2

Author
Prof. Yusuf Jamal
Post Graduate Department of
Physiology-Unani
Ayurvedic & Unani Tibbia College,
New Delhi, India
Email- [email protected]
 3

Dedication
To All the Seekers and
Providers of Truth and
Knowledge who make this
planet a better place to live

Disclaimer
 4

This is a compendium of
knowledge converted into a book
form for the benefit of general
public specially persons not
familiar with Islam.

Author is neither a Muslim

preacher nor a cleric. The views of
others may differ. Please refer to
Quran and other authentic sources
for further guidance.

Certificate

The views expressed here and

selections of verses from Quran are
 5

author’s own. Author is not a religious

cleric but a common practicing muslim.
For further explanation and guidance
please refer to original source and
consult religious and scripture experts.
Author/ publisher/ distributor/seller do
not, in any way, be responsible for any
discrepancy/misprint/
misrepresentation/dispute in this book.

Table of Contents

Content Page
Number
Preface 7
Introduction to the Quran 12
 6

Introduction to Islam 20
The Creation Plan of God 27
The Five Pillars of Islam 34
The Life of Prophet Muhammad 42
The Concept of the Hereafter 62
The Art of Islamic Prayer: Salah 68
Islamic Charity 76
Zakah and Sadaqah
Spiritual Discipline and 83
Reflection Sawm (Fasting) in
Islam
The Concept of Halal 90
The Virtue of Patience and 96
Steadfastness - Sabr
The Concept of Jihad in Islam and 103
the Quran
The Concept of Kufr in Islam 111
The Oneness of God - Tawhid 116
The Spiritual Journey of a 123
Lifetime - Hajj
The Attributes of Allah - 130
Understanding God's Divine
Qualities
Understanding Islam - A Guide 137
for Non-Muslims
Epilogue 144

Preface

Dear Reader,

May the peace be upon you

 7

May you get the choicest blessings from

Almighty, the One God

In a world characterized by diversity

and complexity, understanding one
another's beliefs and cultures is of
paramount importance. This holds
especially true when it comes to
religion, as faith plays a fundamental
role in shaping the lives, values, and
worldviews of billions of people across
the globe.

Among the world's major religions,

Islam stands as one of the most widely
practiced, with over a billion followers
who share a profound connection with
the Quran, their holy book. Yet, for
many non-Muslims, the teachings of
Islam and the Quran remain a mystery,
 8

shrouded in false propaganda,

misconceptions as also some
misunderstandings.

This book in your hands is a

comprehensive exploration aimed at
bridging the gap between those who
follow Islam and those who seek to
understand it better. It serves as an open
invitation to embark on a journey of
knowledge, empathy, and respect.
Within these pages, we will delve into
the rich tapestry of Islamic belief
system and practice, and we together
will approach the Quran as a source of
inspiration, guidance, hope, and
contemplation for Muslims worldwide.

Our primary objective is to provide

non-Muslim readers with a balanced
 9

and accurate introduction to Islam and

the Quran, devoid of prejudice or bias.
Throughout this book, we will unravel
the intricacies of Islamic beliefs, the
life, and teachings of the Prophet
Muhammad, the Five Pillars of Islam,
and the basic concepts of Islam. We
will also address common
misconceptions and stereotypes,
seeking to foster a more informed and
tolerant global society.

Our approach is one of inclusivity and

mutual respect. We encourage open-
minded exploration, dialogue, and
engagement. Whether you are a student,
a researcher, an educator, or simply a
curious reader, this book is designed to
provide you with a solid foundation in
 10

the understanding of Islam and the

Quran.

To the non-Muslim readers, I hope that

this book serves as a bridge between
cultures and beliefs, fostering a deeper
appreciation for the diversity of the
human experience.

To our Muslim brothers and sisters, we

aim to provide a resource that may help
you share your faith with others and,
more importantly, contribute to the
cause of promoting tolerance and
understanding in an increasingly
interconnected world.

I personally thank you for embarking on

this journey with me. Let's explore the
teachings and traditions of Islam with
 11

an open heart and an open mind, as we

strive to build a more harmonious
world, one where the power of
knowledge and empathy transcends the
boundaries of faith and culture-

A world of peace

A world of eternal happiness

A world filled with HIS blessings

Chapter 1

Introduction to the Quran

 12

The Quran, sometimes spelled as

"Koran," is the holy scripture of Islam.
For over a billion Muslims worldwide,
it is much more than just a book; it is a
source of divine guidance, a spiritual
compass, and a timeless message from
God.

The Word of God

The Quran is the literal word of God, as

revealed to the Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) over a period of approximately
23 years. This divine revelation began
in the year 610 CE when Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) received the first
revelation in the cave of Hira, near
Mecca, and continued until his passing
in 632 CE.
 13

These revelations were conveyed to

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) by the
Arch Angel Gabriel (Jibrael) and were
received in Arabic.

Muslims hold the Quran in the highest

regard and believe it to be the ultimate
source of guidance for all aspects of
life, from morality and ethics to law and
spirituality.

The Quran provides answers to

fundamental questions about the
purpose of life, the nature of God, and
the path to salvation. Its message is
universal and addresses both the
individual and the collective, providing
a comprehensive framework for
personal conduct and societal
 14

organization irrespective of one’s

religion and ethnicity.

The Structure of the Quran

The Quran is divided into chapters

called "Surahs," and each Surah is
further divided into verses known as
"Ayahs." There are 114 Surahs of
varying lengths, with the longest being
Surah Al-Baqara and the shortest being
Surah Al-Kawthar.

In total, the Quran contains

approximately 6,236 Ayahs.

The Surahs are not arranged in

chronological order but are organized
based on a general theme or subject
matter.
 15

Surah Al-Fatiha, which is a short but

significant prayer for guidance, serves
as the opening Surah of the Quran and
is recited in daily prayers by Muslims.
Its translation is as hereunder-

“In the name of Allah who is most

beneficent and merciful”

“I praise and acknowledge that Allah is

the sustainer of all realms of creations.
He is most beneficent and merciful,
master of day of judgement, we worship
Him and seek His guidance, please
guide us to straight path, the path of
those upon whom You bestowed your
blessing, not of those upon whom your
wrath befell and who went astray.

Amen.
 16

The Quran's arrangement reflects a

divine order that holds deeper
significance and is meant to facilitate
the understanding of its message.

The Language and Style

The Quran is renowned for its

eloquence, profound wisdom, and
unique literary style. It is written in
classical Arabic, and its linguistic and
rhetorical qualities have captivated
scholars, poets, and linguists for
centuries.

The Quranic text is marked by its use of

metaphors, allegories, parables, and
powerful, evocative language. This
distinct style is often described as
"inimitable," as it is believed to be
 17

impossible for humans to replicate or

imitate.

Throughout the Quran, God often

addresses humanity directly, providing
guidance, exhortation, and lessons
through stories of past prophets and
communities. The use of repetition,
vivid imagery, and concise but potent
verses is intended to encourage deep
reflection and contemplation.

The Themes of the Quran

The Quran covers a wide range of

themes, including:

Monotheism: Central to the Quran's

message is the belief in the oneness of
God (Tawhid), the cornerstone of
Islamic faith.
 18

Guidance and Law: The Quran provides

guidelines for living a righteous life,
encompassing ethical principles, moral
values, and legal injunctions (Sharia).

Prophets and Messengers: It discusses

the lives and missions of various
prophets, emphasizing the continuity of
God's guidance throughout history.

Day of Judgment: The Quran

categorically speaks of the hereafter and
the consequences of one's actions in this
world, highlighting the importance of
accountability.

Social Justice: It addresses societal

issues, promoting charity, compassion,
and the welfare of the less fortunate.
 19

Spirituality: The Quran encourages self-

reflection, prayer, and devotion to God
as essential aspects of one's relationship
with the divine.

Tolerance and Understanding: It calls

for respect for other faiths and
emphasizes the importance of dialogue
and mutual understanding.

Chapter 2

Introduction to Islam
 20

Islam, often misconstrued and

misunderstood in many parts of the
world, is one of the world's major
religions with a rich and diverse history.
In this chapter, we will explore the
fundamental aspects of Islam, its
beliefs, practices, and its role in the
lives of Muslims.

The Meaning of Islam

The word "Islam" is derived from the

Arabic root word "salaam," which
means submission and obedience to one
God. Thus, "Islam" is commonly
translated as "submission to the
authority of God"

This fundamental concept lies at the

heart of the Islamic faith.
 21

The Beliefs of Islam

1. The Oneness of God (Tawhid): The

central belief in Islam is the concept of
monotheism, the belief in one God
(Allah in Arabic). This belief is
uncompromising, and Muslims regard
God as the ultimate source of all
creation and the sole object of worship.
Adding someone as god with Him is
shirk (Polytheism) and fully denying
Him or his word is Kufr (infidelity)

2. Prophethood: Muslims believe that

God has sent prophets throughout
history to guide humanity. The first
prophet was Adam. The final prophet is
believed to be Muhammad, who
received the Quranic revelations.
 22

3. The Quran: As discussed in the

previous chapter, the Quran is the holy
book of Islam and is considered the
ultimate source of divine guidance and
wisdom.

4. Angels: Muslims believe in the

existence of angels, who are created by
God and serve as messengers and
caretakers of the universe.

5. Day of Judgment: The belief in the

Day of Judgment is a fundamental tenet
of Islam. On this day, all individuals
will be resurrected, and their deeds will
be judged by God. Those who led
righteous lives will be rewarded, while
those who transgressed will face
consequences.
 23

6. Predestination (Qadar): Muslims

believe that God has full knowledge and
control over everything that happens in
the universe. However, humans have
free will and are responsible for their
choices and actions, results happen
accordingly.

The Practices of Islam

1. The Five Pillars of Islam:

Shahada (Faith): The declaration of

faith, which involves bearing witness
that there is no god but Allah, and
Muhammad is His messenger.

Salat (Prayer): Muslims are required to

pray five times a day facing the Kaaba
in Mecca.
 24

Zakat (Almsgiving): Muslims are

obligated to give a portion of their
wealth to the less fortunate.

Sawm (Fasting): During the holy month

of Ramadan, Muslims fast from dawn to
sunset.

Hajj (Pilgrimage): If financially and

physically able, Muslims are required to
make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least
once in their lifetime.

2. Moral and Ethical Guidelines:

Muslims are guided by a set of moral
and ethical principles outlined in the
Quran and Hadith (sayings and actions
of the Prophet Muhammad). These
include honesty, compassion, justice,
and charity.
 25

3. Dietary Restrictions: Many Muslims

adhere to dietary laws, including the
avoidance of pork and alcohol, as
outlined in the Quran.

4. Modesty and Dress Code: Modesty in

dress and behavior is often emphasized,
with many Muslim men and women
choosing to cover their bodies with no
skin revealing dress or other forms of
modest dress.

The Diversity of Islam

It is important to note that Islam is not a

monolithic religion; it is a global faith
with a diverse array of beliefs and
practices. There are different schools of
thought, traditions, and cultural
interpretations of Islam. Thus Islam and
 26

muslims cannot be categorized as a

single unit, rather a group of many
units.

Chapter 3

The Creation Plan of God

 27

The concept of God's creation plan in

Islam represents a fundamental belief in
the purposeful and organized design of
the universe by the Almighty. It offers
insight into the order, balance, and
intention behind the existence of
everything within the cosmos, as
outlined in the Quran.

The Divine Plan of Creation

According to Islamic teachings, Allah's

creation plan is deliberate and
meticulous, designed with precision and
purpose. The Quran repeatedly
emphasizes God's role as the Creator
and Sustainer of the universe. Verses
throughout the Quran, such as in Surah
Al-Anbiya (21:30), underscore God's
 28

deliberate and systematic creation of the

heavens and the earth:

"Have those who disbelieved not

considered that the heavens and the
earth were a joined entity, and We
separated them and made from water
every living thing? Then will they not
believe?"

This verse illustrates the methodical

unfolding of creation, indicating that
God designed the heavens and the earth
as a unified entity (singularity) and then
separated them (big bang). The use of
water to bring life to every living being
highlights the precision and purpose in
the creation plan.

Order and Balance in Creation

 29

Islamic theology affirms that God's

creation plan is characterized by order
and balance. Everything in the universe,
from the largest celestial bodies to the
smallest atoms and sub particles,
operates within a framework of divine
order and harmony. The Quran
acknowledges this balance, as expressed
in Surah Ar-Rahman (55:7-9):

"And the heaven He raised and imposed

the balance that you not transgress
within the balance. And establish
weight in justice and do not make
deficient the balance."

This verse emphasizes the importance

of maintaining balance and justice,
reflecting the order set by God in
creation. Humans are entrusted with
 30

maintaining this balance and conducting

themselves justly within the framework
provided by God.

The Purpose of Creation

Islamic teachings assert that God's

creation plan is not random or without
purpose. The Quran emphasizes that
everything in the universe has been
created with a purpose, and human
beings have a specific role in God's
larger plan. Surah Adh-Dhariyat (51:56)
states:

"And I did not create the jinn and

mankind except to worship me."

This verse highlights that the ultimate

purpose of human existence is to
recognize and worship i.e. follow the
 31

path of God. By aligning their lives

with God's guidance and principles,
individuals fulfill their role in the divine
creation plan. This existence is created
at two levels.

 This world (Duniya)

 Hereafter (Akhirah)

This realm, where we are now, is a

temporary and test world where human
kind has been put up and given free will
to test them whether they are fit to be
citizens of next perfect world called
Jannah, or be in hell. On the day of
judgement they will be resurrected and
will stand before their creator to be
answerable to the deeds, good or bad,
done in this world.
 32

Reflection and Appreciation

Understanding the concept of God's

creation plan invites believers and non-
believers alike to reflect on the order,
balance, design, and purpose in the
universe. It encourages appreciation for
the intricate design and inter
connectedness of all aspects of creation,
fostering a sense of humility and awe
toward the Creator.

Conclusion

The creation plan of God, as described

in Islamic teachings, portrays a universe
meticulously designed and organized by
the Almighty. Through the Quranic
verses and Islamic theology, believers
gain an understanding of the order,
 33

balance, and purpose within the cosmos.

Reflecting on this concept inspires
individuals to recognize the significance
of their role in God's creation and live
their lives in accordance with the divine
purpose be able to lead peaceful,
contended and blissful lives in
hereafter.

Chapter 4

The Five Pillars of Islam

 34

The Five Pillars of Islam are the

foundational acts of worship and
practice that serve as the core
framework of a Muslim's life.

These pillars encompass

 faith
 prayer
 charity
 fasting
 pilgrimage

They guide Muslims in their spiritual

journey, ethical conduct, and
relationship with God and the
community. In this chapter, we will
explore each of these pillars in detail.

1. Shahada (proclamation of faith)

 35

The first pillar of Islam is the Shahada,

the declaration of faith, which serves as
the foundational statement of a person's
belief in the oneness of God (Tawhid)
and the Prophethood of Muhammad
(PBUH).

The Shahada is recited in Arabic as

follows:

"La ilaha illallah, Muhammadur

rasulullah,"

Which translates to- "There is no god

but Allah, and Muhammad is the
messenger of Allah."

The Shahada is not merely a verbal

statement; it signifies a profound
commitment to monotheism and to the
message brought by the Prophet
 36

Muhammad (PBUH). It is a declaration

of faith that unites Muslims around the
world and underscores the centrality of
God in their lives.

2. Salat (Prayer)

Salat, Salah or prayer, is the second

pillar of Islam and one of the most
visible and regular acts of worship for
Muslims.

Muslims are required to pray five times

a day, facing the Kaaba in Mecca,
which is considered the holiest site in
Islam.

These daily prayers are performed at

specific times:

 before dawn-Fajr
 midday-Zuhar/Dhuhar
 37

 mid-afternoon-Asr
 after sunset-Maghrib
 early night- Isha

Prayer is not only a means of

communication with God but also an
opportunity for self reflection, spiritual
growth, and a reminder of one's faith.
The act of prayer involves physical
postures, including standing, bowing,
and prostration, which symbolize
submission and humility before God. It
is very essence of Islamic faith which is
reflected in the form of prayer.

3. Zakah (Almsgiving)

Zakah, Zakat, or almsgiving, is the third

pillar of Islam and represents the
 38

obligation of Muslims to share their

wealth and resources with those in need.

Muslims who are financially able are

required to give a portion of their
accumulated wealth, usually 2.5% of
their savings, 5% from business
earnings, and 10% from land income or
produce to support the less fortunate
and alleviate poverty.

Zakat is not considered a form of

charity but rather a form of social
responsibility. It is seen as a means to
purify one's wealth and promote social
justice and economic equity. By
fulfilling this pillar, Muslims contribute
to the welfare of their communities and
the well-being of those who are
 39

vulnerable as also to help in money

circulation.

4. Sawm (Fasting)

Sawm, or fasting, is the fourth pillar of

Islam and is most prominently observed
during the holy month of Ramadan.
Muslims fast from dawn until sunset,
refraining from eating, drinking, and
other physical needs during daylight
hours.

The daily fast is broken with a meal

called "Iftar" at sunset, and before
dawn, Muslims partake in a pre-fast
meal called "Suhoor."

Fasting during Ramadan is a spiritual

practice that fosters self-discipline, self-
 40

reflection, and empathy for those who

are less fortunate.

It also commemorates the month in

which the Quran was first revealed to
the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Beyond Ramadan, fasting may be
observed on other occasions as well.

5. Hajj (Pilgrimage)

Hajj, the fifth pillar of Islam, is the

pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca,
which is an obligation for Muslims who
are physically and financially able to
undertake the journey.

Hajj is performed during the Islamic

month of Dhu al-Hijjah, and it involves
a series of rituals and acts of worship at
 41

specific locations, including the Kaaba

and the plains of Arafat.

Hajj is once-in-a-lifetime obligation for

Muslims who can afford travel expenses
and able bodied and represents the unity
of the Muslim Ummah (community). It
is a deeply spiritual journey that serves
as a symbol of submission to God and a
recommitment to the principles of
Islam.

These pillars guide Muslims in their

daily lives, fostering a strong
connection with God, an ethical
foundation, and a commitment to social
justice.

Chapter- 5
 42

The Life of Prophet Muhammad

Prophet Muhammad, (peace be upon

him), is the central figure of Islam and
the final prophet sent by God to guide
humanity. His life, teachings, and
actions provide a profound and
comprehensive example for Muslims to
follow.

Early Life

Muhammad (PBUH), in full

Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah ibn ‘Abd al
Muttalib ibn Hashim, was born in 570
in Mecca in Arabia. His father, ‘Abd
Allah, and his mother, Aminah,
belonged to the family of the Banu
Hashim, a branch of the powerful
Quraysh, the ruling tribe of Mecca.
 43

‘Abd Allah died before three months

Muhammad’s birth. His mother Aminah
sent him as a baby into the desert, as
was the custom at that time to poor
woman named Halimah from the tribe
of Banu Sa’d, to suckle and nurture her
son. And so the young Muhammad
spent several years in the desert.

Muhammad’s mother died when he was

six years old. Now completely
orphaned, he was brought up by his
grandfather ‘Abd al-Muttalib, who also
died two years later. He was then placed
in the care of Abu Talib, Muhammad’s
uncle.

Muhammad grew into a young man of

unusual physical beauty as well as
generosity of character. His sense of
 44

fairness and justice were so revered that

the people of Mecca often went to him
for arbitration and knew him as al-
Amin, “the Trusted One.”

When he was 25 years old, Muhammad

married Khadijah bint al-Khuwaylid,
whose affairs he was conducting as his
business manager. Despite the fact that
she was 15 years older than he,
Muhammad accepted the proposal. She
bore him two sons, both of whom died
young. She also bore him four
daughters, Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm
Kulthum, and Fatimah.

By age 35, Muhammad had become a

very respected figure in Mecca. His
reputation stemmed, in part, from his
deep religiosity and attention to prayer.
 45

He often would leave the city and retire

to the desert for prayer and meditation.
It was during one of these periods of
retreat, when he was 40 years old and
meditating in a cave called Hira’ in the
Mountain of Light (Jabal al-Nur) near
Mecca, that Muhammad experienced
the presence of the archangel Gabriel
and the process of the Quranic
revelation began.

The Meccan Period

Muhammad (PBUH) first preached his

message to the members of his family,
then to a few friends, and finally, to the
public at large. The first to accept
Muhammad’s call to become Muslims
were Khadijah; ‘Ali; Zayd ibn al-
Harith, who was like a son to the
 46

Prophet; and Abu Bakr, who was a

close friend of the Prophet. Besides his
family and friends, a number of
Meccans embraced Islam.

However, most influential figures and

families of Mecca rejected his call. As
Muhammad’s message spread,
opposition to him grew and was led by
‘Amr ibn Hisham, dubbed Abu Jahl
(“Father of Ignorance”) by the early
Muslims.

In 619, Muhammad (PBUH) was

overcome by grief by the death of two
people who were especially close to
him, his wife Khadijah and his uncle
Abu Talib. In or around 621, a
delegation from Yathrib, a city north of
Mecca, contacted Muhammad (PBUH)
 47

and, having heard of his sense of justice

and power of leadership, invited him to
go to their city and become their leader,
the king of Madina.

That year he married Aisha bint Abu

bakar who was seventeen years of age
at that time but she came to his house
only after two years after he shifted to
Madina. The age of Aisha is wrongly
attributed to 7 by some maligned
scholars.

Muhammad (PBUH) departed with Abu

Bakr for Yathrib. On September 25,
622, he completed the Hijrah
(“migration) and reached Yathrib,
which became known as Madinat al-
Nabi (“City of the Prophet”), or
Medina. He was accepted as de facto
 48

king of Madina. This momentous event

led to the establishment of Islam as a
religious and social order and became
the starting point for the Islamic
calendar.

The Medinan Period

When Muhammad (PBUH) first settled

in Medina, many Medinans embraced
Islam, so the early Islamic community
came to consist of the emigrants (al-
muhajirun) and the Medinan helpers (al-
ansar). Muhammad (PBUH) integrated
the Medinan community—the
muhajirun and the ansar into a pious
Islamic society.

During the second year of the Hijrah,

Muhammad (PBUH), as king, issued
 49

the Constitution of Medina, defining

relations between the various groups in
the first Islamic community. That same
year the direction of daily prayers, or
the qiblah, was changed by divine order
from Jerusalem to Mecca, which
marked the clear indication of Islam as
a distinct monotheistic religion.

The Early Battles

The enmity of Quraysh with

Muhammad remained very strong, In
624, an army of 1,000 assembled by the
Quraysh marched against Medina and
met a much smaller force of 313
Muslims at a place called Badr on the
17th day of the month of Ramadan.
Although heavily outnumbered, the
Muslims achieved a remarkable victory
 50

however, nine of the Companions of the

Prophet (al-sahabah), were killed.

The Quraysh, however, did not give up

their quest to destroy the nascent
Islamic community. In 624–625 they
dispatched an army of 3,000 men under
the leader of Mecca, Abu Sufyan.
Muhammad (PBUH) led his forces to
the side of a mountain near Medina
called Uhud, and battle ensued. The
Muslims had some success early in the
engagement, but Khalid ibn al-Walid, a
leading Meccan general and later one of
the outstanding military figures of early
Islamic history, charged Muhammad’s
army’s left flank after the Muslims on
guard deserted their posts. A number of
eminent Muslims, including
 51

Muhammad’s valiant uncle Hamzah,

lost their lives in the struggle.

In 626–627 the Quraysh raised an army

of 10,000 men, which marched on
Medina. Salman al-Farsi, suggested that
the Muslims dig a ditch around the city
to protect it, a technique known to the
Persians but not to the Arabs at that
time. The Meccan army arrived and,
unable to cross the ditch, laid siege to
the city but without success, leaving the
Muslims victorious in the Battle of the
Ditch (al-Khandaq).

The Islamic community had become

more solidly established by 628, and in
that year Muhammad (PBUH) decided
to make the ‘umrah (“lesser
pilgrimage”) to the Ka’bah. He set out
 52

for Mecca with a large entourage and

many animals meant for sacrifice, but
an armed Meccan contingent blocked
his way. Because he had intended to
perform a religious rite, he did not want
to battle the Meccans at that time. So he
met Quraysh leaders who proposed as a
compromise that Muhammad return to
Medina but make a peaceful pilgrimage
to Mecca the next year. In addition, a
10-year truce was signed with the
Meccans.

In 628–629, Muhammad’s first

conquest was made when the Muslims
captured Khaybar in a battle in which
the velour of ‘Ali played an important
role. The Jews and Christians of
Khaybar were allowed to live in peace,
 53

protected by the Muslims, but they were

required to pay a tax called the jizyah.

It was also at this time that Muhammad

(PBUH), sent letters inviting various
leaders to embrace Islam, including the
Muqawqis, the governor of Alexandria;
the negus of Abyssinia; Heraclius, the
emperor of Byzantium; and Khosrow II,
the king of Persia. He emphasized in
these letters that there should be no
compulsion for People of the Book—
Jews, Christians, or Zoroastrians—to
embrace Islam.

In 628–629 the Quraysh broke the pact

agreed upon at Al-Hudaybiyah, freeing
Muhammad (PBUH) to march on
Mecca, which he did with a large group
of the ansar, the muhajirun, and
 54

Bedouins. The Quraysh pleaded for

amnesty, which was granted.
Muhammad (PBUH) went directly to
the Ka’bah, where he ordered ‘Ali and
Bilal, to remove all the idols and restore
the original purity of the Ka’bah, which
was built by prophet Abraham as the
house of the one God.

All the Meccans then embraced Islam

and his authority.

Spread of Islam in Arabia and beyond

In 630–631 embassies from all over the

Arabian Peninsula arrived in Medina to
accept Islam, and by that time most of
Arabia, save for the north, had united
under the banner of Muhammad
(PBUH), nevertheless, the Jews and
 55

Christians of the north region submitted

to his authority, whereupon Muhammad
(PBUH) guaranteed their personal
safety and freedom to practice their
religion as he did for the Zoroastrians of
eastern Arabia. At that time too, the
pagan Arab tribes in the north, as well
as in other regions, embraced Islam.

Finally, in 632, Muhammad (PBUH)

made the first Islamic pilgrimage to
Mecca (al-hajj).

At that time he delivered his celebrated

farewell sermon, and the last verse of
the Qur'an was revealed.

Death

Late in the spring of 632, Muhammad

(PBUH), suddenly fell ill with fever
 56

and, according to some Hadith, died

three days later on June 8, 632 and
buried in his house adjacent to the
mosque of Medina. His mosque remains
the holiest place in Islam after the
Ka’bah; it is visited by millions of
pilgrims annually

The Teachings of Prophet Muhammad

Prophet Muhammad's teachings are

wide-ranging and encompass various
aspects of life. Some key teachings and
principles include:

1. Monotheism (Tawhid): Muhammad

(PBUH) emphasized the belief in the
oneness of God, the cornerstone of
Islamic faith. He called people to
 57

abandon idol worship and recognize the

one true God, Allah.

2. Ethical Conduct: The Prophet

stressed the importance of ethical
behavior, including honesty, kindness,
and respect for others. His sayings and
actions, known as Hadith, provide a
comprehensive ethical framework.

3. Social Justice: Muhammad's (PBUH)

teachings included the principle of
social justice. He emphasized the rights
of the poor, orphans, and the vulnerable
in society. Charity, known as Zakat and
sadqa, was established to support those
in need.

4. Compassion: The Prophet was

renowned for his compassion and
 58

mercy. His famous saying- "The

merciful are shown mercy by the Most
Merciful. Be merciful to those on the
earth, and the One above the heavens
will have mercy upon you" underscores
the importance of compassion.

5. Brotherhood and Equality:

Muhammad (PBUH) abolished
distinctions of race and social status. In
his Farewell Sermon, he declared- "All
mankind is from Adam and Eve. A
white has no superiority over black and
a black has no superiority over white.
An Arab has no superiority over a non-
Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any
superiority over an Arab."

6. Women's Rights: The Prophet

advocated for women's rights in a
 59

society where they were often

marginalized. He ensured women's
inheritance rights and the dignity and
respect of women in all aspects of life.

7. Seeking Knowledge: Muhammad

(PBUH) encouraged the pursuit of
knowledge, famously stating- "Seeking
knowledge is obligatory upon every
Muslim."

8. Interfaith Dialogue: The Prophet

maintained peaceful relations with
people of other faiths, engaging in
dialogue and cooperation with Jewish
and Christian communities.

9. Personal Development: Muhammad

(PBUH) emphasized self-improvement
and self-reflection. He said- "The most
 60

complete believer in faith is the one

with the best character."

10. Prayer and Worship: The Prophet

established, by the decree of Allah, the
five daily prayers, fasted during
Ramadan, and performed the Hajj
pilgrimage, setting the example for
devout worship.

Conclusion

The life and teachings of Prophet

Muhammad provide a profound and
enduring source of guidance for
Muslims. His emphasis on monotheism,
ethics, compassion, women
empowerment, and social justice
continues to inspire individuals to lead
 61

virtuous lives and contribute positively

to their communities and nations.

Chapter-6

The Concept of the Hereafter

The concept of the hereafter, or the

afterlife, plays a central and
transformative role in the Islamic faith.
 62

It is a fundamental belief that shapes the

behavior, ethics, and worldview of
Muslims.

The Belief in the Hereafter

The Quran emphasizes the belief in the

hereafter as a cornerstone of Islamic
faith. Muslims believe in life after death
and that all human beings will be
resurrected on the Day of Judgment.

On this day, each individual will be

held accountable for their deeds, and
their eternal fate will be determined by
God. This belief in the hereafter serves
as a powerful motivator for leading a
righteous and morally upright life in
accordance with God's guidance.

The Day of Judgment

 63

The Quran vividly describes the Day of

Judgment as a day of reckoning, when
every soul will stand before God to
answer for their actions.

It is a day of justice and accountability,

where God's wisdom and mercy will
prevail. Those who lived righteously
and obeyed God's commands will be
rewarded with eternal paradise, while
those who transgressed and rejected
God's guidance will face the
consequences of their actions.

The Quran mentions that on the Day of

Judgment, individuals will receive a
record of their deeds, with their actions
weighed on the scale of divine justice.
The Quranic verses often invoke the
image of scales, where good deeds will
 64

be placed on one side and bad deeds on

the other, determining one's ultimate
destination.

Heaven (Paradise) and Hell

In the Quran, heaven is described as a

place of eternal bliss and reward, where
the righteous will enjoy the company of
loved ones, beautiful gardens, rivers of
milk, honey, and other delights. It is a
place of eternal happiness, free from
suffering, pain, and sorrow.

Conversely, hell is depicted as a place

of punishment for those who rejected
God's guidance and engaged in sinful
behavior.

Hellfire is described in intense and

evocative terms in the Quran, serving as
 65

a stark warning against a life of

disobedience. However, Islamic
tradition teaches that God's mercy and
justice are absolute, and His ability to
forgive is limitless.

It is ultimately God's decision who is

admitted to heaven and who is
condemned to hell.

The Role of Good Deeds and Faith

The Quran emphasizes the importance

of faith and good deeds as the means to
attain paradise. Faith alone is
insufficient without righteous actions,
and it is the combination of faith and
good deeds that leads to salvation. The
Quran calls for acts of worship, charity,
 66

kindness, honesty, and ethical conduct

as the way to earn God's favor.

A Source of Comfort and Guidance

The concept of the hereafter provides

solace and hope to Muslims facing trials
and hardships in this life. It reinforces
the belief that justice will prevail in the
end, and those who have endured
suffering and injustice will find ultimate
vindication and reward in the hereafter.

Conclusion

The belief in the hereafter is not just an

abstract concept in Islam; it is a guiding
principle that influences every aspect of
 67

a Muslim's life. It instills a sense of

purpose, morality, and accountability.

The Quran's teachings on the hereafter

provide a compelling narrative of
justice, reward, and the consequences of
one's actions. It reminds Muslims to
live a life that aligns with God's
guidance and prepares them for the
eternal life that awaits them in the
hereafter. The concept of the hereafter
is a source of spiritual comfort, ethical
guidance, and hope for mercy of God.

Chapter-7

The Art of Islamic Prayer: Salah

Salah, often referred to as "Salat," is

one of the Five Pillars of Islam and
 68

holds a position of utmost importance in

the lives of Muslims.

It is a fundamental act of worship and a

means of connecting with God.

The Significance of Salah

Salah is a daily ritual of prayer that

serves as a direct link between the
worshipper and God. It is not merely a
set of motions and words but a profound
spiritual journey that encompasses
physical, mental, and emotional aspects.
The Quran refers to Salah as a
"coolness of the eyes," indicating the
tranquility and peace it brings to the
believer's heart.

The importance of Salah is underlined

by its inclusion as one of the Five
 69

Pillars of Islam. It is an act of devotion

that Muslims are required to perform
five times a day, with each prayer
serving as a reminder of their faith,
dependence on God, and the need for
continuous spiritual connection.

The Structure of Salah

Each Salah is composed of a set

sequence of physical postures and
supplications, which vary slightly
between the five daily prayers. A set
ablution (Wudu/Wazu) is performed
before every prayer.

The five daily prayers are as follows:

Fajr: The pre-dawn prayer.

Dhuhr: The midday prayer.

 70

Asr: The afternoon prayer.

Maghrib: The evening prayer, which

takes place just after sunset.

Isha: The night prayer.

The typical structure of a Salah involves

the following components in one
set(Rakah):

Niyyah (Intention): Before starting the

prayer, a worshipper forms the intention
of which prayer they are about to
perform and what they are seeking from
God.

Takbir (Opening proclamation): The

prayer begins with the raising of both
hands to the ears, saying "Allahu
Akbar" (God is the Greatest), signifying
the start of the prayer with
 71

acknowledgement of supremacy of one

and only God.

Qiyam (Standing): In a standing

position, the worshipper recites verses
from the Quran, typically starting with
Surah Al-Fatiha, which is followed by
another Surah or verses from the Quran.

Ruku (Bowing): The worshipper bends

at the waist, keeping their back straight,
and places their hands on their knees
while reciting supplications.

Sujood (Prostration): The worshipper

then stands and goes down into
prostration, touching their forehead,
nose, both palms, both knees, and toes
on the ground. Prostration is the most
humbling and spiritually intimate part
 72

of the prayer, and supplications are

recited. It is done twice in every Rakah.

Qa'dah (Sitting): The worshipper sits

down and recites further supplications,
seeking God's guidance and mercy.

Tashahhud (Testification): The

worshipper recites the Shahada, bearing
witness that there is no god but Allah,
and Muhammad (PBUH) is His
messenger.

Salam (Closing Salutation): The prayer

concludes with the worshipper turning
their head to the right and left saying
"Assalamu Alaikum wa Rahmatullah"
(Peace and mercy of God be upon you)
to each side.

Spiritual Dimensions of Salah

 73

Salah is not merely a set of physical

motions and recitations; it is a deeply
spiritual act. It provides a moment of
reflection, connection, and submission
to God. The act of standing, bowing,
and prostrating symbolizes the
worshipper's submission to the Divine
Will.

Moreover, Salah is an opportunity for

self-purification and seeking
forgiveness. The daily act of five prayer
allows Muslims to seek God's guidance,
express gratitude, and ask for pardon for
their shortcomings and sins.

Community and Unity

Salah also serves as a means of unity

within the Muslim community. Muslims
 74

all over the world face the same

direction, the Kaaba in Mecca, when
praying. This practice symbolizes the
global unity of the Muslim Ummah
(community) and their shared faith.

Conclusion

Salah is a sacred and fundamental act of

worship in Islam that serves as a
continuous reminder of faith,
dependence on God, and the need for a
spiritual connection. It is a journey of
the soul that encompasses physical,
mental, and emotional aspects,
providing moments of reflection,
submission, and unity within the
Muslim community. The practice of
Salah is not just an obligation but a
profound expression of devotion and an
 75

essential component of a Muslim's daily

life.

Chapter- 8

Islamic Charity

Zakah and Sadaqah

Charity and acts of kindness are integral

aspects of the Islamic faith, reflecting
the values of compassion, social justice,
and community welfare.
 76

Zakah: The Obligatory Almsgiving

Zakah is a mandatory almsgiving in

Islam, making it one of the Five Pillars
of the faith.

The word "Zakah" is derived from the

Arabic root "z-k-w," which means
purification and growth. It is an
obligatory act of charity that every
eligible Muslim must perform, provided
they meet specific financial criteria.

1. Purpose of Zakah: Zakah serves

multiple purposes within the Islamic
community-

Wealth Purification: It purifies the

wealth of those who give it by
acknowledging that all wealth belongs
 77

to God and that individuals are merely

stewards of their resources.

Wealth Redistribution: It functions as a

means of wealth redistribution, ensuring
that those in need are supported and that
economic disparities are mitigated.

Solidarity: Zakah reinforces the sense of

community and mutual responsibility
among Muslims, as it directly supports
those who are less fortunate.

2. Eligibility and Calculation: Muslims

who have accumulated wealth or
savings above a certain threshold,
known as the "Nisab," are obligated to
pay Zakah, typically at a rate of 2.5% of
their total assets (cash, gold, silver, and
business goods) annually.
 78

This amount is then distributed to

specific categories of beneficiaries,
including the poor, needy, orphans, and
those in debt.

3. Spiritual Rewards: Beyond its

socioeconomic objectives, Zakah has
profound spiritual rewards. It is a means
of expressing gratitude to God for one's
blessings and a way of seeking His
mercy and forgiveness.

It also acts as a reminder of the transient

nature of worldly possessions and the
importance of focusing on the hereafter.

Sadaqah: Voluntary Charity

Sadaqah, often referred to as voluntary

charity or good deeds, encompasses a
wide range of charitable acts that are
 79

not obligatory but highly encouraged in

Islam.

Sadaqah can be given in various forms,

including monetary donations, acts of
kindness, and volunteering. It is
considered a spontaneous and selfless
expression of one's generosity and
compassion.

1. Purpose of Sadaqah: Sadaqah is an

expression of the believer's empathy
and goodwill toward others. It
encompasses a wide range of charitable
actions, including helping those in need,
visiting the sick, feeding the hungry,
and providing assistance to those facing
adversity.
 80

2. Voluntary Nature: Sadaqah is not

bound by specific rules or regulations in
the way Zakah is. It is entirely
voluntary, and the giver has the
flexibility to choose how and when to
offer it.

3. Spiritual Rewards: Sadaqah carries

spiritual rewards and is often seen as a
means of purifying one's soul. It is
believed to ward off calamities and
misfortune, as well as act as atonement
for sins.

Differences between Zakah and

Sadaqah

Obligatory vs. Voluntary: The primary

distinction between Zakah and Sadaqah
is that Zakah is obligatory for those who
 81

meet the criteria, while Sadaqah is

voluntary and based on the individual's
willingness and ability to give.

Eligibility Criteria: Zakah has specific

eligibility criteria, including a financial
threshold (Nisab), while Sadaqah has no
such criteria.

Distribution: Zakah is distributed to

specific categories of beneficiaries as
prescribed in Islamic law in Quran,
whereas Sadaqah can be given to
anyone in need or for various charitable
purposes for the common good of
society.

Conclusion

Zakah and Sadaqah are essential

components of the Islamic concept of
 82

charity and benevolence. While Zakah

is a compulsory act of almsgiving that
carries distinct socioeconomic and
spiritual significance, Sadaqah
represents voluntary acts of kindness
and generosity that offer believers
opportunities for self-purification and
spiritual growth. Together, these reflect
the values of compassion, social justice,
and community welfare that are
fundamental to the Islamic faith.

Chapter-8

Spiritual Discipline and Reflection

Sawm (Fasting) in Islam

Sawm, or fasting, is one of the Five

Pillars of Islam and a practice deeply
ingrained in the Islamic faith.
 83

The Significance of Sawm

Fasting during the month of Ramadan

holds profound significance in the lives
of Muslims. It is not merely a physical
act of abstaining from food and drink,
but a spiritual journey that carries a
multitude of meanings.

Obedience to God: Fasting is a

command from God, as outlined in the
Quran. By observing it, Muslims
demonstrate their submission to God's
will.

Spiritual Reflection: Ramadan is a time

for Muslims to engage in self-reflection,
increase their acts of worship, and draw
closer to God. It's an opportunity to
strengthen their faith.
 84

Self-Discipline: Fasting requires self-

discipline and control over one's
desires. Muslims learn to resist
temptations and cultivate self-restraint.

Empathy and Solidarity: Fasting allows

Muslims to experience hunger and
thirst, fostering empathy for those who
are less fortunate. It also emphasizes the
sense of community and solidarity.

Forgiveness and Mercy: It is believed

that fasting during Ramadan is an act
that leads to the forgiveness of one's
sins and invokes God's mercy.

The Ramadan Fast

The Ramadan fast is observed from

dawn (Fajr) until sunset (Maghrib).
During this time, Muslims abstain from
 85

food, drink, and sexual relations. In

addition to the physical fast, Muslims
engage in increased acts of worship,
including recitation of the Quran, extra
prayers, and charitable activities and
refrain from all possible sins.

Iftar and Suhoor

Each day, the fast is broken at sunset

with the meal called "Iftar." Families
and communities come together to share
this meal, often starting with the eating
of dates and drinking water.

Before dawn, Muslims partake in a pre-

fast meal called "Suhoor" to prepare for
the day of fasting.

The Night of Decree (Laylat al-Qadr)

 86

Within the last ten days of Ramadan,

Muslims believe that the Night of
Decree, Laylat al-Qadr, falls. It is a
night of great importance, considered
better than a thousand months. Muslims
engage in increased worship and prayer
during this period, seeking God's
blessings and guidance. It is believed
that all personal and universal decisions
are taken by God in respect of us so it is
better to be worshipping Him at the
time of this.

Fasting Beyond Ramadan

While fasting during Ramadan is

obligatory for all adult Muslims, there
are additional recommended fasts
throughout the Islamic calendar. These
include fasting on Mondays and
 87

Thursdays, the 13th, 14th, and 15th of

each lunar month, and the Day of
Arafat.

The Spiritual Benefits of Sawm

Fasting offers numerous spiritual

benefits to Muslims:

Self-Purification: Fasting purifies the

soul and cleanses it from sinful
tendencies, helping believers become
more conscious of their actions.

Increased Gratitude: Abstaining from

everyday comforts, such as food and
water fosters a greater sense of gratitude
for God's blessings.

Spiritual Connection: Fasting

strengthens one's connection with God
 88

and encourages personal growth in

faith.

Empathy and Solidarity: Fasting fosters

empathy for the less fortunate and
encourages charitable acts.

Conclusion

Sawm, or fasting, is not only a physical

act of abstaining from food and drink
but a profound spiritual experience that
holds great significance in the lives of
Muslims.

It is a time of self-discipline, reflection,

and increased acts of worship. Fasting
during Ramadan serves as a reminder of
one's submission to God's will, a means
of seeking forgiveness, and an
 89

opportunity for personal and spiritual

growth.

It is a practice that shapes the lives and

identities of Muslims and strengthens
their connection with God and their
fellow believers.

Chapter- 9

The Concept of Halal

The concept of "Halal" holds a

significant place in the lives of Muslims
and is a fundamental aspect of Islamic
dietary and ethical guidelines. In this
chapter, we will explore the concept of
 90

Halal, its significance, and its

application in various aspects of life.

Defining Halal

The term "Halal" is an Arabic word that

means "permissible" or "lawful"
according to Islamic law, known as
Sharia.

Conversely, "Haram" refers to what is

"forbidden" or "prohibited" within the
context of Islamic teachings. The
concept of Halal extends beyond dietary
choices and influences various aspects
of life, including food, clothing,
behavior, and business practices.

Halal Food

One of the most well-known

applications of Halal is in the domain of
 91

food and dietary practices. Halal food is

that which adheres to specific
guidelines outlined in the Quran and
Hadith. Key principles of Halal food
include:

The Proper Slaughter: Animals intended

for consumption must be slaughtered in
the name of Allah (God) by a Muslim
using a specific method. This method,
known as "Dhabiha" or "Zabiha,"
involves swift and humane slaughter to
minimize the animal's suffering.

Prohibited Ingredients: Halal food

excludes any ingredients that are
considered Haram, such as pork
alcohol, and any intoxicating substances
 92

Avoiding Cross Contamination:

Utensils, cookware, and preparation
surfaces used for Halal food must not
come into contact with Haram items to
prevent cross-contamination.

Halal Ethics and Behavior

Halal principles extend to ethical and

behavioral aspects of life as well.
Muslims are encouraged to embody
Halal values in their actions, including:

Honesty and Integrity: Conducting

business and interactions with honesty
and integrity is a fundamental Halal
principle. Deception, fraud, and unfair
practices are considered Haram.

Charity and Compassion: Acts of

kindness, charity, and helping those in
 93

need are highly regarded in Islam and

align with Halal ethics.

Respect and Morality: Treating others

with respect and adhering to high moral
standards are essential Halal principles.

Avoidance of Harm: Engaging in

actions that cause harm to oneself or
others is Haram. This includes avoiding
activities such as gambling, substance
abuse, and backbiting.

Halal in Business and Trade

The concept of Halal extends to

business and trade practices as well.
Many Muslim-majority countries have
established organizations and
certification bodies that verify and
regulate the Halal status of products and
 94

services. This is particularly significant

in industries such as food production,
packaging, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals,
and finance.

Challenges and Interpretations

The concept of Halal can vary in

interpretation and application across
different cultures and communities.
While there are core principles that are
universally accepted, nuances can arise
in individual practices.

Conclusion

The concept of Halal, meaning

"permissible" in Islamic law, is a
fundamental and multifaceted concept
that influences various aspects of a
muslin’s life, from dietary choices to
 95

ethical behavior and business practices.

Halal principles are deeply rooted in
Islamic teachings and are designed to
guide Muslims in making choices that
align with their faith and values.
Understanding and adhering to Halal
principles is a means of living a life in
accordance with Islamic ethics and
striving for purity and righteousness.

Chapter-10

The Virtue of Patience and

Steadfastness - Sabr

In the Islamic tradition, the concept of

"Sabr" is a fundamental virtue that
carries profound spiritual and moral
significance. Sabr, often translated as
patience, steadfastness, or endurance,
 96

plays a central role in the lives of

Muslims as they navigate the challenges
and trials of this world. In this chapter,
we will explore the concept of Sabr and
its importance in Islam.

Understanding Sabr

Sabr is derived from the Arabic root "s-

b-r," which conveys the idea of
endurance, forbearance, and patience in
the face of adversity, suffering, or
hardship. However, Sabr is not limited
to merely bearing difficulties with
patience; it encompasses a broader set
of virtues, including self-control,
perseverance, and maintaining one's
faith and trust in God during
challenging times.
 97

The Quranic Perspective

The Quran places great emphasis on the

concept of Sabr. Numerous verses
highlight the virtue of patience,
providing guidance and comfort to
those who face trials and tribulations.
For example, in Surah Al-Baqara
(2:155-157), it is written:

"Be sure we shall test you with

something of fear and hunger, some loss
in goods or lives, or the fruits (of your
toil), but give glad tidings to those who
patiently persevere. Who say, when
afflicted with calamity: 'To Allah we
belong, and to Him is our return.' They
are those on whom (descend) blessings
from their Lord, and Mercy. They are
the ones who receive guidance."
 98

These verses illustrate the Quranic

perspective on Sabr as a means to attain
God's blessings, mercy, and guidance
during times of adversity.

Types of Sabr

There are three primary types of Sabr in

Islamic tradition:

Sabr in the Face of Calamities, war or

attacks by enmies: This is the patience
exercised when enduring hardships,
such as illness, loss of loved ones, or
financial difficulties. It involves
maintaining one's faith and trust in
God's wisdom.

Sabr in Acts of Obedience: This form of

Sabr is exercised when facing
challenges in performing acts of
 99

worship and obedience to God, such as

fasting, prayer, and charity. It requires
steadfastness and dedication in adhering
to religious duties.

Sabr in Avoiding Sin: Sabr is also

required to abstain from sinful
behaviors or temptations. This form of
Sabr involves self-control and the
determination to resist wrongdoing.

The Virtues of Sabr

The practice of Sabr brings about

numerous virtues and benefits,
including:

Spiritual Growth: Sabr is a means of

spiritual growth and self-improvement.
It fosters humility, gratitude, and a
stronger connection with God.
 100

Emotional Resilience: Sabr equips

individuals with the emotional strength
to endure difficult circumstances
without losing hope or faith.

Maintaining Morality: It helps

individuals maintain their moral
principles, even when faced with
challenges or temptations.

Inner Peace: By embracing Sabr,

individuals find inner peace and
contentment in knowing that God is in
control, and that everything happens by
His will.

Reward in the Hereafter: Sabr is highly

rewarded in the hereafter. Muslims
believe that the patience shown in this
 101

world will be compensated with eternal

bliss in paradise.

Exemplars of Sabr

The Quran and Hadith literature provide

numerous examples of individuals who
demonstrated exceptional Sabr in the
face of adversity. The prophets of
Islam, particularly Prophet Job (Ayyub)
and Prophet Joseph (Yusuf), are often
cited as exemplars of unwavering
patience and trust in God, even in the
most trying of circumstances.

Conclusion

Sabr, or patience and steadfastness, is a

central virtue in Islam that extends
beyond merely enduring hardships. It
encompasses enduring adversity,
 102

maintaining dedication to acts of

worship, and exercising self-control in
the face of temptation. Sabr is not just
an individual's response to trials but
also an act of faith and submission to
God's divine will.

Chapter- 11:

The Concept of Jihad in Islam and

the Quran

Jihad is a concept in Islam that is often

misunderstood and misrepresented in
the modern world. It is frequently
associated with violence and extremism,
but in Islamic theology and practice,
Jihad carries a broader and more
nuanced meaning.
 103

The Meaning of Jihad

The word "Jihad" is derived from the

Arabic root "j-h-d," which means to
strive, struggle, or exert effort. In Islam,
Jihad is understood as a struggle,
striving, or exertion in various aspects
of life. While it can include armed
conflict in self-defense in some cases, it
encompasses a more comprehensive
range of struggles:

1. Jihad al-Nafs (Struggle against the

Self): This inner Jihad involves the
spiritual struggle to resist sinful
temptations, purify the soul, and draw
closer to God. It is often considered the
most significant Jihad.
 104

2. Jihad al-Akbar (Greater Jihad):

Greater Jihad refers to the internal battle
against one's own shortcomings and the
effort to be a better person like getting
good education, learning new useful
skill, changing one’s bad habits,
spreading God’s message of hope etc

3. Jihad al-Asghar (Lesser Jihad):

Lesser Jihad pertains to external
struggles, including self-defense and the
defense of Islam, your country or your
family. It may involve armed conflict,
but it is governed by strict rules of
engagement and ethical principles.

The Quranic Perspective

The Quran addresses the concept of

Jihad in various verses, offering
 105

guidance on its practice and principles.

In Surah Al-Baqara (2:190-193), it is
written:

"Fight in the cause of Allah those who

fight you but do not transgress. Indeed,
Allah does not like transgressors. And
kill them wherever you overtake them
and expel them from wherever they
have expelled you, and fitnah is worse
than killing. But do not fight them at al-
Masjid al-Haram until they fight you
there. But if they fight you, then kill
them. Such is the recompense of the
disbelievers. And if they cease, then
indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
Fight them until there is no [more]
fitnah and [until] worship is
[acknowledged to be] for Allah. But if
 106

they cease, then there is to be no

aggression except against the
oppressors."

These verses emphasize the principle of

self-defense and the restriction of
warfare to situations of necessity and
self-preservation. Jihad is not a license
for aggression but a means of ensuring
the protection of the Muslim
community.

Ethical Principles of Jihad as a war

Islamic tradition places great emphasis

on the ethical conduct of Jihad. Some
key principles include:

Proportionality: The use of force in

Jihad must be proportionate to the threat
or injustice faced.
 107

Non-combatant Immunity: Deliberate

harm to non-combatants, including
women, children, and non-militants, is
strictly prohibited.

Protection of Religious Freedom: Jihad

is not aimed at imposing Islam on
others but at ensuring the freedom to
practice one's religion.

Protection of Property: The destruction

of property, crops, and resources is
forbidden in Jihad.

The Greater Jihad

The concept of the "Greater Jihad" as an

inner spiritual struggle is often
emphasized in Islamic teachings. It
involves the individual's continuous
effort to overcome negative qualities,
 108

seek self-improvement, and draw closer

to God through acts of worship, self-
control, and compassion.

The Greater Jihad is the foundation

upon which the practice of "Lesser
Jihad" is built.

Misconceptions and Extremism

Misinterpretation of the Quranic

concept of Jihad has led to
misconceptions and extremism among
people of other faiths. Jihad, when
misunderstood, can be used to justify
acts of terrorism and violence as is
being done at various places.

It is crucial to differentiate between

legitimate self-defense and acts of terror
carried out by extremists. In Islam there
 109

is no place of terrorism, in fact they are

declared as Kafir even if they proclaim
to be Muslims.

Conclusion

Jihad, as presented in the Quran and

Islamic tradition, is a concept with
multiple dimensions. While it includes
self-defense and the protection of the
community and country, it primarily
emphasizes the internal struggle against
one's shortcomings and the effort to be
a better person.

It is a concept rooted in ethical

principles, proportionality, and the
protection of human rights.
Understanding the multifaceted nature
of Jihad is essential in dispelling
 110

misconceptions and promoting a more

accurate and balanced view of this
concept within the Islamic faith.

Chapter- 12

The Concept of Kufr in Islam

The concept of "Kufr" is a theological

term in Islam that holds a particular
significance in the Islamic faith. It is
often used to describe a state of
disbelief or ungratefulness toward God's
guidance.

Defining Kufr
 111

The Arabic term "Kufr" is derived from

the root word "k-f-r," which means to
cover or conceal. In the Islamic context,
Kufr refers to the act of concealing or
denying the truth, particularly the truth
of Oneness and uniqueness of God.
Kufr is often used to describe the state
of disbelief or ingratitude toward God's
guidance and blessings.

The Quranic Perspective

The Quran addresses the concept of

Kufr in several verses. It distinguishes
between "Iman" (faith) and "Kufr"
(disbelief) and emphasizes the
significance of recognizing and
accepting God's guidance.

Types of Kufr
 112

In Islamic theology, Kufr can manifest

in various forms:

Kufr al-Juhood (Disbelief out of

Rejection): This is the conscious and
deliberate rejection of faith, despite
understanding its truth.

Kufr al-Nifaq (Hypocrisy): Hypocrisy is

a form of Kufr where a person
outwardly claims to be muslim but
conceals disbelief within. It is
considered a severe spiritual aberration.

Kufr al-Kibr (Disbelief out of

Arrogance): Some individuals reject
faith due to arrogance or pride,
considering themselves too elevated to
submit to God's guidance.
 113

Kufr al-Shakk (Doubtful Disbelief):

This is a state of disbelief that arises
from uncertainty or doubt rather than
outright rejection.

From the above it is clear that the term

Kafir applies to Muslims and not the
people of other faiths.

Repentance and Redemption

In Islam, the concept of Kufr does not

necessarily equate to eternal damnation.
The faith teaches that repentance and
turning back to God are always
possible. God is described as the Most
Merciful and Most Forgiving, and
sincere repentance can erase the effects
of Kufr. It is believed that God's mercy
 114

is all-encompassing, and the door to

repentance is always open.

Avoiding Misunderstanding

The concept of Kufr and term of kafir

should be understood in its theological
and spiritual context. It is not a term to
be used lightly or judgmentally against
peoples of other faiths..

Islam encourages believers to engage in

dialogue, promote understanding, and
seek to guide those who may be in a
state of disbelief rather than condemn
them.

Conclusion

Kufr is a theological concept in Islam

that signifies disbelief, ingratitude, or
the rejection of God's guidance. It is a
 115

complex and nuanced concept with

different forms, but it should be
approached with sensitivity and an
understanding of its spiritual and
theological context. In Islam, the doors
of repentance are always open,
emphasizing God's mercy and
forgiveness.

Chapter 12:

The Oneness of God - Tawhid

The concept of Tawhid, or the oneness

of God, lies at the core of Islamic
theology and is the foundational belief
of the Islamic faith. In this chapter, we
will explore the significance of Tawhid,
its theological underpinnings, and its
 116

impact on the beliefs and practices of

Muslims.

Defining Tawhid

Tawhid is an Arabic term derived from

the root word "w-h-d," which means to
make one or to unify.

In the context of Islam, Tawhid is the

belief in the absolute oneness and
uniqueness of God (Allah). It asserts
that God is One, without partners,
associates, or equals, and that there is
nothing comparable to Him. Tawhid is
the fundamental declaration of faith for
Muslims and serves as the cornerstone
of Islamic monotheism.

Theological Underpinnings
 117

Tawhid is derived from various Quranic

verses and Hadith, which emphasize the
absolute oneness of God. In the Quran,
Surah Al-Ikhlas (112:1-4) succinctly
encapsulates the concept of Tawhid:

"Say, 'He is Allah, [Who is] One, Allah,

the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets
nor is born, nor is there to Him any
equivalent.'"

These verses affirm that God is

singular, eternal, timeless and beyond
comparison, incapable of having
offspring or being begotten.

Three Aspects of Tawhid

Tawhid can be categorized into three

aspects, each emphasizing a different
facet of God's oneness:
 118

Tawhid al-Rububiyyah (Oneness of

Lordship): This aspect acknowledges
that God is the sole Creator, Sustainer,
and Ruler of the universe. He controls
all affairs and maintains the order of
creation.

Tawhid al-Uluhiyyah (Oneness of

Worship): This dimension of Tawhid
relates to the exclusive worship of God.
It emphasizes that all acts of worship,
devotion, and supplication should be
directed to God alone, without
associating partners or intermediaries.

Tawhid al-Asma' wa-Sifat (Oneness of

God's Names and Attributes): Tawhid
in this aspect emphasizes that God's
names and attributes are unique and
incomparable. His qualities and
 119

attributes are distinct from the creation

and do not resemble those of any
created being.

Practical Implications

The belief in Tawhid has profound

implications for the daily lives of
Muslims:

Monotheistic Worship: Muslims

worship God alone, believing that all
acts of devotion, prayer, and
supplication should be directed solely to
Him.

Morality and Ethics: Tawhid informs

the ethical framework of Islam. Since
God is the ultimate authority, Muslims
are called to live their lives in
 120

accordance with His guidance and

moral principles.

Human Dignity: The belief in Tawhid

underlines the inherent dignity of every
human being, as all are created by the
one God and are equal in His sight.

Social Justice: Tawhid encourages

Muslims to stand up for justice and
fight oppression, as the oneness of God
underscores the importance of equity
and fairness.

Repentance and Forgiveness: Belief in

Tawhid is also connected to God's
mercy and forgiveness. It encourages
individuals to seek repentance and
forgiveness from the One who is all-
compassionate and all-merciful.
 121

Interfaith Dialogue and Common

Ground

The concept of Tawhid can be a point

of dialogue and common ground
between different faith traditions
especially Abrahaminic religions. The
emphasis on the oneness and
uniqueness of God is a shared belief
among Abrahaminic faiths, and
understanding this concept can foster
interfaith understanding and
cooperation.

Conclusion

Tawhid, the belief in the oneness of

God, is the foundational belief of Islam.
It shapes the faith, practices, and
worldview of Muslims, emphasizing the
 122

singular and absolute nature of God's

existence and attributes. Tawhid is a
reminder of God's oneness as the
Creator, Sustainer, and the ultimate
source of guidance and mercy. It is a
concept that unites believers and serves
as the core of Islamic monotheism.

Chapter 13

The Spiritual Journey of a Lifetime -

Hajj

Hajj, the Islamic pilgrimage to the holy

city of Mecca, is one of the Five Pillars
of Islam and represents a spiritual
journey of great significance for
Muslims around the world.

The Significance of Hajj

 123

Hajj holds a special place in the hearts

of Muslims for several reasons:

Religious Obligation: Hajj is one of the

Five Pillars of Islam, making it a
religious obligation for those who are
physically and financially able to
undertake the journey. It serves as a
demonstration of a Muslim's obedience
and devotion to God.

Spiritual Cleansing: Hajj is seen as a

spiritual journey of purification and
atonement. By performing the rituals,
pilgrims seek forgiveness for their sins
and purification of their souls.

Unity and Equality: Hajj emphasizes the

equality of all Muslims before God.
Regardless of their background, wealth,
 124

or social status, all pilgrims wear the

same simple white garments (Ihram)
and stand shoulder to shoulder in
prayer.

Connection to Tradition: Hajj retraces

the footsteps of Prophet Abraham
(Ibrahim) and his family, and it
commemorates their faith and
submission to God's will. The symbolic
acts performed during Hajj reflect the
trials and experiences of the Prophet
Ibrahim.

The Journey of Hajj

The Hajj pilgrimage is a physically and

spiritually demanding journey that
unfolds in several stages over the course
of a few days.
 125

Some of the key elements of the Hajj

journey include:

Ihram: Before entering the holy city of

Mecca, pilgrims don the white garments
of Ihram. These simple, un sewn
garments symbolize purity and
humility.

Circumambulation of the Kaaba:

Pilgrims begin by circumambulating the
Kaaba, the black cubic structure at the
center of the Masjid al-Haram. They
walk seven times around the Kaaba, a
symbolic act representing the unity of
the Muslim community.

Stand at Arafat: Pilgrims gather at the

plain of Arafat on the 9th day of Dhul-
Hijjah. They spend the day in prayer
 126

and supplication, seeking God's mercy

and forgiveness.

The Stoning of the Devil: Pilgrims

engage in the ritual of Rami, where they
symbolically stone the three pillars
representing Satan. This act reflects the
rejection of evil and temptation.

Sacrifice: Pilgrims perform the act of

Qurbani, which involves the sacrifice of
an animal, typically a sheep or goat, to
commemorate the willingness of
Prophet Ibrahim to sacrifice his son
Isma'il (Ishmael) in obedience to God's
command.

Tawaf al-Ifadah: After the stoning,

pilgrims return to the Masjid al-Haram
in Mecca to perform the Tawaf al-
 127

Ifadah, another circumambulation of the

Kaaba.

Spiritual and Personal Transformation

Hajj is not only a physical journey but a

profound spiritual experience that often
leaves a lasting impact on the pilgrim.
Many pilgrims describe Hajj as a life-
altering experience, fostering a deeper
connection with God and a sense of
spiritual renewal. It serves as a reminder
of the transient nature of life and the
ultimate goal of seeking God's pleasure
and forgiveness.

The Hajj as a Global Gathering

Hajj is also a remarkable demonstration

of the global unity of the Muslim
Ummah (community). Each year,
 128

millions of Muslims from diverse

backgrounds and cultures gather in
Mecca to perform Hajj, reinforcing the
sense of brotherhood and unity that
transcends national, racial, and ethnic
boundaries.

Conclusion

Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca, is a

spiritual journey of immense
importance to Muslims. It is a
demonstration of faith, humility, and
unity, emphasizing the equality of all
believers before God. The rituals of
Hajj reflect the history and faith of
Islam, and the experience serves as a
spiritual transformation for those who
 129

undertake the journey. It is a vivid

reminder of the ultimate goal of life—to
seek God's pleasure and forgiveness.

Chapter 15

The Attributes of Allah -

Understanding God's Divine
Qualities

In the Islamic faith, understanding the

attributes of Allah (God) is an essential
aspect of theology and a central
component of a Muslim's relationship
with the Divine. This chapter will
 130

explore the attributes of Allah as

described in Islamic theology and the
Quran, emphasizing the balance
between the transcendence and
immanence of God.

The Nature of Allah's Attributes

In Islam, Allah is described as having

both transcendental and immanent
attributes. This means that while God is
entirely distinct and beyond creation,
He is also present and involved in the
universe. This balance between
transcendence and immanence is a
central theme in Islamic thought.

The Names and Attributes of Allah

The Quran and Hadith literature provide

a comprehensive list of attributes and
 131

names that describe the nature and

qualities of Allah. Some of the most
prominent attributes include:

Ar-Rahman and Ar-Rahim (The Most

Gracious and The Most Merciful):
These attributes highlight God's
boundless mercy and compassion.
Muslims often begin tasks with the
phrase "Bismillah Ar-Rahman Ar-
Rahim" (In the name of Allah, the Most
Gracious, the Most Merciful) as an
acknowledgment of God's infinite
compassion.

Al-Alim (The All-Knowing) and As-

Sami' (The All-Hearing): These
attributes signify God's omniscience
and His ability to hear all prayers and
supplications.
 132

Al-Qadir (The All-Powerful) and Al-

Muqtadir (The All-Determiner): These
attributes emphasize God's absolute
power and His control over all things.

Al-Hakim (The Most Wise): This

attribute underscores God's wisdom in
His divine plan and judgment.

Al-Adil (The Just): God's attribute of

justice assures believers that His
judgments are fair and without bias.

The Unity of Allah's Attributes

Islamic theology maintains that all of

Allah's attributes are united in His
essence. Each attribute is not a separate
quality but is interconnected with His
divine nature.
 133

While Muslims understand God through

His attributes, they emphasize that God
is beyond human comprehension and
His essence is beyond our
understanding.

Tawhid and the Attributes of Allah

The concept of Tawhid (the oneness of

God) is closely related to the attributes
of Allah. Muslims believe that God is
one, with no partners, associates, or
equals. All of His attributes are
interconnected in His divine oneness.

Balancing Transcendence and

Immanence

Islamic theology emphasizes the

importance of maintaining a balance
between recognizing God's
 134

transcendence (His being beyond the

material world) and His immanence
(His presence and involvement in
creation). This balance encourages
humility, submission, and the
realization that while God is near, His
true nature is beyond human
comprehension.

The Practical Implications of

Understanding Allah's Attributes

Understanding the attributes of Allah

has several practical implications for
Muslims:

Worship: Believers are encouraged to

worship God with devotion and
gratitude, recognizing His attributes of
mercy, wisdom, and justice.
 135

Morality: Knowing that God is just and

wise guides Muslims in making ethical
choices and treating others with
fairness.

Comfort and Hope: The attributes of

Allah provide comfort and hope,
knowing that God is merciful and
compassionate, even in times of
difficulty.

Humility and Submission: Recognizing

God's transcendence cultivates humility
and a sense of submission to His will.

Conclusion

The attributes of Allah are a central

component of Islamic theology and the
understanding of God's nature. Muslims
recognize the balance between God's
 136

transcendence and immanence,

understanding that His attributes are
interconnected in His divine oneness.
This knowledge influences their
worship, morality, and overall their
relationship with the Divine.

Chapter 16

Understanding Islam - A Guide for

Non-Muslims

Islam, with over a billion followers

worldwide, is one of the world's major
religions. It is characterized by its rich
history, diverse traditions, and a deep
commitment to the worship of one God.
In this chapter, we offer an introduction
to Islam for non-Muslims, providing
 137

insight into its beliefs, practices, and

cultural influences.

The Foundation: Belief in the Oneness

of God

At the heart of Islam is the concept of

Tawhid—the belief in the oneness of
God, known as Allah in Arabic.
Muslims believe that God is the sole
Creator and Sustainer of the universe,
transcending any partners or
intermediaries. This foundational belief
shapes all aspects of their lives and
leads to a life of submission and
devotion to God's will.

The Quran: The Holy Book of Islam

The Quran is the central religious text

of Islam, believed by Muslims to be the
 138

literal word of God as revealed to the

Prophet Muhammad. It serves as a
comprehensive guide for living a
righteous and God-conscious life. The
Quran addresses various aspects of life,
including ethics, morality, and social
justice.

The Prophet Muhammad

Muhammad (PBUH), considered the

final prophet in Islam, is highly revered
by Muslims. He is seen as the model of
exemplary character and conduct. His
life and teachings, as recorded in the
Hadith literature, provide guidance for
Muslims in how to lead a life in
accordance with Islamic principles.

The Five Pillars of Islam

 139

Islam is often associated with its Five

Pillars, which are the fundamental acts
of worship and practice that shape a
Muslim's daily life. These include:

Shahada (Faith): The declaration of

faith, affirming belief in the oneness of
God and the prophet hood of
Muhammad.

Salah (Prayer): The performance of five

daily prayers facing the Kaaba in
Mecca.

Zakat (Charity): The giving of a portion

of one's wealth to those in need, serving
as a means of social welfare.

Sawm (Fasting): Observing fasting

during the month of Ramadan,
 140

refraining from food, drink, and other

physical needs during daylight hours.

Hajj (Pilgrimage): The journey to the

holy city of Mecca, required of those
who are physically and financially able
to undertake it.

The Concept of Jihad

Jihad, often misunderstood, is a concept

referring to a spiritual struggle or
striving to live in accordance with God's
guidance. While it can encompass self-
defense, it should not be equated with
terrorism or violence. Jihad represents a
wider spectrum of efforts to improve
one's self, faith and society.

Diversity in Islam
 141

Islam is not a monolithic faith; it

comprises diverse traditions, cultures,
and schools of thought. There are Sunni
and Shia branches, as well as various
cultural and regional expressions of
Islam. While there are common beliefs
and practices, Muslims can have varied
interpretations and customs.

Misconceptions and Stereotypes

Islam has faced its share of

misconceptions and stereotypes, often
perpetuated by a lack of understanding
and negative media portrayals. It is
important to engage in open dialogue
and seek information from reliable
sources to counteract these stereotypes
and foster greater understanding.
 142

Conclusion

Islam is a rich and diverse religion with

a deep commitment to the oneness of
God, ethical living, and social justice. It
is a faith that shapes the lives of over a
billion people, guiding them in their
quest to lead righteous and God-
conscious lives. Understanding the
fundamental beliefs and practices of
Islam can foster tolerance, promote
intercultural understanding, and
contribute to a more informed and
inclusive global society.
 143

Epilogue

As we conclude this journey through

the diverse and intricate tapestry of
Islam, we hope that you, our non-
Muslim readers, have gained a deeper
understanding of this faith, its practices,
and its profound impact on the lives of
over a billion individuals across the
globe. We have explored the core
beliefs, rituals, and traditions that shape
the daily lives of Muslims and the rich
theological and spiritual concepts that
underpin their faith.
 144

We've witnessed the central role of

Tawhid—the belief in the oneness of
God—in Islam and how it influences
every facet of a Muslim's life. We've
delved into the Quran and its message,
the life and teachings of the Prophet
Muhammad, and the Five Pillars of
Islam that guide Muslim worship and
practice. We've also explored concepts
like Jihad, Sawm, and Hajj,
understanding the multifaceted nature
of these elements within the Islamic
framework.

Through this exploration, we aimed not

only to provide information but to
promote understanding and foster
tolerance. It is our hope that this
knowledge will serve as a foundation
 145

for meaningful intercultural dialogue,

breaking down barriers of ignorance
and prejudice. The world today is
interconnected as never before, and it is
crucial that we understand and respect
one another's beliefs and traditions.

Islam, like any religion, is a diverse and

multifaceted faith. Muslims come from
a wide array of cultures and traditions,
and there is no one-size-fits-all
approach to understanding their
practices and beliefs. It is important to
recognize the diversity within the
Muslim community, and to approach
individuals with respect for their unique
perspectives and experiences.

As we conclude this exploration, we

encourage you to continue your journey
 146

of learning and understanding. Engage

in open dialogue with Muslims, seek
information from reputable sources, and
embrace the values of tolerance,
respect, and empathy. Together, we can
bridge the gaps that sometimes divide
us and build a more inclusive and
harmonious world.

In the spirit of unity, may we all strive

to learn from one another, celebrate our
shared values, and embrace our
differences as a source of strength and
richness. As we close the pages of this
book, let us remember that knowledge
is a powerful force, capable of breaking
down barriers and fostering greater
understanding, compassion, and peace
in our world.
 147

Thank you for embarking on this

journey of discovery with us.

Let us come together

Let us pray together

Let us be happy and

contended in this life
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Author