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Introduction To Structural Steel and Design To Ec3

1. The document discusses the key concepts in structural steel design according to Eurocode 3 (EC3), including the differences between ultimate limit state (ULS) and serviceability limit state (SLS) design. 2. It provides an overview of structural steel as a material, common steel structural elements, and different steel section types. 3. The learning outcomes are to understand steel as a structural material and describe the differences between ULS and SLS design according to EC3.

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Amsyar Razzi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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20 views

Introduction To Structural Steel and Design To Ec3

1. The document discusses the key concepts in structural steel design according to Eurocode 3 (EC3), including the differences between ultimate limit state (ULS) and serviceability limit state (SLS) design. 2. It provides an overview of structural steel as a material, common steel structural elements, and different steel section types. 3. The learning outcomes are to understand steel as a structural material and describe the differences between ULS and SLS design according to EC3.

Uploaded by

Amsyar Razzi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL

STEEL AND DESIGN TO EC3

ECS338 – STRUCTURAL CONCRETE AND STEEL DESIGN


Course Outcomes

CO 1 : Analyse reinforced concrete and steel sections in


accordance with the relevant standards.

CO 2 : Design solution for concrete and steel structures


with appropriate consideration for public safety and
environmental.

CO 3 : Adapt appropriate techniques to reinforced


concrete structure and steel design problems with an
awareness of the limitations.
3

Program Outcomes
• PO 2 Identify and analyse well-defined engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using codified
methods of analysis specific to their field of activity.

• PO 3 Design solutions for well-defined technical


problems and assist with the design of systems, components or
processes to meet specified needs with appropriate
consideration for public health and safety, cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.

• PO 4 Conduct investigations of well-defined problems;


locate and search relevant codes and catalogues, conduct
standard tests and measurements.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture students will:

1. Understand steel as a structural material (CO1-PO2).

2. Describe the differences between ULS and SLS


design to EC3 (CO1-PO2).
Steel as a Material
• Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon
content between 0.2% and 2.14% by weight, depending
on grade.
• Other elements which influence the grade of steel are
such as magnesium, manganese, silicon, phosphorus,
aluminum, etc.
• Though steel had been produced by various inefficient
methods long before the Renaissance, its use became
more common after more efficient production methods
were devised in the 17th century.
Production of Steel
Ingots Ingots reheated to
Iron, scrap steel, carbon, red-hot
magnesium etc

Rolling Mill

Molten Chemical
Furnace
Steel Analysis

Ingots
Advantages of steel
1. High Strength

2. Pre‐fabricated

3. Ductility

4. Elasticity

5. Toughness

6. Permanence

7. Additions to existing structures


Disadvantages of steel
1. Corrosion

2. Fireproofing costs

3. Susceptibility to buckling

4. Fatigue

5. Brittle-fracture
Types of steel structure
1. Building frames

• Loads must be supported safely and without undue


movement.
• Weather proof envelope must be attached.
• Steel frame building consists of a skeletal framework
which carries all loads the building is subjected.
• Common type of steel frame buildings are shown below.
Lattice Girder

Portal Rafter
Crane Girder
Crane Column Portal Column

1. Floor Beam
2. Plate Girder
3. Column
4. Bracing
2. Containers

• A container is a component which can contain other


components inside itself. Usually for holding liquids,
sometimes for compressed gases (gas tank).
• Usage of containers:
- Refineries
- High pressure tank
- Oil tank
- Water Tank
3. Masts 4. Chimneys
5. Bridges

• A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as


a body of water, valley or road for the purpose of providing
passage over the obstacle.
• Designs of bridges vary depending on the function of the
bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is
constructed, the material used to make it and the funds
available to build it.
• Types of bridge:
- Suspension bridge - Beam bridge
- Cantilever bridge - Arch bridge
- Cable-stay bridge - Double deck bridge
- Movable bridge
SUSPENSION
BEAM BRIDGE CANTILEVER BRIDGE
BRIDGE

CABLE-STAYED DOUBLE DECK


ARCH BRIDGE
BRIDGE BRIDGE
6. Temporary supports

• A temporary support is required to secure any element


or element of the steel framing only until they are made
stable without external support.

SCAFFOLDING SHORING
Elements of steel structure
1. Beam and plate girder
• Members carrying vertical actions in bending and shear.
• A girder is a fabricated beam formed by welding plates
together.
2. Ties

• A tie is any strong component designed to keep two


objects closely linked together.
• Members carrying axial actions in tension.
3. Strut, column and stanchion

• Strut – compression members


serve commonly as bracings.
• Column – main vertical
compression members in building
COLUMN
frames.
• Stanchion – main vertical
compression members in portal
frames.

STRUTS
4. Truss and lattice girder

• Framed members carrying axial actions (composed of


struts & ties).

TRUSSES LATTICE GIRDERS


5. Purlins

• Beam members carrying roof sheeting.


6. Sheeting rail

• beam member supporting wall cladding.

SHEETING RAIL WALL CLADDING


7. Bracing

• Diagonal struts and ties, together with column and roof


trusses, formed vertical and horizontal trusses to resist
wind actions and stabilize the building.
• These structural elements must be joined together and
the building attached to the foundations.

• Joint connect members together such as joints in


trusses, joints between floor beams and columns or
beam-column.

• Bases transmit the loads from the columns to the


foundation.

• Building are 3D-sectional frame. It must be propped


and braced laterally to remain in position and carry the
load without buckling out-of-plane of the section.
Structural steel sections
1. Hot-rolled sections
• Produced by hot-rolling of steel billets (block of steel) in a
rolling mill.
2. Cold-formed sections

• Produced by shaping of unheated steel sheet by cold-


bending, cold-drawing, cold-rolling and cold-pressing at
room temperature.
3. Built-up sections

• Welding plates together to form I, H or box members.


4. Metal sheet/sections

• For composite construction, act as permanent formwork


for slab.

a) Re-entrant b) Trapezoidal

c) Deep Deck
Steel design theory
Steel design may be based on three design theories:

1. Elastic design

2. Plastic design

3. Limit state design


P – limit of proportionality

E – elastic modulus

YU – upper yield limit

YL – lower yield limit

S – ultimate stress

B - fracture
1. Elastic design

• In elastic design, the maximum action that a structure could


support was assumed to equal to the action that first caused a
stress somewhere in the structure (yield stress).

• Steel is almost perfectly elastic up to the yield point and


structures are analyzed by elastic theory. Sections are sized
with stress not exceeding the yield stress.

• Main problem with elastic design: ductile members do not fail


until a great yielding occurs after the yield stress is reached.
This means that such members have greater margin of safety
against collapse, which makes elastic design uneconomical
as full potential of steel is not utilised.
2. Plastic design

• Plastic design takes advantage of an important and unique


property of mild steel, namely its ductility. Plastic design takes
into account behaviour past the yield point and it is based on
finding the action that causes the structure to collapse.

• Plastic design also takes into consideration the long yield


plateau which allows the possibility of considerable plastic
strain at constant stress.

• But in reality, structure can fail not only due to failure of material
but also due to excessive deformation. Therefore, Limit State
Design concept was introduced.
3. Limit state design

• Limit state design consists of Serviceability Limit State (SLS)


and Ultimate Limit State (ULS).

Serviceability limit state


• The design for:
i. Deflection
ii. Vibration (e.g. wind‐induced oscillation)
iii. Repairable damage due to fatigue
iv. Corrosion and durability

• When the limit is reached, whole structure or a part of it is


unfit for normal use but does not indicate that collapse has
occurred.
Ultimate limit state
• The design for:
i. Strength (including general yielding, rupture, buckling
and transformation into mechanism)
ii. Stability against overturning and sway
iii. Fracture due to fatigue
iv. Brittle-fracture
v. Ductility check

• When the limit is reached, whole structure or part of it


collapses.
Eurocodes
Actions
1. Permanent actions (Gk / gk)

• Permanent and constant during structure’s life (dead load).


• Self‐weight of the structure, architectural component such as
cladding, partition and ceilings.
• Permanent equipment and static machinery.

2. Variable actions (Qk / qk)


• Load that varies with time (imposed/live load).
• Occupants, furniture, snow, retained water, thermal expansion/
shrinkage etc.
Load factors
Expression Unfavourable Permanent AcKons Unfavourable Variables AcKons
Self-weight Imposed floor loads Wind loads Snow loads*

6.10 γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75

γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75

γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,1 = 1.50

6.10a+ γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,1Ψ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75

γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,1Ψ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75

γG,j,sup = 1.35 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,1Ψ0,i = 0.75

6.10b ξγG,j,sup = 1.25 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75

ξγG,j,sup = 1.25 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,1 = 1.50 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75

ξγG,j,sup = 1.25 γQ,iΨ0,i = 1.05 γQ,iΨ0,i = 0.75 γQ,1 = 1.50


THANK YOU

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