Biochemistry 2 final (2021)

Which enzyme uses GTP as energy source during gluconeogenesis?

 PEP carboxykinase
 Pyruvate carboxylase
 Glucose 6 - phosphatase
 Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphatase
Which of the following lipoproteins is the biggest in size?

 VLDL
 Chylomicrons
 LDL
Which part of a cell does beta - oxidation of fatty acids take place?

 Mitochondria
 Cytosol
 Lysosomes
 ER
Which of the following cells can not use fatty acids as alternative fuel?

 RBCs
 Brain cells
 Both of them can
 None of them can
ATP is an allosteric inhibitor of which glycolytic enzyme?

 Enolase
 Aldolase
 Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate dehydrogenase
 Phosphofructokinase
How many carbons do eicosanoids contain?

 10
 20
 30
 40
Which enzyme catalyzes the transformation of pyruvate into oxaloacetate?

 Pyruvate dehydrogenase
 Pyruvate carboxylase
 Pyruvate kinase
 All of them
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the reaction in glycolysis, where NAD is reduced to
NADH?

 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
 Phosphofructokinase
 Hexokinase
 Aldolase
Which of the following is the example of a anaplerotic reaction?

 Fomation of oxaloacetate from pyruvate

 Fomation of alpha - ketoglutarate from isocitrate
 Formation of malate from fumarate
 Fomation of isocitrate from citrate
Which of the following leads to mitochondrial "proton leak" during ETC?

 Oligomycin
 cytochrome C
 coenzyme Q
 separating proteins
Which of the following create the proton leak mitochondria during ETC?

 Oligomycin
 Cytochromec
 Coenzyme Q
 Uncoupling proteins
Phosphatidic acid contains:

 No acyl group
 One acyl group
 Two acyl groups
 Three acyl groups
How many molecules of NADPH are used during reduction of HMG - CoA to mevalonate?

 One
 Two
 Three
 Four
Which two vitamins are acting as cofactors at different levels of fatty acid synthesis?

 Vitamins B1 and B3
 Vitamins B5 and B7
 Vitamins B2 and B12
 Vitamins B2 and C.
Which of the following processes takes place in mitochondria?

 Beta - oxidation of fatty acids

 Glycolysis (cytosol /cytoplasm)
 Pentose phosphate pathway ( cytosol / cytoplasm)
 All of them
High amount of glucagon:

 Inhibits the lipogenesis

 Promotes the lipogenesis
 Doesn't affect the lipogenesis
 B or c
High amount of insulin:

 Inhibits the lipogenesis

 Promotes the lipogenesis
 Doesn't affect the lipogenesis
 B or c
Phosphorylation:

 Activates glycogen synthase

 Inactivates glycogen synthase
 Doesn't affect glycogen synthase
 None of the above are correct
CAMP pathway provides:

 Activation of glycogen phosphorylase

 Inactivation of glycogen phosphorylase
 It doesn't affect the activity glycogen phosphorylase
 None of the above are correct
Which enzyme transfoms glucose 6 - phosphate into glucose 1 - phosphate?

 Phosphoglucose isomerase
 Phosphoglucomutase
 Phosphofructokinase
 Hexokinase
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction where a ketopentose is produced in pentose phosphate
pathway?

 6 - phosphogluconolactone hydrolase
 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
 Transaldolase
 Transketolase
Statins are the drugs that are used for the treatment of high levels of cholesterol in blood,
which enzyme do they inhibitin cholesterol synthesis?

 HMG COA Reductase Squalene

 Monooxygenase
 Both of them
 None of them
Which TCA cycle enzyme can be inhibited by fluoroacetate?

 Aconitase
 Alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
 succinate dehydrogenase
 citrate synthase
Which complex is referred to as ATP synthase?

 Complex II
 Complex III
 Complex IV
 Complex V
Which of the following is a final product of oxidative phase of PPP?

 Ribulose 5 - phosphate
 Xylulose 5 - phosphate
 Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate
 Erythrose 4 – phosphate
Which of the following lipoproteins is responsible for reverse cholesterol transport?

 LDL
 VLDL
 Chylomicrons
 HDL
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the reversible step in pentose phosphate pathway?

 Transketolase
 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
 6 - phosphogluconolactonase
 Glucose 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes phosphorylation of the glucose in the cell?

 Phosphofructokinase
 Phosphoglycerate kinase
 Hexokinase
 Pyruvate kinase
How many ATP molecules are used up during glycolysis?

 One
 TWO
 Three
 Four
Which of the ketone bodies is first synthesized from HMG - COA?

 Acetoacetate
 3-Hydroxybutyrate Acetone
 None of them
Which of the following is used as a reducing agent in the reaction catalyzed by HMG CoA
reductase?

 NADH
 FADH2
 FMNH2
 NADPH
Which of the following lipoproteins transport endogenously produced triacylglycerols?

 Chylomicrons
 VLDL
 LDL
 HDL
Which tissues contain the biggest amount of lipoprotein lipase?

 Skeletal muscles
 Cardiac muscles
 Brain
 Adipose tissue
Which of the following lipids is stored as fat in adipose tissue?

 Lipoproteins
 Cholesterol
 Glycolipids
 Triacylglycerols
Which of the following hormones stimulates glycogen synthesis?

 Insulin
 Glucagon
 Epinephrine
 All of them
Which one is the product of the pentose phosphate pathway?

 Glucose
 Ribose-5-phosphate
 Pyruvate
 Glycogen
Which hormone activates the hormone - sensitive lipase?

 Glucagon
 Epinephrine
 Both of them
 None of them
Which coenzyme does complex I use as electron acceptor?

 FAD
 NAD
 FMN
 NADP
Which of the following an be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis?

 Fatty acids with even numbered carbons

 Glycerol
 Glucose
 Glycogen
Which of the following is the precursor of bile acids?

 Phospholipids
 Free Fatty Acids
 Triacylglycerol
 Cholesterol
How many carbon units does cholesterol molecule consist of?

 17
 14
 27
 24
In most of the unsaturated fatty acids, double bond has:

 Cis configuration
 Trans configuration
 Both of them equally
 None of them
Which of the following can be used for gluconeogenesis?

 Odd - number chain fatty acids

 Glycerol
 Glucogenic amino acids
 All of them
Which of the following inhibits HMG COA?

 Phosphorylation
 Glucagon
 Epinephrin
 All of them
Which of the following products of PPP is needed for normal glutathion antioxidant activity?

 Ribulose 5 - phosphate
 Ribose 5 – phosphate
 NADPH
 All of them
Which of the following prevents the reentry of the protons in mitochondrial matrix throu,

 Oligomycin
 Uncoupling proteins
 Cytochrome c
 Coenzyme Q
What is the alternative fuel for brain, when the glucose supply is low?

 Fatty acids
 Amino acids
 Glycogen
 Ketones
What pumps the protons from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space?

 Complex I
 Complex III
 Complex IV
 All of them
Which alcohol backbone do glycolipids contain?

 Glycerol
 Sphingosine
 Both of them
 None of them
Which of the ETC complexes is also a part of TCA cycle?

 Complex I
 Complex II
 Complex III
 Complex IV
What is the coenzyme for acetyl coA carboxylase?

 Pyridoxal phosphate
 Ascorbic acid
 Folic acid
 Biotin
How many CO2s are released during TCA cycle?

 One
 Two
 Three
 Four
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that provides acetyl - CoA for TCA cycle?

 Pyruvate carboxylase
 Pyruvate decarboxylase
 Pyruvate dehydrogenase
 All of them
How does high level of sterols affect the activity of HMG - CoA reductase?

 Activates it
 Inhibits it
 Doesn't affect it
 None of the above is correct
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the reaction in gluconeogenesis when GTP is used
as a phosphate donor?

 Pyruvate carboxylase
 PEP carboxykinase
 Glucose 6 – phosphatase
 Fructose 1.6 – bisphosphatase
Which of the following are the mobile careers of the electrons?

 Cytochrome C
 Coenzyme Q
 None of them
 Both of them
Which of the following cells have glucose - 6 - phosphatase activity?

 Liver
 Muscle
 RBCS
 All of them
Fatty acid synthesis is active:

 During fasting state

 During fed state
 all the them
 None of the above is correct
Which pathway can the glycerol get involved in after being released from TAGs?

 Pentose phosphate pathway

 TCA cycle
 Gluconeogenesis
 All of them
Which of the following is a coenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase?

 Folic acid
 Ascorbic acid
 Pyridoxal phosphate
 Cobalamin
Which of the following hormones stimulates the activity of glucose 6 - phosphate
dehydrogenase

 Glucagon
 Epinephrine
 Insulin
 Steroid Hormones
What is the product of acyl CoA combining with glycerol 3 - phosphate?

 Acetyl coa
 Phosphatidate
 Monoacylglycerol
 Triacylglycerol
What is the net production of NADH during anaerobic glycolysis?

 zero
 One
 Two
 Three
How does malonyl CoA affect the carnitine palmitoyltransferase - 1 activity?

 It activates
 it it inhibits
 it doesn't affect its activity
 None of the above are correct
Which of following enzymes catalyzes the last step when ATP is produced during the
glycolysis?

 Phoshoglycerate Kinase
 Enolase
 Pyruvate kinase
 Glucokinase
To which nucleotide is glucose attached to in order to go into glycogenesis?

 ATP
 UTP
 ADP
 UDP
Which enzyme catalyzes isomerization of citrate to isocitrate?

 Aconitase
 Citrate synthase
 Isocitrate dehydrogenase
 PDH complex
Which of the following statements is correct?

 Glycogen synthase is activated by phosphorylation and Glycogen phosphorylase is

inactivated by it.
 Glycogen synthase is inactivated by phosphorylation and Glycogen phosphorylase is also
inactivated by it
 Glycogen synthase is inactivated by phosphorylation and Glycogen synthase is
inactivated by phosphorylation and Glycogen isogenic
 Glycogen is activated by phosphorylation and Glycogen synthase is inactivated by
phosphorylation and Glycogen is glycogenic phosphoryation also activated by it
Which of the following proteins is responsible for assembly of proteins and lipids in
cholesterol?

 Cholesteryl ester transfer protein

 Microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein Acyl coA.
 Cholesterol acyltransferase
 Clathrin
Which complex of ETC doesn't pump protons from mitochondrial matrix into the
intermembrane space?

 Complex I
 Complex II
 Complex III
 Complex IV
Which of the following enzymes catalyze the reaction which results in trapping the glucose :

 Phosphoglucose isomerase
 Aldolase
 Pyruvate kinase
 Hexokinase
What's the product of a reaction catalyzed by succinate thiokinase in TCA CYC ?

 Alpha - ketoglutarate
 succinyl coa
 succinate
 fumarate
Glucagon and epinephrine:

 Activates fatty acid

 synthesis Inhibits fatty acid
 synthesis Either activates or inhibits it
 None of the above is correct
Which enzyme catalyses the hydrolysis of TAGs form VLDL and chylomicrons?

 Hormone – sensitive
 lipase Pancreatic
 lipase Lipoprotein lipase
 None of them
Which of the following hormones promotes lipogenesis?

 Epinephrin
 Glucagon
 Insulin
 All of them
Which of the following is ubiquinon?

 Complex 1
 Coenzyme Q
 Cytochrome c
 Complex V
Which of the following hormones is anabolic?

 Epinephrin
 Glucagon
 Insulin
 All of them
Which of the following hormones stimulates glycogen synthesis?

 Insulin
 Glucagon
 Epinephrin
 All of them
Which pathway can provide glycerol for acylglycerol synthesis?

 Pentose phosphate pathway

 Glycolysis
 TCA cycle
 All of them
When does glycogenolysis take place?

 During fed state

 During fasting state
 Both are correct
 None of them are correct
Which enzyme transforms fatty acids into an activated form?

 Fatty acyl coA synthetase

 Thioesterase
 Glycerol kinase
 Acyltransferase
Which of the following is a coenzyme for Acyl CoA dehydrogenase?

 NAD
 FMN
 NADP
 FAD
Which of the following hormones stimulate the gene expression of HMG - CoA reductase?

 Glucagon
 Epinephrine
 Insulin
 All of the above
Which high energy phosphate is produced during TCA cycle itself?

 ATP
 GTP
 UTP
 All of them
High energy state in the cells is a signal for:

 Beta - oxidation of fatty acids

 Fatty acid synthesis
 Both of them
 None of them
Citrate molecule, that leaves the mitochondria and goes to cytoplasm, gives rise to which
molecule after cleavage, besides acetyl A?

 Oxaloacetate
 Malate
 Pyruvate
 Succinate
What is the major site of gluconeogenesis?

 Muscles
 Red blood cells
 Liver
 Brain
How does fructose 2,6 - bisphosphate affect the gluconeogenesis?

 It activates
 it it inhibits
 it It doesn't affect it
 None of the above is correct
Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reaction that produces the first NADH in TCA cycle

 true
 false
Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphatase bypasses the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by
phosphofructokinase

 True
 False
in gluconeogenesis pyruvate is transformed into oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase

 true
 false
Release of FFA - s from adipose tissue is catalysed by lipoprotein lipase

 true
 false
Glycogenic initiates the glycogen synthesis by self-glycosylating

 true
 false
Tryglycerides contain three fatty acid residues connected to alcohol sphingosine

 True
 false
In pentose phosphate pathway 5 - phosphogluconolactone is a product of a reaction
catalysed by glucose 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase

 true
 false
HMG - CoA reductase is a major regulatory enzyme in cholesterol metabolism

 true
 False

Long chain fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria by camitine shuttle

 true
 false
Acetyl coA is the product of the reaction catalyzed by acetyl coA carboxilase

 True
 false
Reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase is an example of substrate - level
phosphorylation

 true
 false
Ribulose - 5 - phosphate is a product of oxidative part of pentose phosphate pathway

 true
 false
Insulin downregulates the expression of the gene for HMG - CoA reductase

 true
 false
Reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is the only irreversible reaction in glycolysis

 True
 false
Insulin activates triacylglycerol synthesis

 True
 false
Acetyl coA carboxilase is allosterically activated by citrate

 True
 false
LDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport

 true
 False
Apo B - 100 is a specific apoprotein for chylomicrons

 True
 false
Apo B - 100 is a specific apolipoprotein for HDL

 True
 false
Fatty acid thiokinase provides the activation of fatty acids before beta – oxidation

 true
 false
CoQ is a mobile career of electrons in electron transport chain

 True
 false
Vitamin B7 is a coenzyme for acetyl-CoA carboxylase

 true
 false
Glycogen phosphorylase is activated by insulin

 true
 false
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triacylglycerols in chylomicrons

 True
 false
Gluconeogenesis is a simple reverse of the glycolysis

 true
 false
LDL is produced in liver

 True
 false
Pyruvate carboxylase is allosterically inhibited by acetyl coA

 true
 false
Hexokinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction in gluconeogenesis

 True
 False
Glucagon promotes triacylglycerol synthesis

 true
 false
Reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase is reversible

 true
 false
Double bonds of most of the unsaturated fatty acids are in cis configuration

 true
 false
Which tissues require the most amount of cholesterol?
Liver
Which enzyme in PPP uses TPP as a coenzyme?
Transketolase
Which enzyme of TCA cycle can be inhibited by fluoroacetate?
Aconitase
What are other uses of acetyl - CoA besides going into TCA cycle?
Ketone body synthesis / lipid de novo synthesis
What are the main sites for cholesterol synthesis?
Testes and ovaries and cortex
Which glycolytic intermediates can be produced During PPP?
Fructose-6-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
Which coenzymes are being reduced during the oxidative phases of ffa beta-oxidation:
NAD And FAD
Write down the three irreversible steps of glycolysis?
Hexokinase and phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase
Which enzyme catalyzes the reaction that produces 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in glycolysis?
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Write down the enzymes that catalyze the reactions where ATP being used up (not produced)
hexokinase, phosphofructokinase

Which metabolic pathway, in glucose metabolism, provides the building blocks for TAGs?
Glycolysis as it provides DHAP which in turn can be turned into glycerol 3 phosphate
PPP as it provides NADPH
Which hormones affect glycogenesis and how?
Insulin It works to decrease blood sugar and store it as glycogen and fat
Glucagon and epinephrin the opposite
Besides acetyl-CoAs, what is the product of the oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of
carbons? And how is it used?
End product is propionyl and it is converted to D-methylmalonyl by carboxylase enzyme then
isomerized to L-methylmalonyl with an isomerase enzyme then form succinyl coa by the
mutase enzyme
How does glucagon affect the gluconeogenesis?
Glucagon works to increase blood sugar thus increasing glycolysis and inhibiting
gluconeogenesis
How does malonyl CoA affect the carnitine palmytoiltransferse-1 activity?
Malonyl CoA inhibits CPT-I (preventing the entry of long-chain acyl groups into the matrix.
What is the fate of glycerol after it is released from TAG due to lipolysis?
Glycerol is turned into DHAP and enters glycolysis to form energy
Write down the step of the oxidative phase in pentose phosphate pathway that results in
production of pentose sugar phosphate
There are three steps for this oxidative phase in ppp,
the first step is convert glucose-6-phosphast to 6-phosphogluconolactone and it is catalyze by
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenasis ,
and the second step is convert 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6-phosphogluconate and it catalyze
by 6-phosphogluconolactese,
and the third step is convert the 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose-6-phosphate and it catalyze by
phosphogluconate drhydrogenasis
Explain reverse cholesterol transport?
It is efflux of cholesterol from peripheral cells to HDL by LCAT then binding of the hdl2 to liver
and steroidogenic cells then selective transfer of the cholesteryl esters into these cells and the
release of HDL
Write down the function of palmitoyl thioesterase ??
It separates palmitate from fatty acid synthase.
Explain the function and mechanism of carnitine shuttle?
The function it can help to transport carnitine and acyl carnitine to inner materx
The mechanism is
Glucagon does the opposite effect it phosphorylates lipase enzyme and activate it
The hormones that affect lipolysis?
Insulin when we have high insulin levels it dephosphorylates the lipase enzyme making it
inactive
What is the affect of statin drugs?
It bind to the HMG COA REDUCTASE active site and stops it (competitive inhibition ) so it lowers
cholesterol levela
In ETC what is that part that only acceptes elctrones and is not an electrone donor?
Complex 4
What are the differces between hexokenase and glucokenase ( mention 3 ) ?
Hexokinase is active in fasting state while glucokinase in the fed state
Hexokinase has higher affinity than glucokinase
Glucokinase is not inhibited by g6p unlike hexokinase
What are the differeces between LDL and HDL ?
Ldl transport cholesterol from the site of synthesis to the rest of the body
Hdl transport cholesterol from the body to the liver in reverse cholesterol transport
Describe the process of absorption and transport of dietary lipids?

Describe the glycogen branching process

7 ppt slide 13
 New question
Glycolysis can only proceed in aerobic conditions

 True
 False
Brain cells completely depend of anaerobic glycolysis

 True
 False
Which of the following tissues have thier own glycogen storage?

 Muscle

Glycogenin is a dimer protein that inititates glycogen breakdown

 True
 False
Two molecules of ATP is synthesized during pentose phosphate pathway

 True
 False
NAD is a coenzyme in redox reactions in Pentose phosphate pathway

 True
 False
Fatty acids that do not contain any double bonds are:

 Saturated
Fatty acids, containing double bonds are considered unsaturated

 True
 False
Saturated fatty acids contain one or more double bond

 True
 False
Beta-oxidation of fatty acids takes place in mitochondria

 True
 False
Acetone is the first one out of the ketone bodies to be synthesized
  True
 False
Dephosphorylation activates enzyme Acetyl-coA carboxylase. According to this, which of the
following hormones activate this enzyme?

 Epinephrin
Formation of malonyl coA from acetyl coA is a carboxylation reaction

 True
 False
Reaction calatyzed by succinate dehydrogenase is an example of substrate-level
phosphorylation

 True
 False
Which apoprotein is characteristic for chylomicrons?

 APO B-48
Which apoprotein is characteristic for VLDL?

 Apo B-100
Which of the following lipoproteins has the smalles density?

 Chylomicrons
Low sterol levels promote HMG-coA reductase activity

 True
 False
Reaction catalyzed by Phosphoglucose isomerase is the rate-limiting step in glycolysis

 True
 False
Which enzyme bypasses the glycolytic PFK-1 reaction, in gluconeogenesis?
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
Which part of the cell does the pentose phosphate pathway take place?

 Cytosol
How does level of unsaturation affect the melting point of even-numbered fatty acids
  The more unsaturated the fatty acids are, lower their melting point is
Monounsaturated fatty acids:

 Contain one double bond

Cholesteryl esters contain cholesterol and:

 Fatty acid
Fatty acids are amphipathic molecules

 True
 False
Which enzyme transforms glycerol into an activated form?

 Glycerol kinase
How many molecules of FADH2 is produced during TCA cycle (meaning per acetyl coA) ?

 One
When are ketones used as fuel?

 During prolonged fasting and starvation

What is the common product of the metabolism of all food products?

 Acetyl-coA
Which enzyme catalyzes breakdown of dietary lipids?

 Lipase
Which lipoprotein acts as a donor of Apo C-II?

 LPL
Which of the following enzymes works as a sensor for high blood glucose concentration, in
pancreas beta cells?

 Glucokinase
Which enzyme is a regulated site in PPP?

 Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PDH)

What if the name of the following structure: Glycerol 2 fatty acids Phosphate

 Phospholipids
Which enzyme catalyzes the activation of fatty acids?

 Acetyl CoA carboxylase

For fatty acid beta-oxidation acylcarnitine is transported through the mitochondrial
membrane in exchange of

 free carnitine
Where does fatty acid elongation take place

 Mitochondria
Which ETC complex is NADH dehydrogenase

 Complex I