UNIT-2

Cloud Computing Architecture

Cloud Computing technology is used by both small and large organizations to store the
information in cloud and access it from anywhere at any time using the Internet connection.
Cloud computing architecture is a combination of service-oriented architecture and event-
driven architecture.

Cloud computing architecture is divided into the following two parts -

Front End
Back End

Front End
The front end is used by the client. It contains client-side interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing platforms. The front end includes web servers (including
Chrome, Firefox, internet explorer, etc.), thin & fat clients, tablets, and mobile devices.
In other words Front End of the Cloud Architecture provides a GUI (Graphical User Interface) to
interact with the cloud.

Back End
The back end is used by the service provider. It manages all the resources that are required to
provide cloud computing services. It includes a huge amount of data storage, security
mechanism, virtual machines, deploying models, servers, traffic control mechanisms, etc.
Components of Cloud Computing Architecture

There are the following components of cloud computing architecture -

1. Client Infrastructure
Client Infrastructure is a Front end component. It provides GUI (Graphical User Interface) to
interact with the cloud.

2. Application
The application may be any software or platform that a client wants to access.

3. Service
A Cloud Services manages that which type of service you access according to the client’s
requirement.
Cloud computing offers the following three type of services:

i. Software as a Service (SaaS) – It is also known as cloud application

services. Mostly, SaaS applications run directly through the web browser means we do not
require to download and install these applications. Some important example of SaaS is given
below –
Example: Google Apps, Salesforce Dropbox, Slack, Hubspot, Cisco WebEx.

ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS) – It is also known as cloud platform services.

It is quite similar to SaaS, but the difference is that PaaS provides a platform for software
creation, but using SaaS, we can access software over the internet without the need of any
platform.
Example: Windows Azure, Force.com, Magento Commerce Cloud, OpenShift.

iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – It is also known as cloud infrastructure

services. It is responsible for managing applications data, middleware, and runtime
environments.
Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud), Google Compute Engine
(GCE), Cisco Metapod.

4. Runtime Cloud
Runtime Cloud provides the execution and runtime environment to the virtual
machines.
5. Storage
Storage is one of the most important components of cloud computing. It provides a huge
amount of storage capacity in the cloud to store and manage data.

6. Infrastructure
It provides services on the host level, application level, and network level. Cloud
infrastructure includes hardware and software components such as servers, storage, network
devices, virtualization software, and other storage resources that are needed to support the
cloud computing model.

7. Management
Management is used to manage components such as application, service, runtime cloud,
storage, infrastructure, and other security issues in the backend and establish coordination
between them.

8. Security
Security is an in-built back end component of cloud computing. It implements a security
mechanism in the back end.

9. Internet
The Internet is medium through which front end and back end can interact and communicate
with each other.

10. Database– Database in backend refers to provide database for storing

structured data, such as SQL and NOSQL databases. Example of Databases
services include Amazon RDS, Microsoft Azure SQL database and Google
Cloud SQL.

11. Networking– Networking in backend services that provide networking

infrastructure for application in the cloud, such as load balancing, DNS and
virtual private networks.

12. Analytics– Analytics in backend service that provides analytics capabilities

for data in the cloud, such as warehousing, business intelligence and machine
learning.
Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture:
 Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
 Improves data processing requirements.
 Helps in providing high security.
 Makes it more modularized.
 Results in better disaster recovery.
 Gives good user accessibility.
 Reduces IT operating costs.
 Provides high level reliability.
 Scalability.

Cloud Computing Reference Model:

The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that characterizes and
standardizes a cloud computing environment by partitioning it into abstraction layers
and cross-layer functions.

The Cloud Computing Reference Model provides a conceptual framework for

understanding and categorizing the various components and functions of cloud
computing. It helps define the relationships and interactions between different cloud
computing elements. The most widely recognized and used reference model is the
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Cloud Computing Reference
Architecture.
Components of the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Cloud
Computing Reference Model:

1. Cloud Service Models:

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provides virtualized computing resources,

such as virtual machines, storage, and networks, on-demand to users.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS): Offers a platform with development tools, libraries,
\and services for users to build and deploy applications.
 Software as a Service (SaaS): Delivers software applications over the internet,
typically accessed through web browsers, without the need for installation or
maintenance.

2. Cloud Deployment Models:

 Public Cloud: Resources are owned and operated by a cloud service provider
and made available to the general public over the internet.
 Private Cloud: Resources are exclusively used by a single organization,
providing greater control, security, and customization.
 Hybrid Cloud: Combines public and private cloud environments, allowing data
and applications to be shared between them.
 Community Cloud: Shared infrastructure and services are used by a specific
community or group of organizations with shared interests or requirements.
3. Essential Characteristics:

 On-Demand Self-Service: Users can provision computing resources as needed

without requiring human intervention from the service provider.
 Broad Network Access: Services are accessible over standard network
protocols and can be accessed by various devices.
 Resource Pooling: Computing resources are shared and dynamically assigned
to users based on demand, with multi-tenancy support.
 Rapid Elasticity: Resources can be scaled up or down quickly to meet changing
demands.
 Measured Service: Cloud service usage is monitored, controlled, and billed
based on specific metrics, providing transparency and cost optimization.

4. Cloud Service Orchestration:

 Refers to the management and coordination of multiple cloud services to deliver

end-to-end solutions.
 It involves integrating various services, components, and workflows to achieve
business objectives efficiently and effectively.

5. Cloud Security and Management:

 Covers the governance, security, and management aspects of cloud computing.

 It includes identity and access management, data protection, compliance,
monitoring, and service-level agreement (SLA) management.

The NIST Cloud Computing Reference Model provides a standardized framework to

understand the key components and relationships within cloud computing. It serves as a
common language for discussing and designing cloud-based solutions, enabling
interoperability and facilitating the adoption of cloud computing technologies.
Types of Cloud
Cloud computing is a revolutionary technology transforming how we store, access, and
process data. It simply refers to delivering computing resources, such as servers, storage,
databases, software, and applications, over the Internet. Cloud computing uses a network
of remote computer systems housed on the net to save and process data rather than
relying on physical infrastructure.

Cloud service companies use advanced security techniques, which include encryption,
firewalls, and access restrictions, to secure data from unauthorized access. Redundancy
and cloud backups guarantee is provided by the cloud so that data may be restored
promptly and effectively in case of any unexpected situations.

Types of Cloud
There are the following 5 types of cloud that you can deploy according to the
organization's needs-
1. Public Cloud
Public cloud is open to all to store and access information via the Internet using the pay-
per-usage method.

In public cloud, computing resources are managed and operated by the Cloud Service
Provider (CSP). The CSP looks after the supporting infrastructure and ensures that the
resources are accessible to and scalable for the users.

Due to its open architecture, anyone with an internet connection may use the public cloud,
regardless of location or company size. Users can use the CSP's numerous services, store
their data, and run apps. By using a pay-per-usage strategy, customers can be assured
that they will only be charged for the resources they actually use.

Example: Amazon elastic compute cloud (EC2), IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise, Microsoft,
Google App Engine, Windows Azure Services Platform.
Characteristics of Public Cloud
The public cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Accessibility: Public cloud services are available to anyone with an internet connection.
Users can access their data and programs at any time and from anywhere.
o Shared Infrastructure: Several users share the infrastructure in public cloud settings. Cost
reductions and effective resource use are made possible by this.
o Scalability: By using the public cloud, users can easily adjust the resources they need
based on their requirements, allowing for quick scaling up or down.
o Pay-per-Usage: When using the public cloud, payment is based on usage, so users only
pay for the resources they actually use. This helps optimize costs and eliminates the need
for upfront investments.
o Managed by Service Providers: Cloud service providers manage and maintain public
cloud infrastructure. They handle hardware maintenance, software updates, and security
tasks, relieving users of these responsibilities.
o Reliability and Redundancy: Public cloud providers ensure high reliability by
implementing redundant systems and multiple data centers. By doing this, the probability
of losing data and experiencing service disruptions is reduced.
o Security Measures: Public cloud providers implement robust security measures to protect
user data. These include encryption, access controls, and regular security audits.

Advantages of Public Cloud

There are the following advantages of Public Cloud -

o Public cloud is owned at a lower cost than the private and hybrid cloud.
o Public cloud is maintained by the cloud service provider, so do not need to worry about
the maintenance.
o Public cloud is easier to integrate. Hence it offers a better flexibility approach to
consumers.
o Public cloud is location independent because its services are delivered through the
internet.
o Public cloud is highly scalable as per the requirement of computing resources.
 o It is accessible by the general public, so there is no limit to the number of users.
o Rapid deployment of services and applications.
o Reduced time and effort in hardware procurement and setup.
o The cloud provider offers a range of services and resources that you can avail of.
o Built-in redundancy and resilience for enhanced reliability.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud

o Public Cloud is less secure because resources are shared publicly.

o Performance depends upon the high-speed internet network link to the cloud provider.
o The data is not under the control of the client.
o Dependency on the cloud service provider for availability and service level agreements.
o Compliance challenges in meeting industry-specific regulations and standards.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data.
o Concerns about data privacy and confidentiality.
o Potential for unexpected costs with usage-based pricing models.
o Lack of customization options and flexibility compared to private or hybrid cloud
environments.
o Reliance to the cloud provider's support and responsiveness for issue resolution
2. Private Cloud
Private cloud is also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud. It is used by
organizations to build and manage their own data centers internally or by the third party.
It can be deployed using Opensource tools such as Openstack and Eucalyptus.

Examples: VMware vSphere, OpenStack, Microsoft Azure Stack, Oracle Cloud at

Customer, and IBM Cloud Private.

Based on the location and management, National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) divide private cloud into the following two parts-

o On-premise private cloud: An on-premise private cloud is situated within the physical
infrastructure of the organization. It involves setting up and running a specific data center
that offers cloud services just for internal usage by the company. The infrastructure is still
completely under the hands of the organization, which gives them the freedom to modify
and set it up in any way they see fit. Organizations can successfully manage security and
compliance issues with this degree of control. However, on premise private cloud setup
and management necessitate significant hardware, software, and IT knowledge
expenditures.
 o Outsourced private cloud: An outsourced private cloud involves partnering with a third-
party service provider to host and manage the cloud infrastructure on behalf of the
organization. The provider may operate the private cloud in their data center or a co-
location facility. In this arrangement, the organization benefits from the expertise and
resources of the service provider, alleviating the burden of infrastructure management.
The outsourced private cloud model offers scalability, as the provider can adjust resources
based on the organization's needs. Due to its flexibility, it is a desirable choice for
businesses that desire the advantages of a private cloud deployment without the initial
capital outlay and ongoing maintenance expenses involved with an on-premise
implementation.

Compared to public cloud options, both on-premise and external private clouds give
businesses more control over their data, apps, and security. Private clouds are particularly
suitable for organizations with strict compliance requirements, sensitive data, or
specialized workloads that demand high levels of customization and security.

Characteristics of Private Cloud

The private cloud has the following key characteristics:

o Exclusive Use: Private cloud is dedicated to a single organization, ensuring the resources
and services are tailored to its needs. It is like having a personal cloud environment
exclusively for that organization.
o Control and Security: Private cloud offers organizations higher control and security than
public cloud options. Organizations have more control over data governance, access
controls, and security measures.
o Customization and Flexibility: Private cloud allows organizations to customize the
infrastructure according to their specific requirements. They can configure resources,
networks, and storage to optimize performance and efficiency.
o Scalability and Resource Allocation: The private cloud can scale and allocate resources.
According to demand, businesses may scale up or down their infrastructure, effectively
using their resources.
o Performance and dependability: Private clouds give businesses more control over the
infrastructure at the foundation, improving performance and dependability.
 o Compliance and Regulatory Requirements: Organizations may more easily fulfill certain
compliance and regulatory standards using the private cloud. It provides the freedom to
put in place strong security measures, follow data residency laws, and follow industry-
specific norms.
o Hybrid Cloud Integration: Private cloud can be integrated with public cloud services,
forming a hybrid cloud infrastructure. This integration allows organizations to leverage the
benefits of both private and public clouds.

Advantages of Private Cloud

There are the following advantages of the Private Cloud -

o Private cloud provides a high level of security and privacy to the users.
o Private cloud offers better performance with improved speed and space capacity.
o It allows the IT team to quickly allocate and deliver on-demand IT resources.
o The organization has full control over the cloud because it is managed by the organization
itself. So, there is no need for the organization to depends on anybody.
o It is suitable for organizations that require a separate cloud for their personal use and data
security is the first priority.
o Customizable to meet specific business needs and compliance regulations.
o Higher reliability and uptime compared to public cloud environments.
o Seamless integration with existing on-premises systems and applications.
o Better compliance and governance capabilities for industry-specific regulations.
o Enhanced flexibility in resource allocation and application deployment.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud

o Skilled people are required to manage and operate cloud services.

o Private cloud is accessible within the organization, so the area of operations is limited.
o Private cloud is not suitable for organizations that have a high user base, and organizations
that do not have the prebuilt infrastructure, sufficient manpower to maintain and manage
the cloud.
o Higher upfront costs and ongoing maintenance expenses.
 o Scaling resources can be challenging compared to public or hybrid cloud options.
o Relies on internal IT staff for management and troubleshooting.
o Slower deployment timelines and implementation compared to public cloud solutions.
o Limited access to the latest advancements and innovations offered by public cloud
providers.
o Reduced flexibility and agility compared to public cloud options.
o Challenges in keeping up with hardware and software upgrades and compatibility.
o Higher risks of technology becoming outdated and the need for regular infrastructure
updates.

Hybrid Cloud
Hybrid Cloud is a combination of the public cloud and the private cloud.

Hybrid Cloud = Public Cloud + Private Cloud

Hybrid cloud is partially secure because the services which are running on the public cloud
can be accessed by anyone, while the services which are running on a private cloud can
be accessed only by the organization's users. In a hybrid cloud setup, organizations can
leverage the benefits of both public and private clouds to create a flexible and scalable
computing environment. The public cloud portion allows using cloud services provided
by third-party providers, accessible over the Internet.
Example: Google Application Suite (Gmail, Google Apps, and Google Drive), Office 365
(MS Office on the Web and One Drive), Amazon Web Services.

Characteristics of Hybrid Cloud

o Integration of Public and Private Clouds: Hybrid cloud seamlessly integrates public and
private clouds, allowing organizations to leverage both advantages. It provides a unified
platform where workloads and data can be deployed and managed across both
environments.
o Flexibility and Scalability: Hybrid cloud offers resource allocation and scalability
flexibility. Organizations can dynamically scale their infrastructure by utilizing additional
resources from the public cloud while maintaining control over critical workloads on the
private cloud.
o Enhanced Security and Control: Hybrid cloud allows organizations to maintain higher
security and control over their sensitive data and critical applications. Private cloud
components provide a secure and dedicated environment, while public cloud resources
can be used for non-sensitive tasks, ensuring a balanced approach to data protection.
o Cost Optimization: Hybrid cloud enables organizations to optimize costs by utilizing the
cost-effective public cloud for non-sensitive workloads while keeping mission-critical
applications and data on the more cost-efficient private cloud. This approach allows for
efficient resource allocation and cost management.
o Data and Application Portability: Organizations can move workloads and data between
public and private clouds as needed with a hybrid cloud. This portability offers agility and
the ability to adapt to changing business requirements, ensuring optimal performance and
responsiveness.
o Compliance and Regulatory Compliance: Hybrid cloud helps organizations address
compliance and regulatory requirements more effectively. Sensitive data and applications
can be kept within the private cloud, ensuring compliance with industry-specific
regulations while leveraging the public cloud for other non-sensitive operations.
o Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity: Hybrid cloud facilitates robust disaster
recovery and business continuity strategies. Organizations can replicate critical data and
applications between the private and public clouds, ensuring redundancy and minimizing
the risk of data loss or service disruptions.
Advantages of Hybrid Cloud
There are the following advantages of Hybrid Cloud -

o Hybrid cloud is suitable for organizations that require more security than the public cloud.
o Hybrid cloud helps you to deliver new products and services more quickly.
o Hybrid cloud provides an excellent way to reduce the risk.
o Hybrid cloud offers flexible resources because of the public cloud and secure resources
because of the private cloud.
o Hybrid facilitates seamless integration between on-premises infrastructure and cloud
environments.
o Hybrid provides greater control over sensitive data and compliance requirements.
o Hybrid enables efficient workload distribution based on specific needs and performance
requirements.
o Hybrid offers cost optimization by allowing organizations to choose the most suitable
cloud platform for different workloads.
o Hybrid enhances business continuity and disaster recovery capabilities with private and
public cloud resources.
o Hybrid supports hybrid cloud architecture, allowing applications and data to be deployed
across multiple cloud environments based on their unique requirements.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud

o In Hybrid Cloud, security feature is not as good as the private cloud.

o Managing a hybrid cloud is complex because it is difficult to manage more than one type
of deployment model.
o In the hybrid cloud, the reliability of the services depends on cloud service providers.
o Potential challenges in data integration and ensuring seamless connectivity between
different cloud platforms.
o Higher costs due to the need for managing and integrating multiple cloud environments.
o Increased complexity in data governance and compliance management across different
cloud providers.
 o Dependency on stable and high-bandwidth internet connections for efficient hybrid cloud
operations.
o Potential compatibility issues between various cloud platforms and applications.
o Risk of vendor lock-in and limited portability of applications and data across different
cloud providers.
o Requires skilled IT staff with expertise in managing hybrid cloud environments.

Community Cloud
Community cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by a group of several
organizations to share the information between the organization and a specific
community. It is owned, managed, and operated by one or more organizations in the
community, a third party, or a combination of them.

In a community cloud setup, the participating organizations, which can be from the same
industry, government sector, or any other community, collaborate to establish a shared
cloud infrastructure. This infrastructure allows them to access shared services,
applications, and data relevant to their community.

Example: Health Care community cloud

Characteristics of Community Cloud

o Shared Infrastructure: Community cloud provides a shared infrastructure accessible to a

specific community of organizations. The participating organizations can leverage this
common cloud infrastructure to meet their shared computing needs and objectives.
o Community-specific Services: The community cloud provides resources, apps, and
services adapted to the participating organizations' demands. These services are created
to meet the community's specific requirements and difficulties while promoting effective
communication and information exchange.
o Community Ownership and Management: The community cloud is owned, managed,
and operated by one or more organizations from the community, a third party, or a
combination of both. The involved organizations have a say in the governance and
decision-making procedures to ensure that the cloud infrastructure meets their shared
objectives.
o Enhanced Security and Compliance: Community cloud emphasizes security and
compliance measures relevant to the specific community. It allows for implementing
robust security controls, access management, and compliance frameworks that meet the
community's regulatory requirements and industry standards.
o Cost Sharing and Efficiency: Participating organizations in a community cloud benefit
from cost sharing. By sharing the infrastructure and resources, the costs associated with
establishing and maintaining the cloud environment are distributed among the
community members. This leads to cost efficiency and reduced financial burden for
individual organizations.
o Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: The community cloud encourages
communication and information exchange amongst participating businesses. It gives
community members a forum for project collaboration, information sharing, and resource
exploitation. This encourages creativity, education, and effectiveness within the
neighborhood.
o Scalability and Flexibility: Community cloud enables organizations to scale up or reduce
their resources in response to demand. This allows the community to adjust to shifting
computing requirements and efficiently use cloud resources as needed.
Advantages of Community Cloud
There are the following advantages of Community Cloud -

o Community cloud is cost-effective because the whole cloud is being shared by several
organizations or communities.
o Community cloud is suitable for organizations that want to have a collaborative cloud with
more security features than the public cloud.
o It provides better security than the public cloud.
o It provides collaborative and distributive environment.
o Community cloud allows us to share cloud resources, infrastructure, and other capabilities
among various organizations.
o Offers customization options to meet the unique needs and requirements of the
community.
o Simplifies compliance with industry-specific regulations and standards through shared
security measures.
o Provides scalability and flexibility, allowing organizations to scale resources based on
changing demands.
o Promotes efficient resource utilization, reducing wastage, and optimizing performance
within the community.
o Enables organizations to leverage shared expertise and experiences, leading to improved
decision-making and problem-solving.

Disadvantages of Community Cloud

o Community cloud is not a good choice for every organization.

o Security features are not as good as the private cloud.
o It is not suitable if there is no collaboration.
o The fixed amount of data storage and bandwidth is shared among all community
members.
o Challenges in ensuring consistent performance and availability when multiple
organizations share the same resources.
 o Limited scalability options as the shared resources determine the community cloud's
capacity.
o Potential conflicts of interest among community members regarding resource allocation
and usage.
o Transparent governance and agreement frameworks are required to address potential
disputes and ensure fair resource distribution.
o Inadequate technical support and service level agreements (SLAs) compared to private or
public cloud options.

Multi-Cloud
Multi-cloud is a strategy in cloud computing where companies utilize more than one
cloud service provider or platform to meet their computing needs. It involves distributing
workloads, applications, and statistics throughout numerous cloud environments
consisting of public, private, and hybrid clouds.

Adopting a multi-cloud approach allows businesses to have the ability to select and
leverage the most appropriate cloud services from different providers based on their
specific necessities. This allows them to harness each provider's distinctive capabilities and
services, mitigating the risk of relying solely on one vendor while benefiting from
competitive pricing models. '

Examples: Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform
(GCP).
Characteristics of Multi-cloud

o Multiple Cloud Providers: The key characteristic of multi-cloud is the utilization of

multiple cloud service providers. Organizations can leverage the offerings of different
providers, such as Amazon web services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform
(GCP), and others, to access a huge range of services and capabilities.
o Diversification and Risk Reduction: Thanks to multi-cloud, organizations may distribute
workloads, apps, and data across several cloud environments. This diversification
decreases the danger of vendor lock-in, and the effects of any service interruptions or
outages from a single cloud provider are lessened.
o Flexibility and Vendor Independence: Businesses using multi-cloud can choose the
finest cloud services from various providers per their requirements. This approach enables
companies to leverage each provider's unique benefits and avoids needing to depend
solely on a single supplier for all their cloud computing requirements.
o Optimisation of Services and Costs: Organisations may optimize their services and costs
by using a multi-cloud strategy and choosing the most affordable and appropriate cloud
provider for each workload or application. They can use specialized services from many
sources to meet certain demands, taking advantage of competitive pricing structures.
o Enhanced Reliability and Performance: Multi-cloud enhances reliability and
performance by utilizing multiple cloud environments. By utilizing the infrastructure and
resources of various providers, organizations can achieve high availability, scalability, and
enhanced performance for their applications and services
o Data Sovereignty and Compliance: Multi-cloud allows organizations to address data
sovereignty and compliance requirements by choosing cloud providers with data centers
in specific regions or jurisdictions. It provides flexibility in managing data residency and
regulatory compliance obligations.
o Interoperability and Integration: Multi-cloud necessitates interoperability and
integration between different cloud platforms. Organizations must ensure seamless data
exchange, application compatibility, and integration of services across the various cloud
environments they utilize.
Advantages of Multi-Cloud:
There are the following advantages of multi-Cloud -

o It allows organizations to choose the most suitable cloud services from different providers
based on their specific requirements.
o Distributing workloads and data across multiple cloud environments enhances reliability
and ensures resilience in case of service disruptions or downtime.
o By utilizing its providers, organizations can avoid dependency on a single vendor and
mitigate the risks associated with vendor lock-in.
o Organizations can optimize services and costs by selecting the most cost-effective and
suitable cloud provider for each workload or application.
o Leveraging the infrastructure and resources of different cloud providers allows
organizations to achieve high availability, scalability, and improved performance.
o It enables organizations to select cloud providers with data centers in specific regions,
addressing data sovereignty and compliance requirements.
o Access to specialized services and capabilities from different providers promotes
innovation and allows organizations to leverage the best-in-class offerings in the market.
o Distributing workloads across multiple clouds reduces the risk of data loss or service
disruptions, providing enhanced disaster recovery capabilities.

Disadvantages of Multi-Cloud:

o Increased complexity in managing multiple cloud environments.

o Potential for higher costs due to multiple subscriptions and data transfer fees.
o Challenges in ensuring data governance and compliance across multiple clouds.
o Integration difficulties and compatibility issues between different cloud providers.
o Potential for increased management overhead and resource requirements.
o Risk of vendor dependencies and interoperability challenges.
 Difference between public clouds, private cloud, hybrid cloud,
Community Cloud, Multi-Cloud

Parameter Public Cloud Private Cloud Hybrid Cloud Community Multi-Cloud

Cloud

Host Service provider Enterprise (Third Enterprise (Third Community (Third Multiple cloud
party) party) party) providers

Users General public Selected users Selected users Community Multiple

members organizations

Access Internet Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN Internet, VPN

Owner Service provider Enterprise Enterprise Community Multiple

organizations

Cost Pay-per-usage Infrastructure Mixed (variable) Shared cost among Variable depending
investment members on usage

Security Provider's Enhanced control Varied (depends Varied (depends on Varied (depends on
responsibility on setup) setup) setup)

Scalability Highly scalable Scalable within Scalable within Scalable within Scalable within
resources resources resources resources

Customization Limited control High control Varied (depends Varied (depends on Varied (depends on
on setup) setup) setup)

Resource Not shared Not shared Varied (depends Shared among Shared among
Sharing on setup) community providers
Cloud Computing Platform and Technologies
A list of cloud computing technologies are:

o Virtualization
o Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
o Grid Computing
o Utility Computing

Virtualization
Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual environment to run multiple applications
and operating systems on the same server. The virtual environment can be anything, such
as a single instance or a combination of many operating systems, storage devices, network
application servers, and other environments.

The concept of Virtualization in cloud computing increases the use of virtual machines. A
virtual machine is a software computer or software program that not only works as a
physical computer but can also function as a physical machine and perform tasks such as
running applications or programs as per the user's demand.

Types of Virtualization

A list of types of Virtualization is given below -

i. Hardware virtualization
ii. Server virtualization
iii. Storage virtualization
iv. Operating system virtualization
v. Data Virtualization

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) allows organizations to access on-demand cloud-
based computing solutions according to the change of business needs. It can work
without or with cloud computing. The advantages of using SOA is that it is easy to
maintain, platform independent, and highly scalable.

Service Provider and Service consumer are the two major roles within SOA.

Applications of Service-Oriented Architecture

There are the following applications of Service-Oriented Architecture -

o It is used in the healthcare industry.

o It is used to create many mobile applications and games.
o In the air force, SOA infrastructure is used to deploy situational awareness systems.

The service-oriented architecture is shown below:

Grid Computing
Grid computing is also known as distributed computing. It is a processor architecture
that combines various different computing resources from multiple locations to achieve
a common goal. In grid computing, the grid is connected by parallel nodes to form a
computer cluster. These computer clusters are in different sizes and can run on any
operating system.

Grid computing contains the following three types of machines -

1. Control Node: It is a group of server which administrates the whole network.

2. Provider: It is a computer which contributes its resources in the network resource pool.
3. User: It is a computer which uses the resources on the network.

Mainly, grid computing is used in the ATMs, back-end infrastructures, and marketing
research.

Utility Computing
Utility computing is the most trending IT service model. It provides on-demand
computing resources (computation, storage, and programming services via API) and
infrastructure based on the pay per use method. It minimizes the associated costs and
maximizes the efficient use of resources. The advantage of utility computing is that it
reduced the IT cost, provides greater flexibility, and easier to manage.

Large organizations such as Google and Amazon established their own utility services for
computing storage and application.
What is cloud infrastructure?
Cloud infrastructure is the collection of hardware and software resources that make up the cloud.
Cloud providers maintain global data centers with thousands of IT infrastructure components like
servers, physical storage devices, and networking equipment. They configure the physical devices
using all types of operating system configurations. They also install other types of software that are
required for an application to run.
Any organization can lease the cloud infrastructure in a pay-as-you-go manner, which helps to save
significantly on the cost of purchasing and maintaining individual components.

Components of cloud infrastructure:

Each cloud hardware and software component helps developers to provision virtual resources and
deploy workloads in the cloud. There are many different types of cloud services that abstract the
technicalities of cloud computing at varying levels. The following components make cloud
deployment more effortless.

Servers
Servers are powerful computers installed by a cloud service provider across different data centers.
Each server might be powered by several processor cores and large memory storage, giving them
robust computational capabilities. Cloud providers use groups of interconnected servers to provide a
wide range of cloud computing services.

Networking
Networking is the cloud's capability to connect different data storage, applications, micro services,
and other workloads across different servers and data centers. To enable cloud connectivity, cloud
providers use networking equipment—such as load balancers and network switches—so you can
establish communication channels and manage traffic in the cloud environment. Meanwhile,
developers use load balancing to reduce network latency and improve application performance
when traffic demand grows.

Storage

Storage is persistent data space hosted on a physical architecture to store cloud workloads. You can
connect to cloud storage on any device with internet accessibility. Cloud storage is scalable, and you
can expand its size, regional availability, and type as required. For example, developers prefer block
storage for cloud applications that require ultra-fast read/write performance.

Software
You access a cloud infrastructure's virtualized resources through software with a graphical user
interface. Developers use virtual machines (VMs), analytics, data management tools, and more to
simplify cloud usage.
Software Productivity in the Cloud

Cloud computing has revolutionized the way software is developed and

deployed. Cloud-based productivity software allows users to create, edit,
share, and collaborate on documents, spreadsheets, presentations, and
other types of files online. Some examples of cloud productivity software
are Google Office Apps for Business, Microsoft Office 365, Open Office e
Suite, Apple iWork for iCloud, Adobe Photoshop CC for team, ClickUp,
Todoist, and Bonsai.

Cloud computing provides the necessary tools to sort through lots of

unstructured data quickly and easily. This is yet another area where cloud
computing positively affects productivity and profits. Furthermore, the
cloud has additional security layers to protect your business’s data.

Onsite data centers typically require a lot of “racking and stacking”—

hardware setup, software patching, and other time-consuming IT
management chores. Cloud computing removes the need for many of these
tasks, so IT teams can spend time on achieving more important business
goals.

The exact benefits will vary according to the type of cloud service being
used but fundamentally using cloud services means companies not having
to buy or maintain their own computing infrastructure.
Economics of Cloud Computing

Cloud economics is the study of the benefits, costs, and principles of cloud
computing. It involves understanding the total cost of ownership (TCO) of
cloud computing, the benefits of the cloud over on-premises models, and
cost optimization strategies that will maximize ROI on your cloud
investment.

The TCO of cloud computing includes expenses such as hardware, software,

maintenance, and personnel costs. Cloud computing can reduce these costs
by providing a pay-as-you-go model that allows businesses to pay only for
the resources they use.

Cloud computing also offers several benefits over on-premises models. For
example, it provides greater scalability, flexibility, and agility. It also allows
businesses to access new technologies quickly and easily.

Cost optimization strategies can help businesses maximize their ROI on

their cloud investment. These strategies include rightsizing instances, using
reserved instances, and leveraging spot instances.

Overall, cloud economics is an important consideration for businesses

looking to move to the cloud or optimize their existing cloud infrastructure.
Economics of Private Cloud
Private clouds are cloud computing environments that are dedicated to a
single organization and are not shared with other organizations. The cost of
private clouds is generally higher than that of public clouds because the
organization has to bear the cost of hardware, software, and maintenance.
However, private clouds offer more control and security than public clouds,
which makes them a preferred choice for organizations that deal with
sensitive data.

To calculate the cost of private clouds, one needs to consider fixed and
recurring costs over a given number of years. Other factors such as
forecasted usage, redundancy strategy, and the types of virtual machines
(VMs) configured over a range of memory, storage, and compute capacities
also need to be taken into account.

Economics of Scale Private Vs Public Cloud

Private clouds can be cheaper than public clouds at scale, but it will be
increasingly difficult for private cloud deployments to be cheaper than
public clouds because of economies of scale that require vast capital and
aggregated demand that aren't accessible to enterprises.

Public clouds have greater economies of scale, and no private cloud can
compete with the likes of Google and Amazon on price.

Cloud economics is the study of cloud computing’s costs and benefits and
the economic principles that underpin them. As a discipline, it explores key
questions for businesses: What is the return on investment (ROI) of
migrating to the cloud or switching current cloud providers?