JOURNALISM

NAME : RIZMA FITRIATUZZAHROH

NIM : 2088203068

CLASS : 6A2 ENGISH

MEET 1

1. What were some of the earliest known journalistic products, and where did they
originate?
The earliest known journalistic product was a news sheet circulated in ancient Rome:
the Acta Diurna, said to date from before 59 BCE.
2. What factors contributed to journalism's growing sense of professionalism in the
20th century?
Journalism in the 20 th century was marked by a growing sense of professionalism.
there were four important factors in this trend:
a. the increasing organization of working journalists,
b. specialized education for journalism,
c. a growing literature dealing with the history, problem, and techniques of mass
communication, and
d. an increasing sense of social responsibility on the part of journalist
3. How did the invention of the telegraph, radio, and television affect the speed and
timeliness of journalistic activity?
This was largely a consequence of the advent of radio and television reporting, which
brought news bulletins to the public with a speed that the press could not hope to
match. To hold their audience, newspapers provided increasing quantities of
interpretive material—articles on the background of the news, personality sketches,
and columns of timely comment by writers skilled in presenting opinion in readable
form. By the mid-1960s most newspapers, particularly evening and Sunday editions,
were relying heavily on magazine techniques, except for their content of “hard news,”
where the traditional rule of objectivity still applied. Newsmagazines in much of their
reporting were blending news with editorial comment
MEET 2

1. How do news values determine what is considered newsworthy and not in the
media?
The vews Value?
a. It is accurate. Reporters pay close attention to detail when gathering facts and
details.
b. It is concise. News is written as concisely and tightly as possible.
c. It is in Active Voice
d. It is clear. The reporter must understand the event first, and then write about it in a
clear, precise, logical simple language
e. It is relevant.
f. Opinion is attributed.
g. Sources are identified.
h. It is fair and balanced.
i. It is objective.
j. it is true. The reporter must find the truth among the facts, statements and denials.
2. What are the common news elements, and how do they influence the selection
and
presentation of news stories?
The News Element
a. Proximity: This has to do with location. If the event is happening close by, it will
impact your readers more than if it is happening across town, or across the world,
all other
b. Prominence: This has to do with how well known the people involved in your
story are. If the person or persons are well known to your readers, the story will
impact your readers more than a similar story involving people they do not know.
c. Timeliness: If something is happening NOW, it has more impact than something
that
happened yesterday or last week. Often, the most recent development is the
feature of the story
d. Consequence: If the impact of an event on your readers is major, they want to
know all about it. For instance, they might not care that a particular street is being
 shut down for repairs, until it is brought to their attention that this will reroute the
major portion of the traffic into their residential areas.
e. Human interest: If a situation makes you angry, sad, happy or overjoyed, it
contains the news element of human interest. If there is conflict or drama or the
situation is out of the ordinary, the situation also has human interest.

MEET 3

1. What is the inverted pyramid, and why is it essential in news writing?

The inverted pyramid is the basic form of news writing which places the information
in the story in the order of decreasing importance. And its essential in news writing
because from the news phyramid can put the information properly and can order it
right.
2. What are some basic rules for news writing, including how to incorporate direct
and indirect quotes, and what should be avoided in news stories?
The basic rules of news writing:
a. The lead, or first paragraph, of the story should be short, about 25 words.
b. Subsequent paragraphs should also be short, between 25 and 35 words.
News paragraphs bear little resemblance to the paragraphs of essays that
students have been writing,
c. The story should answer the questions associated with the 5 Ws and H (Who,
What, Where, When, Why and How) in a logical order, beginning with the
information that is the most important or interesting to the reading
audience.
d. News should be in active, rather than passive, voice. Sentences written in
active voice are livelier and are more concisely written than those in passive
voice.
e. Writing should be tight without redundancies and empty words.
f. News stories should be written in third person (he, she) rather than first
person (I) or second person (you).
g. News stories should never reflect the opinion of the writer.
h. A good news story has several credible sources.
i. Quotations should be used throughout the story to lend authenticity to the
reporter’s facts.
 Indirect quote used as a transitional statement, following a quote : Choice of style
can help students who are underweight or overweight appear to be
more in proportion, Lukas says.
(Direct quote): “Balance, balance, balance is the key word. If your hips are wider,
wear a more structured shoulder, bigger on the top and smaller on the bottom,” he
said.

MEET 4

1. What are the four types of interviews, and how should one prepare for an
interview?
Types of Interview : Group interview, Fact interview, Personal interview. and
prepare for the interview is make an appointment in advance, learn as much
about the topic or person as you can co that you can ask intelligent question,
know what you want to accomplish in the interview, and make a list of 15-20
good solid question which focus in on the subject you are going to talk about.
2. What are the essential elements of a good news story, and how should a
reporter use direct and indirect quotes?
Elements of a good story:
a. here are facts that are newsworthy, and there are facts that are not
newsworthy.
b. There are facts which might be newsworthy in one location, but not in
another.
c. There are facts which might be newsworthy today, but not tomorrow.
d. What makes a fact newsworthy is how it is perceived by your readership,
the
people in your community who are affected or not by the facts.
Direct quotations are word-for-word reports of what the speaker said.
These are the exact words of the speaker and are written in complete
sentences and enclosed in quotation marks. Indirect quotes are a summary
of what the speaker said, and quotation marks are not used. The speaker’s
ideas are used, but the reporter does not use the speaker’s exact words.
MEET 5

1. What are the most commonly used methods of gathering news by Navy
journalists,
and how can each process be effetively used?
The four most commonly used methods in news gathering used by Navy journalists
are
observation, telephone conversations, research and interviews.
a. Observation : Observation consists of your actually seeing an event take place and
then reporting what you have seen in the form of a news story. The difference
between a good story and a poor one is often in the skill of the observer. Skilled
observers use their eyes, ears, mind, notebooks and tape recorders.
b. Telephone Conversation : The telephone plays an important role in your daily
work as a journalist. It saves you time, legwork and it often enables you to reach
people who are ordinarily too busy to see you in person.
c. Research : Research is nothing more than digging out information from files and
reference works
d. Interview : conversation between two or more people and takes place between the
resource person and the interviewer.
2. What are some tips for conducting background research on a person or topic
without directly asking them questions, and what types of information can be
gathered through observation, telephone conversations, and research?
Choose an administrator, counsellor or teacher whom you do not presently have for a
class
and find out the following information without ever asking him or her a single
question. Be sure you have answered the following questions: birthplace, number of
years teaching at this school and altogether, other types of employment, First job and
job location, Education degrees and major, etc.
And the types of information from observation, telephone conversation, and research
is observing something that will be made news.
MEET 6

1. What is the purpose of a feature lead in a story, and how does it differ from a
summary lead?
The purpose of feature leads is to grab the reader's attention and hold it. And the
different beetwen feature lead and summary lead is the feature lead is the opening
paragraph that will catch the readers attention, and in other hand, summary lead is the
closing paragraph of the news
2. What are some common types of feature leads, and when is it appropriate to use
each
type?
Types of feature leads:
a. Contrast leads: These leads point out opposites, such as hot and cold, wet and dry,
rich and poor, then and now.
b. Parody leads: A well-known song, poem, phrase or title can be re-written to begin
your story, if the reference is clear.
c. Narrative lead: Through reading the lead, the reader feels as though he or she is in
the middle of the action.
d. Descriptive lead: The lead can describe a person, a place or an event
e. Startling statement lead: This type of lead consists of a single statement which is
designed to startle the reader, then, in subsequent paragraphs, it goes on to explain
the situation.
f. Question lead: Use this type of lead with caution. Translation: almost never.
Unless the question is very relevant, the lead will appear contrived and cliché.
g. uotation lead: Again a caveat. Use with caution. If the quote is extremely powerful
and dynamic and really captures the theme of the story, then perhaps it could be
used as the lead. However, it might be better to make it the first quote following
the lead.