SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

QUESTION ( SAQs) STUDY HOW USED

THE INDIVIDUAL & THE GROUP
Outline/describe/explain
One research method (approach Charlton et al (2000) Charlton et al. (2000) employed the
to research) used when natural experiment research method to
investigating the individual and explore the impact of modeling on
the group behavior. By utilizing cameras on
playgrounds and observing children
behaving as if they were unobserved, the
researchers obtained robust results
demonstrating the effects of modeling on
behavior.
One ethical consideration of Park and Rothbart Anonymity and informed consent were
research into the individual and (1982) ensured for both participants and
the group sororities, maintaining confidentiality
regarding their evaluations of themselves
and other sororities. However, this
confidentiality might pose an issue due to
in-group bias and the out-group
homogeneity effect.

One study investigating the Sherif et al (1954) Sherif et al. explored the relationship
individual and the group between individuals and groups to
analyze how group identity affects
individuals. Their research demonstrated
that in situations where groups competed
for resources, conflict arose among
individuals from opposing groups, leading
to increased loyalty to one's own in-
group.

How social groups influence the Sherif et al (1954) Sherif illustrated the influence of social
individual and the group groups on both individuals and the
collective by assigning identities to the
boys involved in the study within their
respective groups. Placed in varied
situations, these boys were encouraged
to behave in ways that would benefit
their team in acquiring essential
resources. Additionally, the introduction
of prizes aimed to further incentivize
behavioral changes among the
participants.

Social identity theory Tajfel et al (1971) Tajfel's work reinforced the social identity
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

theory by demonstrating how individuals

might face discrimination from an out-
group or exhibit bias towards their in-
group based on their group identity. This
highlighted the potential for an
individual's personal identity to shift
when they adopt a group identity.

One study investigating social Tajfel et al (1971) Tajfel explored the Social Identity Theory
identity theory by dividing the boys into two groups and
instructing them to distribute money
among unfamiliar members within their
own team and the opposing group.
Tajfel's findings revealed that individuals
displayed a bias toward their own group
and exhibited discrimination against the
other group due to a stronger
identification with their specific group.

Social cognitive theory Bandura, Ross and The children acquired knowledge through
Ross (1961) – Bobo adults using vicarious learning and
Doll through models via observational
learning. Moreover, a stronger
identification with the model can
enhance the probability of imitating the
observed behavior.

One study investigating social Bandura, Ross and Children acquired knowledge by
cognitive theory Ross (1961) – Bobo observing adults through vicarious
Doll learning and by observing models
through observational learning.
Furthermore, greater identification with
the model can heighten the probability of
imitating the observed behavior.

Development (formation) of Park and Rothbart The research investigated three

stereotypes (1982) comparable sororities, revealing how
membership in an in-group could
generate the out-group homogeneity
effect. Additionally, it highlighted the
presence of in-group bias, as individuals
tended to rate their own sorority more
favorably than others. Such biases could
subsequently contribute to prejudice and
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

discriminatory attitudes.

One study investigating the Park and Rothbart The research examined three analogous
development (formation) of (1982) sororities, illustrating how affiliation with
stereotypes an in-group could result in the out-group
homogeneity effect. Moreover, it
demonstrated an in-group bias when
participants rated their own sorority
more positively compared to the others.
One effect of stereotypes Park and Rothbart Park and the study revealed that the out-
(1982) group homogeneity effect led sororities
to perceive opposing sororities as more
alike, fostering increased stereotyping.
Consequently, negative perceptions of
other sororities and perceiving them as
indistinguishable could lead to prejudice,
paving the way for discrimination and
intergroup conflict.

One study investigating one effect Chiu et al (2009) Chiu et al. studied the impact of
of stereotypes stereotypes by examining whether
exposure to a different culture would
lead to an increase in stereotypes about
one's own culture. The findings indicated
that exposure to another culture
heightened individuals' awareness of
their own cultural heritage.
In other words, if the SAQ asks you to outline/describe/explain a cognitive process, theory or model, start with that and
make it the main focus of the SAQ, and if you are asked to outline/describe/explain a study, start with that and make it the
main focus of the SAQ. From now on, this list will not include the ‘outline/describe/explain one study’ prompt.

QUESTION (SAQS) STUDY HOW USED

CULTURAL ORIGINS OF BEHAVIOUR & COGNITION
Outline/describe/explain
One research method (approach Bond and Smith Bond and Smith utilized a correlational
to research) used when (1997) study method in their Meta-Analysis,
investigating cultural origins of collecting data from 17 countries. The
behaviour and cognition robust correlational analysis revealed a
significant link between cultural values
and the degree of conformity observed
across cultures.
One ethical consideration of Torres et al Torres et al. accounted for ethical
research into cultural origins of considerations regarding potential harm
behaviour and cognition as participants were prompted to recall
events or instances in their lives that
might evoke emotional distress or
depression. The study aimed to explore
the impact of cultural discrimination on
participants' behavior and responses,
delving into how such experiences
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

influenced them.
One example of culture and its BErry (1967) – Cross Berry examined the impact of culture on
influence on behaviour and cultural behavior and cognition by studying the
cognition Inuit and Temne tribes, representing
hunter-gatherers and farmers,
respectively. The findings indicated that
the Temne relied heavily on cooperation
for survival, whereas the Inuits displayed
more individualistic tendencies.
One effect of cultural group Bond and Smith Bond and Smith demonstrated that
membership on behaviour and (1997) belonging to a cultural group significantly
cognition influences an individual's tendency to
conform. Through their investigation
using the Asch paradigm across 17
countries, they established how cultural
belonging affects behavior, specifically in
terms of conformity.
The influence of one cultural Ogihara and Uchida Ogihara and Uchida highlighted the
dimension on behaviour and (2014) impact of the cultural dimension of
cognition individualism versus collectivism on
Japanese women employed in an
individualistic work environment. Their
findings indicated that individuals
oriented towards achievement within this
setting tended to have fewer intimate
friendships and experienced a lower
quality of life.
CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
One research method (approach Barry et al (1959) This study adopted a correlational
to research) used when design due to the inability to
investigating cultural influences on randomly assign or alter cultural
individual behaviour conditions, as culture naturally exists.
The focus was on examining the
associations between economic
systems and child-rearing practices,
investigating the methods used on
children and the types of values and
norms that were encouraged within
these practices.
One ethical consideration of Barry et al (1959) An ethical aspect was the absence of
research into cultural influences potential harm since there were only
on individual behaviour observations made without any
experimental conditions. Moreover,
participant anonymity was maintained
throughout the study.
One cultural influence on Berry’s Cross- Berry demonstrated the cultural impact
individual behaviour Cultural Study (1967) on individual behavior by examining how
the acquisition of resources influences
individualistic and collectivist tendencies.
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

In cultures where survival relies on

mutual support, individuals tend to
prioritize cooperation, whereas in
societies like hunter-gatherers, autonomy
and self-direction are encouraged.
One effect enculturation has on Barry et al (1959) Parents instill their cultural values in their
individual behaviour children as these values represent the
norm within their society. These values
are intended to assist them in navigating
and adapting to the economic and
cultural framework in which they live.
The effect of norms on individual Barry et al (1959)
behaviour The norms within cultures that emphasize
high food accumulation often align with
those of collectivist cultures, emphasizing
prioritizing the group and adhering
obediently to it. Consequently, children
raised within high food accumulation
systems are instilled with greater
responsibility, fostering deeper
connections and respect for the group,
along with training to prioritize obedience
and avoid conflicting with the group.
One effect acculturation has on Torres et al (2012) Latinos undergoing the transition into the
individual behaviour US culture experience varying effects of
acculturation based on their birthplace.
Those born in the US find it easier to
integrate into American culture, whereas
those born outside face greater
challenges assimilating into the new
cultural milieu.
The influence assimilation (or the Torres et al (2012)
need to assimilate) has on Torres highlighted the influence of
individual behaviour assimilation on individual behavior by
linking it to psychological distress. The
extent to which individuals could
assimilate, impacting their attitudes and
identity, significantly affected their
behavior.

QUESTIONS (ERQs) STUDIES (At least 2) HOW USED

THE INDIVIDUAL & THE GROUP
Discuss/evaluate/contrast/to what
extent?
Research methods (approaches to Charlton et al (2000) Charlton employed a natural experiment
research) used when investigating to explore the influence of TV content on
the individual and the group Bandura, Ross and children's behavior in natural settings like
Ross (1961) playgrounds. Interviews with individuals
in their social circles complemented this
method, enabling Charlton to gather
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

realistic and generalizable data.

Bandura, Ross, and Ross utilized a

matching pairs design to control their
study for children's aggression within
groups, ensuring a realistic experiment
that yielded robust findings.
Ethical considerations of research Charlton et al (2000) In Charlton's study on the individual
into the individual and the group within a group context, ethical
Bandura, Ross and considerations were evident in obtaining
Ross (1961) parental consent before observing three
to eight-year-olds on playgrounds
equipped with cameras, addressing
potential privacy concerns.

Bandura, Ross, and Ross incorporated

ethical considerations in their research on
the individual and the group by
addressing the potential for harm. Prior
to exposing children to aggressive
behaviors enacted on a doll, they sought
parental consent to ensure the ethical
treatment of participants.
Research (studies) into the Park and Rothbart The study's groups naturally emerged
individual and the group (1982) from existing sororities, each harboring
inherent conflict stemming from the
belief in their superiority over others. This
Tajfel et al.(1971) demonstrated how even minor
similarities can spark conflict among such
groups. The desire to establish a positive
social identity within the group was a
driving force behind the conflicts, aiming
to enhance individual self-esteem.
Social identity theory Park and Rothbart The study's groups organically emerged
(1982) from existing sororities, each
engendering inherent conflict based on
the belief in its superiority over the
Tajfel et al.(1971) others. This highlighted how conflicts can
arise among groups formed on even the
slightest commonality, driven by the
quest to establish a positive social
identity within the group to bolster
individual self-esteem.
Research (studies) into social Cialdini et al (1976) Cialdini explored social identity theory by
identity theory analyzing participants' language when
discussing wins and losses of their
Chiu et al (2009) supported teams. The study revealed a
tendency for individuals to more
frequently use the pronoun "we" after a
team's victory, highlighting heightened
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

identification and support post-winning.

These findings underscore how people
leverage affiliations they identify with to
bolster their self-esteem.

Chiu investigated social identity theory

by examining how one's identification
with their culture influences cognition
and behavior when exposed to other
cultures. The research concluded that
greater identification with one's culture
enhances awareness of one's heritage
when encountering different cultural
influences.
Social cognitive theory Bandura, Ross and Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961)
Ross (1961) contributed to social cognitive theory by
emphasizing the role of learning
Charlton et al (2000) mechanisms within it. For instance, they
highlighted observational learning,
showcasing how children replicate
behaviors observed from various models.
Their study specifically demonstrated that
exposure to aggressive models led
children to exhibit aggressive behaviors.

Similarly, Charlton's support of social

cognitive theory was evident in their
findings where television served as a
source of behavioral models for children.
The study illustrated how children
observed and imitated behaviors
exhibited in TV shows, reflecting the
principles of observational learning within
social cognitive theory.

Research (studies) into social Bandura, Ross and Bandura, Ross, and Ross (1961)
cognitive theory Ross (1961) conducted a seminal study on social
cognitive theory, examining different
conditions to assess its applicability. Their
research revealed that children were
Charlton et al (2000) more inclined to imitate behaviors
exhibited by same-gender models.

Similarly, Charlton et al. (2000)

exemplified social cognitive theory
through their study, showcasing how
children acquire behaviors not only from
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

their immediate environment but also

through observation and emulation of
models, particularly through television
exposure.
One or more theory of the Park and Rothbart The research examined three comparable
development of stereotypes (1982) sororities and highlighted how belonging
to an in-group can foster the out-group
homogeneity effect. It revealed inherent
Tajfel et al.(1971 in-group bias, as participants tended to
rate their own sorority more favorably
than others, potentially leading to
prejudice and discrimination. This
phenomenon is also termed positive
distinctiveness.

Stereotypes emerge as we construct

beliefs about specific groups. Typically,
out-groups tend to harbor more negative
stereotypes than in-groups, influenced by
competitive dynamics and in-group bias.
This was evident when participants
allocated more money to their in-group,
even if it meant their group received less
overall. Such behavior reflects the pursuit
of positive distinctiveness.
Research (studies) into the Park and Rothbart Park and Rothbart investigated
development of stereotypes (1982) stereotype development, focusing on
how the homogeneity effect contributes
to this process. Individuals belonging to
Tajfel et al.(1971 an in-group tend to form stereotypes
about an out-group, influenced by their
connections and identification with their
own group members.

Tajfel et al. (1971) conducted significant

research into the development of
stereotypes through their
groundbreaking study known as the
Minimal Group Paradigm. This study
revealed that individuals can form strong
biases and preferences for their in-group,
even when these groups are arbitrarily
created or defined. Tajfel demonstrated
how mere categorization into different
groups, with no prior interaction or
meaningful reason, could lead to biases,
stereotyping, and favoritism toward one's
own group over others. This study shed
light on the cognitive processes
underlying the formation and
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

perpetuation of stereotypes, emphasizing

the role of social categorization in
shaping intergroup biases.
One or more theory of the effect Chiu et al (2009) Chiu et al. (2009) contributed to
of stereotypes understanding the impact of stereotypes
by highlighting that exposure to different
cultures heightens individuals' self-
awareness about their own cultural
Aronson and Steele identities. Stereotypes, formed through
(1995) this exposure, shape perceptions about
groups, prompting individuals to reflect
on their own stereotypes and group
affiliations.

Aronson and Steele (1995) demonstrated

the effect of stereotypes by unveiling
stereotype threat's impact on victims.
This phenomenon, driven by awareness
of negative stereotypes, leads to
decreased performance and emotional
distress among individuals affected by
these stereotypes.
Research (studies) into the effect Chiu et al (2009) Chiu et al. (2009) explored the impact of
of stereotypes exposing individuals to different cultures
on their perceptions of their own cultural
stereotypes. Their study revealed that
participants perceived Americans as more
Aronson and Steele individualistic compared to Chinese
(1995) individuals after exposure to different
cultural perspectives.

Aronson and Steele (1995) investigated

the influence of stereotype threats on
test performance among African
Americans. By involving both white and
black females and males, they examined
how racial stereotypes affected
individuals' math test performance.
CULTURAL ORIGINS OF BEHAVIOUR & COGNITION
Research methods (approaches to Bond and Smith Bond and Smith utilized a correlational
research) used when investigating (1997) study to explore the relationship between
cultural origins of behaviour and cultural origins and behavior or cognition.
cognition They sought correlations between
conformity and culture, establishing that
an individual's culture serves as a
Ogichara and Uchida significant influence on their behavior
(2014) and cognition.
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

Similarly, this study employed a

correlational approach, utilizing surveys
to measure factors like individualistic and
collectivist orientations, well-being, and
relationship characteristics.
Ethical considerations of research Bond and Smith Bond and Smith's research involved
into cultural origins of behaviour (1997) ethical considerations related to
and cognition deception, especially in utilizing the Asch
paradigm, where confederates disguised
as participants were necessary. Revealing
their true role could compromise the
Ogichara and Uchida study's validity and participants' consent.
(2014

Ogihara and Uchida's study faced ethical

challenges regarding participants'
awareness of their difficulties, potentially
heightening mental health risks. Although
there was no explicit harm foreseen,
working with individuals with a history of
struggles posed inherent risks. Anonymity
was ensured to uphold participant
confidentiality and respect their privacy.
Research (studies) into the cultural Bond and Smith This study explored the cultural
origins of behaviour and cognition (1997) influences on behavior and cognition
across 17 countries using the Asch
paradigm. It revealed a significant role of
culture in shaping participants' behavior,
highlighting a heightened likelihood of
Ogichara and Uchida conformity influenced by cultural factors.
(2014)

Additionally, the research outlined the

contrast between Japanese traditional
culture and global cultural influences. The
local culture upheld traditional collectivist
values, while globalization promoted
individualism in work settings. This
conflict correlated with individuals
experiencing lower well-being, gravitating
towards collectivist culture, exhibiting a
stronger work focus, fewer close
friendships, and lower overall success.
One or more example of culture Bond and Smith The study demonstrated the impact of
and its influence on behaviour and (1997) culture on behavior and cognition by
cognition revealing how an individual's cultural
background could predict their
susceptibility to conform under group
pressure.
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

Berry (1967)
Berry's research examined two tribes and
their distinct resource-gathering
methods, shedding light on why certain
individuals are more inclined toward
cooperation while others tend towards
individualistic behaviors in their actions.
This study illuminated the influence of
culture on behavioral tendencies related
to resource acquisition.
One or more cultural dimension Ogihara and Uchida Ogihara and Uchida's (2014) research
and its influence on behaviour and (2014) highlighted the impact of the cultural
cognition dimension of individualism versus
Berry (1967) collectivism on behavior and cognition.
Their study focused on Japanese women
working in individualistic companies
despite their traditional collectivist
values. It revealed that those who
embraced individualism exhibited lower
levels of well-being and had fewer close
friendships, indicating the influence of
cultural norms on social connections and
mental health.

Similarly, Berry's (1967) work exemplified

the cultural dimension of individualism by
investigating how different resource-
gathering methods among two tribes
shaped individual behaviors. This study
elucidated why certain individuals leaned
towards cooperation while others tended
towards individualistic actions, thereby
showcasing the influence of cultural
dimensions on behavioral tendencies.

CULTURAL INFLUENCES ON INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR

Research methods (approaches to Barry et al (1959) This study adopted a correlational
research) used when investigating approach due to the inability to randomly
cultural influences on individual assign or alter cultural conditions, as
behaviour Berry’s Cross- culture naturally exists. It focused on
Cultural Study (1967) examining the connections between
economic systems and child-rearing
practices, specifically observing the
methods used on children and the types
of values and norms encouraged within
those practices.

This study employed a natural

 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

experiment design as the researchers did

not randomly assign cultural backgrounds
to participants. Nevertheless, they
subjected them to the Asch Paradigm test
to gauge conformity levels

Ethical considerations of research Barry et al (1959) An ethical aspect of the study involved
into cultural influences on avoiding potential harm since there were
individual behaviour no imposed conditions; only observations
Berry’s Cross- were made. Additionally, participant
Cultural Study (1967) anonymity was maintained throughout
the study.

Deception was present in the study due

to the involvement of confederates,
essential for testing conformity across
different cultures. However, this
deception did not result in harm or
adverse effects on the participants
involved.

QUESTIONS (ERQs) STUDIES (At least 2) HOW USED

Discuss/evaluate/contrast/to what
extent?
Research (studies) into cultural Bond and Smith Bond and Smith (1997) employed a
influences on individual behaviour (1997) correlational study method to explore the
direct link between an individual's culture
Berry’s Cross- and their conformity. This approach
Cultural Study (1967) enabled them to examine the relationship
between these variables and assess their
interconnection.

On the other hand, Berry (1967) utilized a

natural experiment approach to
investigate the impact of culture on
conformity. By observing individuals in
their natural environments, this method
provided insights into conformity within
real-life settings, enhancing the practical
applications and validity of the results.
Research (studies) into one effect Barry et al (1959) Barry's research delved into the impact of
enculturation has on human enculturation on human behavior and
cognition and behaviour Berry’s Cross- cognition, examining how behaviors are
Cultural Study (1967 acquired within specific environments
where individuals grow up. Inculturation,
influenced by cultural values, shapes
cognition and behavior, ultimately
molding an individual's characteristics.
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

Additionally, Berry demonstrated the

effect of inculturation on human
cognition and behavior by highlighting
how values acquired during upbringing
shape individuals' approaches to self-
reliance and obedience. Children raised in
lower economic statuses tend to
prioritize self-reliance, while those in
higher economic strata emphasize
responsibility and obedience.
Research (studies) into one effect Torres et al. (2012) Latinos undergoing the transition to the
acculturation has on human US culture face varying effects of
Nap et al. (2014)
cognition and behaviour acculturation based on their birthplace.
Those born in the US exhibit an easier
integration into American culture, while
those born outside encounter greater
challenges in assimilating.

Participants were required to assimilate into

Dutch culture, potentially clashing with their
own beliefs and causing stress. For instance,
Moroccan immigrants, predominantly
Muslim and upholding strong values, faced
greater challenges in integration, which
correlated with increased symptoms of
mental health issues.
HL EXTENSION
Discuss/evaluate/contrast/to what
extent?
The influence of globalization on Chiu et al & Chiu et al. revealed that individuals
individual behaviour Norasakkunkit and exposed to two cultures simultaneously
Uchida et al tended to prioritize their American
identity and its associated values more
prominently compared to those who only
viewed American advertisements.

Norasakkunkit and Uchida et al.

demonstrated that individuals with a high
risk of Hikikomori tended to have lower
scores in forming both local and global
identities.
The effect of the interaction of Chiu et al & Norasakkunkit and Uchida et al.
local and global influences on the Norasakkunkit and discovered that individuals experiencing
individual and the group Uchida et al hikikomori tend to exhibit lower
subjective well-being and a diminished
sense of identity as citizens. They grapple
with influences from both local and global
factors, struggling to establish a coherent
identity.

Chiu et al. observed that exposure to dual

 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

cultures resulted in an increased salience

of American identity, leading to a
stronger identification with their local
identity.
The effect of the interaction of Chiu et al & Norasakkunkit and Uchida et al.
local and global influences on Norasakkunkit and highlighted the diminished identity
behaviour and cognition Uchida et al among individuals experiencing
hikikomori, attributing it to the persistent
impact of conflicting local and global
identities.

Chiu et al., on the other hand,

demonstrated that exposure to dual
cultures heightened identification with
the local identity among participants,
showcasing a stronger connection within
this context.
The effect of the interaction of Ogihara and Uchida In Ogihara and Uchida's study, individuals
local and global influences on et al & Norasakkunit within the highly achievement-oriented
individual behaviour and Uchida et al. company exhibited lower well-being
scores and reported having fewer close
friends.

Norasakkunkit and Uchida found that

individuals at high risk of hikikomori felt
that their local identity estranged them
from Japanese society, leading to a sense
of detachment from the need to conform.
Research methods (approaches to Ogihara and Uchida Ogihara and Uchida employed a
research) used to study the et al & Chiu et al. correlational study to examine the
influence of globalization on the relationship between variables of cultural
individual and the group orientation. This approach allowed them
to assess the associations between
different cultural aspects.

Chiu et al. utilized a true experiment,

enabling them to establish causal
relationships between variables by
manipulating and controlling certain
factors, thereby discerning direct cause-
and-effect relationships.
Research methods (approaches to Chiu et al & In Norasakkunkit and Uchida's research,
research) used to study the Norasakkunkit and they employed a correlational study to
influence of globalization on Uchida et al examine the relationship between
behaviour and cognition hikikomori and various values, observing
connections and associations between
these variables.

Chiu et al., however, utilized a true

experiment in their study, enabling them
 SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH REVISION GRID

to establish causal relationships by

manipulating specific variables and
assessing their direct impact on the
outcomes.
Research methods (approaches to Chiu et al & Norasakkunkit and Uchida employed a
research) used to study the Norasakkunkit and correlational study to explore how
influence of globalization on Uchida et al individuals' values sometimes conflict
individual behaviour with their global identity. This method
allowed them to analyze the associations
and connections between these variables.

Chiu et al., on the other hand, utilized a

true experiment to investigate the impact
of globalization and exposure to other
cultures on individuals' attitudes toward
their identity. This experimental approach
enabled them to manipulate specific
variables and observe their direct
influence on participants' perceptions
and attitudes.