder diesel engine
plastic least NOx during combustion because of the low- driven by dual fuels was the subject of research in terms
pressure curve. biodiesel and neem oil its mixes were of performance and emission characteristics. The results
used instead of diesel on the performance of diesel of this investigation showed that the use of turpentine oil
engines (Al-Dawody and Edam, 2022). Using a neem oil and Jatropha biodiesel produced good performance and
biodiesel blend of B20 and diesel, this study found that reduced emissions while raising HC emissions (Sharma
the BTE of diesel engines produced values that were and Sharma, 2021).
substantially identical to each other. Investigation of the
performance, financial evaluation, and emission analysis
of Moringa oleifera and Jatropha curcas methyl ester fuel
blends in a diesel engine with only one cylinder
(Karthickeyan, 2020). Rapeseed oil blends' BSFC and BSEC
are marginally greater than those of pure ordinary diesel.
Lesser loading levels resulted in the lower blends having
better beginning characteristics (Murali et al., 2020). Peak
cylinder pressure and heat release rate increased at low
engine loads but were almost the same at high engine
loads. Rapeseed oil can be substituted for up to 20% of
the diesel fuel in diesel engines using biodiesel modifying
Figure 1. Schematic diagram
engines, according to the study's findings (Katekaew et al.,
2021). This reduces the viscosity of the fuel. To analyse
the efficiency of diesel engines, investigation on jojoba oil
biodiesel was conducted. It was found that, as the load
was increased, B20 is undergoing reducing tendency in
emissions, as well as highest BTE content for various
blends were tested (Gowda et al., 2021). With the use of
hybrid bio-diesel blends based on cardanol, various
studied the efficiency. The outcomes showed that hybrid
biodiesel's brake thermal efficiency was approximately
equal to diesel's at full load (Akcay and Ozer, 2019). The
Rapeseed methyl ester's efficiency and exhaust emissions
were improved with the use of additives like hexane and Figure 2. Experimental setup
hexadecane. It was claimed that the reduction of This study established that the viscosity of the biodiesel is
reduced, and the cylinder pressure is increased when
168 ARUNKUMAR et al.

bioethanol is added to cotton and canola biodiesel little as possible. Non-edible vegetable oils should also
(Tamilvanan et al., 2021). It was also determined that contribute less because their cultivation requires land
adding bioethanol to a particular type of biodiesel reduces facilities. Analysing every viable alternative energy source
NOx. In a diesel engine, it was examined that the various could also help with climate change mitigation, adaptation
parameter of engine and property using diesel with neem to rising energy demand, and effective resource usage. As
oil biodiesel (Arunkumar et al., 2019). This study showed a result, this study suggests producing utilising milk
that, in addition to having positive effects on the wastewater from milk industry as a source of biodiesel a
environment, using methyl ester of neem oil is improving substitute in a diesel engine.
harvesting and reduce the unpredictability of fuel supply.
2. Experimental conditions and methods
The study findings can suggest biodiesel from neem seed
is a substitute for conventional diesel in diesel engines is a The Kirloskar TV1 one cylinder, 4- stroke, vertical-cylinder
practical option (Bitire et al., 2022; Sakthi Rajan and engine is employed in this experiment. To alter the load
Muralidharan, 2021). The engine's performance in this on the engine, an eddy current dynamometer is linked to
investigation was enhanced. One method for increasing it which was show in Figure 2 experimental setup. A
performance and lowering while usage, NOx emissions schematic of the entire setup can be seen in given Figure
biodiesel in an engine is to use additives. Overall, it has 1 provides a visual representation of the experimental
been found that biodiesel produced from biomass, plant setup and Table 1 contains the engine specifications. Data
seeds, or vegetables can be used as a sustainable from the trials has been archived using a data acquisition
alternative source for I.C engines (Mehmet et al., 2020; system (DAS), which records the data using "Engine Soft"
Ramshankar et al., 2023). According to the extensive software. A hundred cycles have been averaged for each
literature cited above, researchers are making systematic experiment to determine a crank angle and the difference
attempts to make biodiesel from a range of oilseeds and in in-cylinder pressure. During the investigation, both the
to improve its functionality by adding additives. Some of engine fuel consumption and the percentage of brake
the biodiesel that was examined was made from edible power loading are measured.
oils, while other samples were from non-edible oils The AVL gas analyser was used to evaluate the exhaust
(BhanuTeja et al., 2022; Sureshbabu et al., 2023) Because gas pollutants, including NOx, HC, CO, and CO2.
make food scarce, edible vegetable oils should be used as
Table 1. Specifications of test engine
Manufacturer Kirloskar
Model TV1
Type of engine Four stroke vertical single cylinder CI engine.
Displacement 661 cc
Max brake power 5.2 kW
Speed 1500 rpm
CR 17.5:1
Lubrication system Forced feed system
Bore and stroke 87.5 x 110 mm
Method of cooling Water cooled
Fly wheel diameter 1262 mm
Injection pressure 200 bar

Triglyceride + Alcohol ⇌ Biodiesel + Glycerol

3. Production of biodiesel
The reaction is reversible, meaning that both the
According to the calculations described above, LMD oil's reactants and the products can be converted back and
FFA was discovered to be 21%. The amount of FFA in forth. Therefore, to drive the reaction towards the
produced LMD oil is greater. Because of this, the formation of biodiesel, excess alcohol is usually added to
production of biodiesel involves two steps: acid the reaction mixture.
esterification and base transesterification.
One litre of CH oil is converted to diglyceride, which is
3.1. Base transesterification then heated to 64 °C and sends to the conical flask
transesterification is the process by which biodiesel is reactor. In the interim, a methoxide combination was
produced from vegetable oil or animal fat. it involves the made according to the diglyceride's new FFA value. To
reaction of a triglyceride (such as lipolytic make the methoxide solution, dissolve 3.5 +/- FFA
microorganism’s) with an alcohol (such as methanol or grammes of methanol in 300 mL with a pellet of sodium
ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH). When the heating oil reached 64
hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) to form esters degrees Celsius, the methoxide solution was added to it.
(biodiesel) and glycerol. In order to obtain a homogenous mixture, then it was
The chemical reaction for the transesterification of a maintained at 68 °C for two hours while being stirred
triglyceride with an alcohol can be written as follows: constantly at 700 rpm. After that it was continuously
EXTRACTION, PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL ENGINE 169

heating normally and mixing with the use of magnetic heating it to 70 °C. The properties of the diesel and mixing
stirrer for two hours, then the liquid is transferred to a of LMD is tabulated in Table 2.
separate funnel and held there for another two hours. Transesterification is a widely used method for producing
After that the methyl ester biodiesel separated at the top biodiesel, and it is a relatively simple process that can be
layer and the Black glycerol separated at the flask's performed on a small scale or large scale, depending on
bottom. Glycerol was drained and stored separately in a the intended use.
300 mL container. Through this transesterification
procedure, LMD oil is ultimately converted to LMD oil
methyl ester (LMD) biodiesel. The surplus methanol
concentration in the LMD biodiesel was evaporated by
Table 2. Properties of diesel and biodiesel
Properties Diesel B10 B20 B30 B40 B50 B80
Cetane no 48 48.8 49.6 50.4 51.2 51.7 52
Specific gravity 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.87 0.879 0.8802
Viscosity @ 40oC 3.9 4.16 4.412 4.668 4.924 4.98 5.18
Calorific value (kJ/Kg) 44000 41600 40360 39040 37720 37520 36400
Density (kg/m3) 830 841 849 859.2 874 873 878.2
Flash point (OC) 56 58 62 66 70 72 76
Fire point (OC) 62 67 73.5 79.2 85.3 86.2 92
Table 3. uncertainty values
Parameters Systematic Errors (±)
Speed 1 ± rpm
Load ± 0.1 N
Time ± 0.1 s
Brake power ± 0.15 kW
Temperature ± 1°
Pressure ± 1 bar
NOx ± 10 PPM
CO ± 0.02%
CO2 ± 0.02%
HC ± 12 PPM
Smoke ± 1 HSU

performance, such as of BSEC and BTE, fuel efficiency,

4. Analysis of uncertainty
emissions, and other related factors utilising LMD
Due to a variety of factors, including equipment selection, biodiesel as an alternative fuel and standard diesel as a
calibration, accuracy, observations, climatic conditions, baseline while altering the engine's load. This information
etc., uncertainty may occur during the experiment. Table can be used to improve the engine's design, optimize its
3 contains a list of all the instruments' uncertainties that operation, or assess its overall efficiency and reliability.
were used to measure various parameters. The total
instrument uncertainty was calculated to be 2.75%.

Figure 4. BSEC Vs Load

5.1. Brake thermal efficiency
The efficiency of BTE for various blend show that more
Figure 3. BTE Vs Load similar value except B10, B20 and B30 respectively. In
5. Engine performance evaluation comparison to B0, B20, and B30, B40, B50, and B80 have
substantially lower BTEs. At full load conditions the
Engine performance evaluation typically involves blending of LMD and diesel produces 30.5%, 30.2%, 30%,
measuring and analyzing various aspects of an engine's
170 ARUNKUMAR et al.

29.3%, 28.5%, 26% for the blending ratio of B0, 10, 20, 30, loading of engine. How much NOx emission is produced
40,50 and 80 respectively. LMD biodiesel BTE shows depends significantly on the temperature-specific
potential for use as a suitable alternative fuel in diesel stoichiometry of the mixture, the reaction duration and
engine. All graphs' trends follow predictable patterns, as the amount of O2 in the mixture. As the engine's
can be seen in the Figure 3. Due to the fact that BTE is a workload grows, so does the NOx emission in the exhaust
function involving mass flow of fuel used by the brake gas.
power, BTE decreases as the proportion of LMD biodiesel This is because a larger amount of fuel is injected with a
in the blend rises. faster response time, resulting in a higher injection
5.2. Brake specific energy consumptions pressure that raises the temperature inside the
It is made up of the BSFC plus the calorific value of the combustion chamber. The Figure 5 shows that the
fuel. It computes the amount of energy necessary to emission of NOx from LMD is consistently increasing than
produce a unit power output over the course of an hour. that of conventional diesel. The reason may be ignition
As energy efficiency improves, BSEC frequently declines. delay and delivery of more fuel to the combustion
The BSEC of conventional diesel is shown in Figure 4. chamber, which would raise the cylinder pressure and
Alongside the BSEC of diesel with LMD biodiesel blended combustion chamber temperature. The graphic shows
under various loading situations of engine. that as the blend's LMD biodiesel content rises, so do the
NOx emissions. This is due to biodiesels' quick ignition
As BSEC is a function of calorific value fuel mass and flow time, inherent oxygen content, and higher fuel injection
as measured by brake power, it decreases with increasing volume owing to their density increasing and less calorific
load. Because biodiesel has a slower rate of heating and a value. All of these elements raise the temperature inside
higher mass flow of fuel, BSEC rises as the proportion of the cylinder, which increases NOx generation. The
LMD biodiesel in the blend increases. Because of biodiesel emission of NOx for B10 to B80 at full load condition with
characteristics, the BSEC of B10, B20, and B30 is lower LMD is 1.6%, 3.1%, 3.7%, 4.8%, 5.6%, 7.0%.
than that of B40, B50, and significantly lower than that of
B80.At full load conditions the values of BSEC for B0, B10, 6.2. Emission of HC
B20, B30, B40, and B50 is 2.66, 2.86, 3.15, 3.25, 3.36, 3.76,
and 4.12 MJ/kWh, respectively. It was found similar
outcomes on engines fueled with diesel blends and
eucalyptus oil, and also it was found similar outcomes on
engines fueled with the blends of Jatropha biodiesel oil.
6. Features of exhaust gas emissions
Exhaust gas emissions refer to the gases like CO, CO2, HC,
NOX that are released from the exhaust system of IC
engines. These emissions are a major contributor to air
pollution and have negative impacts on human health and Figure 6. HC Vs Load
the environment. The emission of HC is also an important parameter at the
6.1. NOx emissions time of analysing emission performance. The Figure 6
shows that the increase in tendency of HC while using
When O2 and N2 like molecules interact with each other at LMD biodiesel when compared to normal diesel fuel. It is
high temperatures forms an exhaust gas component NOx. noted that the emission of HC is decreased by 40% and
The interaction takes place inside the cylinder of engine. 19% for the blending ratio of B80 when compared to B0 at
The NOx exhaust properties of LMD blends and normal full load conditions.
fuel are shown in Figure 5 at various engine loading
situations.

Figure 7. CO Vs Load

Figure 5. NOx Vs Load

6.3. Emissions of CO
The Figure 5 shows the fluctuation in HC emission
concentrations in emission gas for various blends of LMD As engine loading increases the emissions of CO also
biodiesel and normal diesel under situations of various increases. This is because of increasing of load, the
EXTRACTION, PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION CHARACTERIZATION OF DIESEL ENGINE 171

amount of oxygen in the combustion chamber decreases. 6.5. Opacity of smoke

Measurements are made of the CO content of the LMD Because of incomplete combustion, a lack of oxygen, self-
biodiesel exhaust gas. At 1500 rpm, CO emission is shown ignition, and fuel atomization, smoke opacity forms in the
in the Figure 7 against engine load exhaust gas. Figure 9 contrasts the smoke opacity of pure
There is a decrease in tendency in CO emission for all the diesel and LMD biodiesel blends. As the load on the
blending ratios of LMD biodiesel which having intrinsic O2 engine increases, the smoke's opacity rises. When the
and leads to the sequential change from CO to CO2 load rises, more fuel is pumped for a given volume of air,
throughout the engine operation. which results in a slower oxidation process and higher
6.4. Emissions of CO2 smoke production. Due to inherited oxygen, LMD
biodiesel and all of its mixes emit less opaque smoke than
The Figure 8 shows the differences in CO2 emissions under normal diesel. The extra oxygen in LMD biodiesel and its
various engine loading scenarios. According to the blends speeds up combustion and reduces smoke
quantity of CO2 in the exhaust fumes, the gasoline was emissions. B10, B30, and B50 each have a 3.35%, 11.5%,
burned properly. Complete combustion inevitably and 17.67% reduction in smoke opacity, respectively. A
produces CO2, which is a main resource of air pollution direct injection diesel engine using oil made from
which amplifies the impact of greenhouse effect. This is so pyrolyzed Jatropha biomass and solar power displayed the
because the components of biodiesel are higher in oxygen same tendencies.
than conventional diesel. There is reducing tendency of
CO2 emission for normal diesel fuels than that of blending 7. Conclusion
of LMD biodiesel. The increasing of CO2 will happen if
blending of biodiesel and changing of load conditions The study examines the impact of unique LMD biodiesel
changes as well. In comparison to ordinary diesel, CO2 on the operation, combustion, and emission
emissions were increased for various proportions of characteristics of the engine. Kirloskar’s TV- The
biodiesel with diesel by 0.31%, 0.76%, 1.23%, 1.2%, 1.8%, experiment makes use of a single direct-injection diesel
and 3.5% respectively. This might be because CO is engine and an eddy current dynamometer. Throughout
converted to CO2 during burning. In this experiment, at all the investigation, the following significant details were
loading settings and blending ratios, CO is inversely noticed
proportional to CO2. This might be because CO is • The converting of LM wastewater to LMD by using the
converted to CO2 during burning when the amount of transesterification process. It is possible to convert 0.7 Lit
oxygen inside the combustion chamber rises. of biodiesel from 1 lit of LMD. • The newly discovered
LMD biodiesel's viscosity and fire point are decreased,
also there is increasing tendency in calorific value, by
mixing it with conventional diesel at various blending
ratios. As a result, ICE engines can use LMD biodiesel
blends as an alternative fuel without requiring any engine
modifications.
• When compared to ordinary diesel, BTE results for all
tested fuels are satisfactory. The value of BTE are
decreased by 0.59, 0.62 & 1.2% for various blending ratios
of biodiesel at full, load condition.
• The value of BSEC was reduced for upto 30% of biodiesel
mixing with diesel, indicating that these blends should be
utilised rather than other mixes.
Figure 8. CO2 Vs Load
• Lower blends (B10 to B30), as measured by NHRR and
pressure of the cylinder for LMD, produce superior results
in combustion engine analysis.
• When compared to conventional diesel, the evaluated
LMD’s emission parameters perform good. The value of
HC, CO & smoke are reduced upto 8.69 &14.03%
respectively. Overall, it was discovered through this
experimental study that the newly produced LMD
biodiesel can be utilised in ICEs up to 30% of the time
without significantly altering the engine. Overall, it was
discovered through this experimental study that the
newly produced LMD biodiesel can be utilised in ICEs up
to 30% of the time without significantly altering the
engine. Using lipolytic microorganisms to produce
biodiesel has several advantages over traditional
Figure 9. Smoke Vs Load methods, including the use of renewable resources and
172 ARUNKUMAR et al.

the potential for lower production costs. Additionally, Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H., Khalife E., Tabatabaei M.,
lipolytic microorganisms can be grown using a variety of Aghbashlo M., Khanali M., Mohammadi P., Shojaei T.R. and
waste materials, such as restaurant grease, which can Salman S. (2019). Effects of aqueous carbon nanoparticles as
help reduce waste and pollution. a novel nanoadditive in water-emulsified diesel/biodiesel
blends on performance and emissions parameters of a diesel
Acknowledgments
engine. Energy Conversion and Management, 196, 1153–
The authors would like to acknowledge the Researchers 1166.
Supporting Project number (RSP2023R373), King Saud Karthickeyan V. (2020). Experimental investigation on combined
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. effect of ignition promoters and ceramic coating fuelled with
papaya seed oil methyl ester in DI diesel engine. Renewable
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