Final Exam

MED1213 Biochemistry II
Set 3

Closed Question – 0.4 point, Total: 20 point; True / False – 0.25 point, Total: 5 point; Open Question
– 1 point, Total: 15 point; Total score –40 point

Closed Question – 0.4 point, Total: 20 point

1. A number of compounds inhibit oxidative phosphorylation—the synthesis of ATP from ADP and
inorganic phosphate linked to oxidation of substrates in mitochondria. Which of the following
describes the action of an uncoupler?
A) It discharges the proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane.
B) It discharges the proton gradient across the mitochondrial outer membrane.
C) It inhibits the electron transport chain directly by binding to one of the electron carriers in the
mitochondrial inner membrane.
D) It inhibits the transport of ADP into, and ATP out of, the mitochondrial matrix.

2. Which complex reacts with O2?

A) Complex I, B) Complex II, C) Complex III, D) Complex IV.

3. In the Citric acid cycle, Succinyl coA turning to succinate step is catalyzed by:
A) Succinate thiokinase, B) Succinate dehydrogenase, C) succinate synthetase, D) Cis-aconitase

4. Conversion of alpha-Ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA includes:

A) Oxidation, B) Decarboxylation, C) Both oxidation and decarboxylation, D) oxidation and
phosphorylation.

5. During TCA cycle, the FADH2 production happens at:

A) Isocitrate dehydrogenase step,
B) Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase step,
C) Succinate dehydrogenase step,
D) Malate dehydrogenase step.

6. Malate is oxidized to _______ by malate dehydrogenase, forming NADH.

A) Fumarate, B) Oxaloacetate, C) Acetyl coA, D) Citrate.

7. The 2nd production of CO2 in TCA cycle happens at the step catalyzed by:
A) Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex.
B) Succinate dehydrogenase,
C) Malate dehydrogenase,
D) Succinate thiokinase.

8. As a result of the Citric Acid Cycle which compound is regenerated?

 A) Malate, B) Acetyl CoA, C) Pyruvate, D) Oxaloacetate.

9. The initial reaction between acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate is catalyzed by _____
which forms a carbon-carbon bond.
A) Citrate synthase, B) Isocitrate dehydrogenase, C) Citrate dehydrogenase, D) Aconitase.

10. Which step has 2nd substrate level phosphorylation in glycolysis?

A) Phosphoglycerate kinase step, B) Phosphoglyceromutase step, C) Pyruvate kinase step, D)
Phosphofructokinase step.

11. Which enzyme of glycolysis use ATP as a phosphate donor?

A) Phosphohexose isomerase, B) Glucokinase, C) Phosphoglycerate kinase, D) Pyruvate Kinase.

12. Which enzyme catalyze the irreversible step in Glycolysis?

A) Phosphohexose isomerase, B) Aldolase, C) Pyruvate kinase, D) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase.

13. Which enzyme of glycolysis uses ATP energy?

A) Phosphofructokinase-1, B) Phosphotriose isomerase, C) Pyruvate carboxylase, D) Enolase.

14. The reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase-1:

A) Is activated by high concentrations of ATP and citrate.
B) Uses fructose-1-phosphate as substrate.
C) Is the rate-limiting reaction of the glycolitic pathway.
D) In inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.

15. Fructose 1,6, bisphosphate is cleaved by aldolase to:

A) Triose phosphates. B) Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ad fructose-6 phosphate, C) PEP and DHAP,
D) DHAP and 3 phosphoglycerate.

16. What affect does feeding have on glucokinase?

A) Feeding increases its activity,
B) Feeding inhibits its activity,
C) Feeding has no influence on its activity,
D) None of above.

17. What affect does feeding have on glycogen synthase activity?

A) Feeding increases its activity,
B) Feeding inhibits its activity,
C) Feeding has no influence on its activity,
D) None of above.

18. Which enzyme is working in the Mitochondria?

A) PEP-carboxykinase, B) Malate dehydrogenase, C) Glucose-6-phosphatase. D) Hexokinase.
19. The synthesis of glucose from pyruvate by gluconeogenesis: (biotin add co2 to pyruvate-1 step)
A) Occurs exclusively in the cytosol, B) Requires the participation of biotin, D) Involves lactate
as an intermediate, E) Requires the oxidation/reduction of FAD.

20. What’s the affect of glucagon on fructose 2,6, bisphosphate?

A) Lowers its activity, B) Raises its activity, C) Glucagon has no affect on fructose 2,6
bisphosphate. D) None of the above.

21. Glycerol is phosphorylated to glycerol phosphate by:

A) Phosphoglycerate kinase, B) Glycerol Kinase, C) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,
D) Phosphoglyceromutase.

22. The hormones, epinephrine and glucagon have which one of the following effects on glycogen
metabolism in the liver?
A) Glycogen phosphorylase is phosphorylated and active, whereas glycogen synthase is
phosphorylated and inactive.
B) Both glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase are activated by phosphorylation
but at significantly different rates.
C) Glycogen phosphorylase is inactivated by a rise in Ca2+ whereas glycogen synthase is
activated.
D) cAMP dependent protein kinase A is activated whereas phosphorylase kinase is
inactivated.

23. In contracting skeletal muscle a sudden elevation of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration will result
in:
A) Activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A.
B) Inactivation of phosphorylase kinase caused by the action of protein phosphatase-1.
C) Direct activation of phosphorylase kinase B.
D) Direct activation of glycogen phosphorylase B.

24. What affect does feeding have on PEP-carboxykinase activity?

A) Feeding decreases the activity,
B) Feeding increases the activity,
C) Feeding has no affect on enzyme’s activity,
D) None of above.

25. What is the inducer for increasing the activity of Glucose-6-phosphatase?

A) Insulin, B) Glucagon, C) Somatostatin, D) Thyroxine.

26. Which enzyme produces the 2nd NADPH in Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
A) Glucose-6-phosphatase,
B) 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase,
C) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
 D) 6-phosphogluconolactone hydrolase.

27. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of D-Fructose into Fructose 6 phosphate?
A) Fructokinase,
B) Hexokinase,
C) Phosphohexose isomerase,
D) Fructose-6-phosphatase.

28. Which enzyme degradates cAMP in glycogen metabolism?

A) Pyrophosphatase, B) Phosphodiesterase, C) cAMP dependent protein kinase, D) None of the
above.

29. Where is aldosterone (steroid hormone) synthesized?

A) Testes, B) Adrenal cortex, C) Pituitary gland, D) Adrenal Medulla.

30. In beta oxidation of fatty acids, which one is NAD+ dependent enzyme?
A) 3-hydroxyacyl coA dehydrogenase, B) Thiolase, C) Enoyl-coA hydratase, D) Acyl coA
dehydrogenase.

31. Which enzyme is the rate-limiting and major control point in cholesterol biosynthesis?
A) HMG coA reductase, B) Thiolase, C) Diphosphomevalonate kinase, D) cis-Prenyl transferase.

32. What is the precursor of ketone bodies in the liver?

A) Glucose-6-phosphate, B) Acetoacyl coA, C) Free fatty acids, D) Cholesterol.

33. Choose complex lipids:

A) Fats, B) Waxes, C) Oils, D) Glycolipids.

34. Which enzyme catalyzes the activation of fatty acid?

A) Acyl-coA synthetase. B) Carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1, C) Carnitine-palmitoyl transferase
2, D) Carnitine acylcarnitine translocase.

35. In beta oxidation of fatty acids, which one is FAD dependent enzyme?
A) Enoyl-coA hydratase, B) Acyl coA dehydrogenase, C) 3-hydroxyacyl coA dehydrogenase,
D) Thiolase.

36. Acetyl coA is turned to Malonyl-CoA by:

A) Acetyl coA carboxylase, B) Biotin Carboxylase, C) Carboxyl transferase, D) Acetyl CoA
reductase.

37. Which of the plasma lipoproteins is the largest in size?

A) LDL, B) VLDL, C) HDL, D) Chylomicrons.

38. Which of the plasma lipoproteins have the lowest density?

 A) VLDL, B) Chylomicrons, C) LDL, D) IDL.

39. Which hormone inhibits the release of FFA from adipose tissue?
A) Insulin, B) Glucagon, C) Epinephrine, D) Both glucagon and epinephrine.

40. What is the primary subcellular location for beta oxidation of fatty acids?
A) Mitochondria, B) Cytosol, C) Endoplasmic reticulum, D) Both cytosol and Mitochondria.

41. In Glycogen Metabolism, what can be the inhibitor of active phosphorylase A? (ATP , glucose6p)
A) cAMP, B) ATP, C) Glucose-1-phosphate, D) Ca 2+ ions concentration.

42. In the liver cAMP is usually formed as a response to:

A) Vasopressin, B) Angiotensin II, C) Glucagon, D) Epinephrine.

43. Decarboxylation and phosphorylation of OAA happens by: (gluconeogenesis)

A) Malate dehydrogenase, B) Pyruvate carboxykinase, C) PEP Carboxykinase, D) Pyruvate
kinase.

44. TPP is required by:

A) Transketolases. B) Transaldolases, C) Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, D) None of
them.

45. Product of the reaction catalyzed by PEP-carboxykinase is:

A) Pyruvate, B) OAA, C) Malate, D) PEP.

46. Fructose 1,6, bisphosphatase catalyzes the reverse step of

A) Fructose-6-phosphorylase, B) PFK-1, C) PFK-2, D) Fructose 2,6,
bisphosphatase.

47. Which of the following statements about ATP is CORRECT?

A) It contains three high energy phosphate bonds.
B) It is needed in the body to drive exergonic reactions.
C) It is used as an energy store in the body.
D) It functions in the body as a complex with Mg2+.

48. Which complex oxidizes cytochrome C?

A) Complex I, B) Complex II, C) Complex III, D) Complex IV.

49. The flow of electrons through the respiratory chain and the production of ATP are normally
tightly coupled. The processes are uncoupled by which of the following?
A) Cyanide
B) Oligomycin
C) Thermogenin
D) Carbon monoxide
50. Which one of the following statement about cytochromes is INCORRECT?
A. They are hemoproteins that take part in oxidation-reduction reactions.
B. They contain iron which oscillates between Fe3+and Fe2+during the reactions they
participate in.
C. They act as electron carriers in the respiratory chain in mitochondria.
D. They are all dehydrogenase enzymes.

True / false – 0.25 point, Total: 5 point;

51. Specialized carriers or transport systems are required to move ions or molecules across the inner
membrane of mitochondria.
A. True B. False

52. Electron transport and ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation happens in all cells, both
prokaryotic and eukaryotic. (prokaryotes do not have mitochondria)
A. True B. False

53. All the products of digestion are metabolized to a common products – acetoacyl coA.
A. True B. False

54. 2 carbons entering the TCA cycle as acetyl coA are balanced by two CO2 molecules exiting.
A. True B. False

55. The NADH and FADH2 are used for the respiratory chain and hence ATP synthesis because they
are reduced coenzymes.
A. True B. False

56. Glycolysis can provide ATP in the absence of oxygen.

A. True B. False

57. To oxidize glucose beyond pyruvate requires both oxygen and carbon dioxide.
A. True B. False

58. PEP-carboxykinase step proceeds using ATP energy. (GTP)

A. True B. False

59. Glycogen phosphorlase requires TPP as a coenzyme.

A. True B. False

60. At the early stages of gluconeogenesis, malate leaves the mitochondria and turns back to OAA in
the cytoplasm.
A. True B. False
61. Glucose unit’s addition to specific tyrosine residue in glycogenin is catalyzed by glycogenin itself
via autoglucosylation. (by UDPGlu) ??
A. True B. False

62. The pentose phosphate pathway leads to formation of ATP.

A. True B. False

63. After transaminatrion or deamination glucogenic Amino acids yield either pyruvate or
intermediated of the TCA cycle.
A. True B. False

64. The stored fatty acids are released from adipose tissue into the plasma as components of the
serum lipoprotein particle, VLDL.
A. True B. False
65. FADH2 and NADH produced in beta oxidation are used in electron transport chain to produce
ATP.
A. True B. False

66. The beta-oxidation of a saturated fatty acid with an odd number of carbon atoms proceeds by the
same steps as does that of fatty acids with an even number until the final 4 carbons are reached.
A. True B. False

67. Insulin upregulates the expression of gene for Glucose 6 phosphatase.

A. True B. False

68. Ribulose can convert to intermediates of glycolysis. – F6P and GAP.

A. True B. False

69. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis by increasing acetyl-CoA carboxylase (acetyl coa to malonyl coa)
activity.
A. True B. False

70. Some apolipoproteins can be transferable between lipoproteins.

A. True (E, C2) B. False

Open Question – 1 point, Total: 15 point;

71. State the mechanism of action of UCP. (Uncoupling proteins)

Carrier proteins allow the protons to re-enter the matrix without energy captured as ATP (the energy released
as heat)

72. Define gluconeogenesis.

is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon
substrates. ... the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense
exercise.

73. Why are all the intermediates of the TCA cycle called to be potentially glucogenic?
Becouse the TCA cycle intermediates tending to produce a pyruvate residue in which undergoes conversion to a
carbohydrate (as glucose) and is eventually stored as a complex carbohydrate (as glycogen).

74. Which enzyme (in gluconeogenesis) catalyzes the reversal reaction of glucokinase?
Glucose 6 -phosphatase

75. Glucokinase is not inhibited by its product glucose 6 phosphate, why?

It provides more glucose6-p than is required for glycolysis , so it will be used for glycogen synthesis and
lipogenesis.

76. Why can’t ketogenic amino acids give rise to glucose?

The transition reaction is a one-way reaction, it means that acetyl-CoA cannot be converted back to
pyruvate. As a result, fatty acids can't be used to synthesize glucose, because beta-oxidation produces
acetyl-CoA.

77. State the differences between Pentose Phosphate Pathway and glycolysis.
Glycolysis : oxidation occur utilizing NAD+ as H-receptor / aerobic as well as anaerobic process / ATP is
generated / ribose phosphates are not generated / occur in the cytoplasm.
PPP : oxidation occur utilizing NADP+ as H-receptor / anaerobic process / ATP is not generated / ribose
phosphates are generated / occur in the cytosol of the cell.

78. Describe carnitine’s role in Fatty acid oxidation.

The main function of carnitine is the transfer of long-chain fatty acids to mitochondria for subsequent β-
oxidation.

79. Describe the role of glucan-transferase part of debranching enzyme.

Transfer a trisaccharide unit from one branch to another , exposing 1-6 branch point.

80. State the pathogenesis of lactic acidosis.

Lactic acidosis is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of lactate in the body, with formation of an
excessively low pH in the bloodstream. It is a form of metabolic acidosis, in which excessive acid accumulates
due to a problem with the body's oxidative metabolism.

81. State the function of branching enzyme.

Breaks alpha-1,4 bonds (removing block of 7 residues) and transfers them to create 1,6 linkage.

82. Name the functions of apoprotein.

Providing recognition sites for cell-surface receptors
Serving as activators or coenzymes for enzymes involve in lipoprotein metabolism.
Some are required as essential structural components.
83. State the chemiosmotic hypothesis. (ETC)
It explain how the free energy generated by the transport of electrons in ETC is used to produce ATP.

84. Describe the function of phosphoprotein phosphatase

Phosphoprotein phosphatase is activated by the hormone insulin, which indicates that there is a high
concentration of glucose in the blood. The enzyme then acts to dephosphorylate other enzymes, such as
phosphorylase kinase, glycogen phosphorylase, and glycogen synthase.
.
85. State the reduced glutathione function.
Works as maintaining antioxidant activity , means it has extra electrons , convert h2o2 into water.