CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

This chapter presents the formal presentation of the study in connection

to the problem and its setting. The goals and the intended effect of the study is

successfully presented through the factual information being presented in this

chapter.

Introduction

Rising economic stability is on a diverse and different path in shaping

valuable work in society. The difference across the borders of laborers creates

a large number of jobs and has been tested through the significant hindrances

within the work. According to the study of Fan et al. (2022), hindrances in work

have a large impact on the innovative behavior of the laborers. In the field of

waterworks, a large number of fishermen are one of the top natural workers in

the Philippines. Around 93 million people and more than 7,100 islands make the

country a prime fishing nation. The Philippines ranks among the major fishing

manufacturers in the world. (Andrada et al., 2017). According to the article

Restore Your Economy (2020), fishing is a way of life that creates a path for

fishermen to sustain a desirable life status.

Hindrances in the field of work for fishermen are experienced by many

different laborers across the world. The large disruption of calamities is the

biggest enemy of these water workers, which creates so much affection for their

livelihood stability. According to Akbar (2022), unprecedented floods affect

1
millions of livelihoods, destroying crops and livestock, including the fishing

industry. Changes in climate in the field of the sea are shutting down the

opportunities for fishermen, creating a large scale of disturbance in their socio-

economic status. The impact of climate change is causing obstacles for

fishermen because of the increasing risk of fishing, changing seasons and

fishing locations, and uncertainty of the wind season, thus affecting the number

of catches. Climate change conditions that disrupt marine ecosystems certainly

can worsen the economic lives of fishermen’s households. Paulus et al. (2019).

Alternative sources of income are the way to maintain the balance of

personal and economic life that protects the family and the environment.

Different sustainable alternative sources help workers elaborate on their goal of

cultivating a life form in the world. Based on the study of Salik et al. (2015),

additional income can be diversified by working part-time on land other than at

sea. Moreover, supporting alternative methods of having a better means of

generating income was limitless. Farming and vegetable crops are two

examples of the fishers’ alternate supplies, as stated by Bernardo et al. (2015).

In some other studies founded by the researchers, construction works, driving,

salt making, hog raising, farming, government programs, and other more

natural livelihood sources of income for fishermen have been identified by the

proponents of research to support the alternative source of income.

In this study, the alternative sources of income for fishermen were

addressed. It encouraged the fishermen of Barangay San Jose, Talisay,

2
Camarines Norte, to balance their personal lives on several suggested paths.

This study identifies fishermen’s alternative sources of income in the targeted

area. Ranking and identifying the best possible source of income that can assist

marine fishermen in maintaining a natural way of living. The researchers of the

study also offer factual studies about the challenges faced by maritime

fishermen during disasters. Moreover, applying this research to reality will also

encourage the promotion of other revenue streams, which will encourage

fishermen to practice in times of crisis in order to gain more income. This study

intends to lay the groundwork for follow-up research that will help fishermen and

other agricultural sectors not just in the study’s target region, but also across

the entire nation.

Statement of the Problem

This research study has the goal of identifying the alternative source of

income for fishermen during the disaster and ranking it as the most useful

alternative source that can help fishers to maintain their standard of living. This

study seeks to answer the following research questions:

1. What are the demographic profiles of the respondents according to;

1.1 Age;

1.4 Year/ Period of time in Work

2. How do fishermen spend their income during calamity?

3. What difficulties or challenges do fishermen experience in times of

3
 calamity?

4. What alternative source of income Fishers in Barangay San Jose,

Talisay apply in times of calamity?

Assumptions of the Study

The study focused on the alternative sources of income for fishermen

and identify the sources of income fishers have during natural calamity. The

following presumptions served as the foundation for this study:

1. The researchers successfully identify the demographic profiles of

the fishermen.

2. The fishermen disseminate their income spending.

3. The fishermen discovers the difficulties they are experiencing in

during natural calamities.

4. The fishermen in Barangay San Jose has an alternative source of

income during natural calamities.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The scope and delimitation of this study is to investigate and rank the

efficacy of various of the alternative sources of income available to the fishers in

San Jose, Talisay, and Camarines Norte, with an estimated population of 350

fishermen who rely on fishing activities as their primary source of income during

times of calamities. The aim of this study is to identify the most effective

4
alternative practices that can be adopted by fishermen in the event of future

disasters. This study also provides recommendations for the adoption of these

alternative practices in times of calamity.

The fishermen of Barangay San Jose in Talisay, Camarines Norte, and

their experiences with the sources of income during natural calamity are the

only subjects of this study. The survey questionnaire is used in this study’s

execution to gather the information needed to determine the most effective

alternative sources of income. With the specified respondents, this study was

conducted, observed, and done in 2023.

Significance of the Study

This study determines the most effective alternative source of incomes

for fishermen in times of calamity. This study supports the promotion of several

alternative sources of income that can assist the fishermen in maintaining a

stable lifestyle. The following objectives are the focus of this study:

Fishers. This study will help and promote fishermen who took part in the

survey as respondents. This research will aid in the identification of other

alternative sources of income and the impact of the disaster on fishermen.

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR). The BFAR

would benefit from the current study by understanding how to manage and

conserve the nation’s fisheries despite the obstacles they confront. This

5
research will aid in providing fishermen with another source of income and in

balancing their lives and careers as fishers.

Government. Through the results of this research, the government will

be given the idea of producing budgets and programs in the designated

departments as a substitute source of income for the fishermen in their

community and to value the laborers across their borders.

Future Researcher. The goal of this study is to enlighten future

researchers about the alternative means of subsistence for fishermen and to

offer them with a source of knowledge that can be used as a reference or a

guide.

Definition of Terms

The researchers made the following decisions on the terminology used

in the study to make it easier to understand the foreign terms used:

Balance. Refers to the equilibrium or harmony of individuals. In this

study, the alternative source of income for fishermen, they seek to maintain

different aspects of their lives. It involves managing their personal and

economic lives in a way that ensures the well-being of themselves, their

families, and the environment they rely on.

Diversity. Refers to the presence of various factors and elements. In this

study, it could be workforce diversity. In this study, this means a variety of

workers with different backgrounds, skills and characteristics. A diverse group

6
of fishermen has a wide range of skills, knowledge and experience. This

diversity is an advantage during disasters or calamities.

Disruption. Refers to a significant disturbance or interruption in normal

processes or activities. In this study, it is likely referring to events or factors that

disrupt the usual economic activities of fishermen, such as calamities (natural

disasters like floods) or changes in environmental conditions.

Disturbance. Refers to a disruption or interference that interrupts the

normal functioning of a system or environment. In this study, this term suggests

that there would be interrelated or interconnected aspects of how disturbances

affect the lives of fishers and their communities.

Hindrance. Refers to an obstacle or barrier that hinders or obstructs

progress or success. In this study, it investigates how hindrances affect the

work and livelihoods of fishers and how different factors (calamity, diversity

among fishers, innovative behavior, and alternative income sources) are

connected to or influenced by these hindrances.

Innovative. Refers to the ability or inclination to introduce new ideas,

methods, or approaches to solve problems or improve processes. In this study,

it explores how the innovative behavior of laborers, such as fishers, is linked to

their ability to address the challenges and hindrances they face in creating

alternative sources of income.

7
 Livelihood. Refers to the means or source of income that a community

relies on to meet their daily needs and well-being. In this study, livelihoods are

linked to the different alternative income sources of the fishers in the study.

Natural Calamity. Refers to the natural disasters like typhoons and

others experienced by people and other living organism. In this study, natural

calamity is the pin point of the study as in investigates how do fishermen have

an alternative source of income during this disasters.

Man-Made Calamity. Refers to the calamities made by the people like

accidents and other man-made problems. In this study, man-made calamity

was also a part of the hindrances that fishermen experience in times of

disasters.

Promote. Refers to support, encourage, or advance a particular action,

behavior, or outcome. In this study, promotion is the best way of fishermen in

establishing different sources of income they have under the calamity

hindrances they are experiencing.

Stability. Refers to a state of being steady, secure, or unchanging. In

this study, the study likely pertains to the economic stability of fishermen and

their communities, particularly during times of calamity or disruption.

Unprecedented. Refers to something that has not occurred before or is

unique in some way. In the study, unprecedented floods likely describe severe

flooding events that are experienced by the fishermen that cause a hindrance to

their work.

8
 End Notes

Andrada et al. (2017) Financial Sources, Productivity, and Income Utilization of

Select Fishermen in Talisay City. Academia.
https://www.academia.edu/35468243/Financial_Sources_Productivity_an
d_Income_Utilization_of_Select_Fishermen_in_Talisay_City

Restore Your Economy Organization (2020) Rebuilding the Fisheries Industry.

Restore Economy.
https://restoreyoureconomy.org/main/rebuilding-the-fisheries-industry/

M. Akbar (2022) Pakistan’s fishers submerged in climate anxiety. Alijazeera.

https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/10/28/photos-climate-anxiety-
grips-fishers-in-pakistan

Paulus et al. (2019) The Alternative livelihood development strategy in order to

improve local fishermen revenue in the boarder region of Indonesia and
Timor Leste. ProQuest, 12(1), 269-279.
https://www.proquest.com/openview/0596912de2a24bc399e4a2406f219
ec3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2046424

Samah et al. (2019) Factors Affecting Small-Scale Fishermen’s Adaptation

Toward the Impacts of Climate Change: Reflections From Malaysian
Fishers. Research Gate.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244019864204?icid=int.sj
-full-text.similar-articles.3

Bernardo D. H. (2015) The Need for Premium Agri-fisheries for the Disaster-
affected Areas of Leyte, Philippines. Research Gate.
https://iveg.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/resource/journal/DBernardoOZamoraLd
eGuzman

9
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This study aims to identify and rank the alternative sources of income for

fishers in the given locale of the study. The researchers sited different related

studies and literature that can make the whole study effective and stronger.

Each piece of literature and study was useful and helpful in achieving the goal

of this study. Thus, the provided related literature and studies is consisting of

the lives of each fisher and the hindrances they encountered and each given

study and literature is categorized depending on its main point in the study.

Related Literature

Understanding the Fisher’s situation and Experience in Calamity

Local

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

(2014), the Philippines, with an island-living population of more than 93 million

and more than 7,100 islands, is a prime fishing nation and he world’s second

largest archipelagic state. In 2012, the Philippines ranked some of the major

fish generating nations in the world with a total manufacturing of 3.1 million tons

of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic animals. Aquaculture

contributed 790,900 tons, or 25.4 percent, to the total fish production. Much of

its production is fed on locally with per caput fish consumption amounting to

32.7 kg in 2011. In addition, the Philippines is the world’s third biggest

10
manufacturer of farmed seaweeds with a production of 1.8 million tons in

2012.The fisheries and aquaculture enterprise employed an estimated 1.5

million people in 2010 nationwide; with fisheries accounting for more than 1

million. The fishing industry contributes an estimated 1.8 percent (valued at 196

billion pesos) to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current prices,

respectively in 2012. In 2013, exports of fish and fishery products have been

valued at USD 1.2 billion. Andrada Et al. (2017). In the same point of the study,

Cusack et al. (2021), Philippines fisheries exist in one of the most bio diverse

marine regions in the world (Go et al., 2015; Palomares and Pauly, 2014;

Carpenter and Springer), and provide a key source of food, economic activity

and social identity (Tamayo et al., 2018). Some 85% of Filipinos lived in coastal

municipalities in 2005 (Palomares and Pauly, 2014)

Foreign

Correspondingly, Islam et al. (2020), coastal communities in developing

countries in tropical regions have been identified as particularly vulnerable to

climate change, for several reasons: for instance, they are highly dependent

economically and nutritionally on fish and they lack resources to enhance their

adaptability to climate change. Cyclones and tropical depressions were the

most cited extreme events that profoundly affect the respondent fishers’

livelihood assets. Most of the fishers receive cautionary signal warnings of a

severe cyclone. After receiving a rough weather signal, many of them return

close to the shore and continue fishing, but return home if the situation

11
worsens. However, in some cases, fishers may fail to return to the shore swiftly

and so they must stop fishing and keep their boat in a specific position

considering the wind direction and force. They then tie their net floats together

tightly and keep plastic bottles or drums beside them for safety. In severe

conditions, they may choose to throw their fishing gear into the sea to keep their

boat lighter against strong waves and stay in the boat. Indeed, To overcome

losses and damage caused by a disaster, most of the respondents quickly

return to fishing as an immediate coping strategy. Islam Et al. (2020). Due to

mass destruction and a lack of alternative income sources, many fishers

(69%) migrate to another area, changing their profession. Relief from the

government and NGOs and loans from moneylenders/fishery entrepreneurs

often help them to restart their livelihoods. The rehabilitation of damaged

structures is also supported by the government, i.e., financial, physical, and

instrumental assistance. However, as regards relief distribution, some

fishers complained about favoritism, and conflicts that compromise their

resilience. Some fisher’s also migrate to find a safer place and a better income.

Islam et al. (2020).

Problems Under the Calamity

Foreign

The impact of climate change is causing obstacles for fishermen

because of the increasing risk of fishing, changing seasons and fishing

locations, uncertainty of the wind season, thus affecting the number of catches.

12
Climate change conditions that disrupt marine ecosystems certainly can worsen

the economic life of fishermen households. Paulus et al. (2019). Similarly,

unprecedented floods have affected the livelihoods of millions of people across

Pakistan, destroying crops and livestock, including fish, two primary sources of

income for rural households. The fishing industry, which was worth $650m and

is the key source of income for many in Pakistan’s southern province of Sindh,

faces an uncertain future. The record rainfall that caused the floods may well be

the new normal as climate change supercharges weather patterns. The

monsoon season in rural Pakistan is typically welcomed with joy, but many now

fear the next rains. They are suffering from what could best be described as

climate anxiety. Akbar (2022). Additionally, fishers and fishing communities are

no strangers to challenges and disaster, having been affected by natural and

man-made disasters including oil spills, hurricanes, floods, and climate change.

Each of these can result in impacts to fish stocks, infrastructure, fishing

communities, and markets, and all are further exacerbated by climate change.

Fisheries and fishing communities in the Northeast have suffered recent shocks

related to trade policy and other economic factors, overfishing, natural

disasters, climate change, and other drivers. SL Smith (2020).

Local

It was the longest month for the people of Bacacay. And while they are

used to calamities and natural disasters, the damages and the losses that they

must endure and recover from every time a new typhoon passes do not lessen

13
or hurt less. In the face of a pandemic that has disrupted their lives; the

succession of typhoons upended the livelihoods of Isla Magnate’s fisher folks

and left them without income for an extended period. Houses and fishing boats

were destroyed, and Isla Manaet was left disconnected and without electricity

for months. Balaan (2022).

Alternative Sources of Income of Fishers

Local

According to Arayata (2022), fishing is the main source of income in

Leyte as its one of the top tier works in the Philippines. The Provincial Science

and Technology Center (PSTC) provide the local government a project called

Sardine processing plant as their alternative source of income in facing

hindrances like climate that serve as one of the sources of income and labor.

Along with, fisherman in Tinambac, Camarines Sur experiencing disaster, borne

extreme weather and typhoon. Fishing is way of life and the main source of

livelihood according to the Fishers. Seaweed farming is one of the top

alternative incomes of Fishers as it helps the Fishers to survive and continue to

have an income despite the crisis they are experiencing. CDKN Global of

Climate and Development Knowledge Network (2021. Indeed, the same is true

for the family of Judy Besin, another citizen of Isla Manaet, a fisher folk who

resorted to raising hogs as an alternative source of income amid the pandemic.

The yield from fishing had not been good because of the typhoons and they

needed to find other means to feed their 3 children. They could only afford to

14
buy one pig and looking forward to selling it for around Php12, 000. In the case

of rebuilding livelihoods initiative, the government shall provide fisher folks cash

assistance so they can start investing in alternative types of livelihood.

A total of 41 fisher folks who decided to continue fishing received fish

nets and a big fish basin to support their fish catch and selling operations, while

19 fisher folks who opted to venture into alternative livelihood received cash

assistance to cover the working capital needed for their chosen alternative

livelihood. All of them received seedlings as well for backyard planting. For the

fisher folks who opted to receive the cash assistance, they went through a

series of trainings conducted by Bank of Commerce, Development and Industry

(BCCI), to develop their business plans and learn more about entrepreneurship

and financial management. Among them, many have chosen to focus on hog-

raising given the high demand. Balaan (2022). Julian, who has been fishing for

40 years, chose the livelihood cash assistance over the fishing equipment

because he wants to start a new business. He knows that more typhoons will

pass through their small island and his family will be needing an alternative

source of income for days when fishing is inconceivable. He would like to use

the money to buy a non-motorized sewing machine so that his seamstress wife

can sew school uniforms for nearby communities. Balaan (2022). Furthermore,

the Philippines is known to have more than 800 species of seaweeds, two of

which are used in farms to extract the carrageenan, a substance that is

commonly added to foods and drinks as a thickener and used in medicines.

15
Camarines Sur province is one of the top producers of carrageenan and the

government also promotes seaweed farming as an alternative to fishing. The

fisher-folks are also integrating seaweed farming with fishing by planting

carrageenan-bearing seaweed within the fish sanctuary. The seaweed planting

is usually done by the villagers during the typhoon months from June through

January. Climate and Development Knowledge Network (2021)

Foreign

Wives helped to sell the fish through retail marketing to households in

nearby communities. Often, wives created an alternative livelihood during the

pandemic, such as selling food and drinks and taking part-time jobs such a

becoming housemaid (Field Observation, Cirebon, July 2020) .Other women

have organized themselves and started a market for their catch or started to

sew. Many fishers turned to e commerce or online selling of fish and fishery

products. This became a family coping strategy in which young family

members, who were more adept in information technology, actively facilitated

online selling. Ferrer A. G. et al. (2021). Moreover, alternative sources of

income has been measured like domestic workforce, dual livelihood patterns

for salt-making and fish processing businesses. This illustrates that alternative

source important role in the economy of traditional fishermen households,

especially in adapting the decline in income from the main business as

fishermen caused by climate change. Paulus et al. (2019).

Related Studies

16
 Understanding the Fisher’s Work

Foreign

In the same point, the study of an article Restore your Economy (2020),

fishing is a way of life. As fishing is primarily a cash business, many fishermen

do not use banks or set aside savings. When fishermen are unable to fish, they

lose their source of income and ability to provide for themselves and family.

While there may be opportunities to find work in the recovery efforts, it is not

long term. During the recovery period, local businesses may lose customers

and workers and be faced with uncertainty of their future. Furthermore, Fishing

is an unpredictable occupation and fishers are some of the most economically

vulnerable people in the Philippines with one of the highest poverty rates in the

country. Declining fish populations not only threaten fishers’ income, but local

food security and national food supply as well. The country’s poor population is

especially dependent on the Seara A. et al. (2016) Perceived Adaptive Capacity

and Natural Disasters: A Fisheries Case Study sea with some estimates of the

share of animal protein from fish for low-income Filipinos as high as 70%.

Fishing households are further stressed by factors within fishery systems, as

well as to ecological and social impacts outside their influence such as climate

change, chronic pollution, resource degradation, fluctuating prices of

commodities, conflicts over resource use that increase vulnerability and

changes in management strategies that can asymmetrically effect different

communities. Lomboy (2018).

17
Local

According to a study of Lomboy (2018), one of the categorized income

dissemination of the Fishers income to their work is for the education of the

children, health emergencies, especially the basis needs in the household.

Also, alternative livelihoods are seen as a way to help sources and earn money

from other activities and encourage fishers dependent on fishery especially

when their current income sources are resources to move away from

unsustainable declining due to some factors including harvesting practices.

Musuka et al. (2020

Hindrances under the Calamity

Local

A part from this, the study of Bernardo et al. (2015), fisheries, one of the

main livelihoods in Leyte, were devastated by Super Typhoon Yolanda. The

storm destroyed everything from fishing boats and gear to aquaculture facilities,

small-scale seaweed farms, onshore fish processing facilities, and markets

(FAO, 2014)storm surge, leaving fishermen and women without income (Tran,

2014). Majority of the reliant on the sea and mangroves to earn a living also

face possible relocation far from the sea because the government imposed a

law banning the building of homes within 40m from the coastline. Moreover, the

fishing industry suffered because stocks of fish in protected areas were lost.

Also, the industry has to cope with the loss of untold hundreds of small fishing

boats as well as docks and processing facilities. It should be noted that even

18
without Yolanda’s devastation, fisher folk are the most economically vulnerable

sector in the country (Ranada, 2013).

Foreign

According to a study of Seara et al. (2016), extreme climate events such

as floods, storms, and huricanes can have impo unrtant effects on fisheries

production in marine systems. At the same time, Climate change is projected to

affect the distribution and abundances of several finfish species in the

Philippines (Geronimo, 2018; Tan et al., 2018) and other species worldwide

(IPBES, 2019). This gives high uncertainties about future vulnerability,

exposure, and responses of interlinked human and natural systems (IPCC,

2014). In addition, there has been increasing concern over the consequences of

climate change impacts to the fisheries sector and marine ecosystems. For

instance, coastal and floodplain fisheries were subject to flooding and tsunamis

while inland fisheries can be significantly affected by droughts and floods.

Macusi et al. (2023). Indeed, Samah et al. (2019), climate change catastrophe

is formidable to the socioeconomic aspects of Small Scale Fishermen of

Malaysia (SSFM), it affects the distributional and phonological changes in fish

species, and an increase in frequency and intensity of coral bleaching is

becoming more evident (Vivekanandan, Hermes, & Brien, 2016). As the habitat,

quality, and quantity of marine resources have been affected, it will influence

the productivity of SSFM (Small Scale Fishermen of Malaysia).. Their small

vessels are vulnerable to extreme winds and waves, which calls for a delay or

19
canceling of their fishing operation. Fewer fishing days mean less income

(Malakar, Mishra, & Patwardhan, 2018).

Alternative Sources of Income of Fishers

Foreign

According to the study of Cusack et al. (2021), calamity has been the

tough hindrance to the fishers. Different availability of an alternative non-fishing

income such as driving and construction work, carpentry, or other manual labor

opportunities are the alternative source of income of the Fishers. Fishers are

able to recover and recoup the days lost fishing due to climate-related hazards.

Identically, fishermen often engaged in top to support other village members.

Although the percentage of them is usually very livelihood Diversification in

Fishing low. These activities may communities include; crop farming, livestock

rearing, teaching and trading in non-farm items as one of the alternative source

of income in times of calamity. Besides, small grocery businesses, charcoal

their contribution towards livelihood burning, livestock rearing, poultry, crop

alternative income-generating activities farming, gardening, net mending. Boat

repairing are one of the top alternative source of income through the hindrances

(Man made adversity, Climate etc.). Musuka (2020). The policy analysis

suggests that the government should provide social benefits, such as free

medical check-ups, medicines, decent housing, and water, to keep fishers and

fishing communities productive and healthy. In addition, local government

should create seasonal jobs and replacement of fishing gear should be given to

20
fishers to increase their resilience. In contrary, small scale fishermen who

worked several jobs have higher climate change adaptation level. Salik et al.

(2015) explained that additional income can be diversified through working part-

time on land other than at sea, in total their household income was increased by

roughly 20% to 30%. They further argued that fishermen without alternative jobs

faced difficulties in adapting to impacts of climate change as heavy reliance on

fishery activities has increased their vulnerability to extreme events such as

cyclones, floods, and rising tem perature levels. Samah et al. (2019).

Furthermore, diverse livelihoods serve a range of functions for households,

providing food, income, and mitigating risks associated with social and

environmental change. Rural households remaining in the countryside tend to

rely on a portfolio of livelihood activities, derived from natural resource

exploitation, farming, other work opportunities and migration to sustain their

livelihood. Some forms of livelihood diversification may in fact exacerbate

conservation challenges as resource users invest their income from other

activities to increase pressure on resources. Some resource users may, for

instance choose to invest in activities such as beekeeping and seaweed

farming that provides relatively limited or sporadic returns, but also require

limited investments in terms of time and effort, allowing them to maintain levels

of effort in resource extraction. Epstein et al. (2022), The communities draw on

a wide range of livelihood strategies from fishing and agriculture to tourism and

outside work. Natural hazard events vary in their impact on these livelihood

21
strategies across the landscape and seascape, so that community members

can adjust their activities accordingly. Furthermore, documenting how the

landscape is used in a mapped output may be a valuable tool for future social

impact assessment for resource extraction activities. In addition, fishers who

make a living from working the seas are continually adapting in response to

different sources of variability (Holland and Kasperski, 2016; Cline et al., 2017).

Fishers can adapt to ecosystem and management changes in three main ways.

They can change their spatial distribution of effort, tracking shifting species

distributions as they move with the climate. They can find alternative sources of

income and even stop fishing altogether, and they can change how they

distribute their effort among the fisheries in which they participate. Fishers

diversify when possible and work in multiple fisheries to minimize income risk.

In connection, fisheries connectivity creates networks of alternative sources of

income. Fuller et al. (2017). Indeed, fishing communities are disrupted by these

hazards and clamor for alternative jobs to ensure their livelihoods, and more

inclusive social benefits from the government could deliver large

benefits. Community resiliency can be enhanced as a solution to cope with

climate change impacts by raising awareness, training and disaster

preparedness; stronger local policies can empower affected people and

communities to act in a timely way. Macusi et al. (2023).

Local

22
 In practical terms for Leyte, agri-fisheries could be used to improve

nutrition through an National Stock Assessment Program (NSAP), in simple

terms, this would involve incorporating crops with various nutritional values,

crop duration, seasonality, and resilience to the changing climate. The

vegetables crops, planted on farms, in homes, and school gardens to address

nutritional problems. Bernardo et al. (2015). Moreover, in the study of Macusi et

al. (2023), alternative source of income in times of calamity are emerging. For

their adaptation strategies, respondents suggested crop production; gleaning,

alternative livelihoods through cacao, coconut, banana, corn, and vegetable

production were suggested. During bad weather days, short-term labor

contracts on construction and repair activities were sought by the participants,

including boat building. There was also a suggestion asking for easier access to

financial capital which would be beneficial to most of their fishing and post-

fishing activities. Macusi et al. (2023).

Synthesis of the State of Art

The reviewed literature and studies gathered by the researchers

provided them with information and insights about the current study. All of the

studies cited and reviewed are similar to the current study and tackles the

common theme, Alternative Sources of Income of Fishers in Times of Calamity

and Challenges faced by Fishers. The current study seeks to mitigate the

adverse impact of unpredictable disasters on fishers and the fishing industry,

23
following the example of the study conducted by Akbar (2022) on the

devastating impact of floods on the livelihoods of millions of people in Pakistan.

The study of Musuka et al. (2020) is the near main point of the current

study of the research in the cause of it talks about the alternative source of

income. Somehow, the present study differs from the given study because of

the goal and implementation of the study. According to Islam et al. (2020)

regarding the profound impact the extreme weather events, such as typhoons

and tropical depressions, can affect the livelihood assets of fishermen

Moreover, as mentioned by SL Smith (2020), fishers and fishing communities

have faced multiple disasters, including natural and man-made ones, such as

oil spills, hurricanes, floods, and climate change, which can negatively affect

their wellbeing in multiple ways, including their income sources. Similarly, the

current study also includes the income sources of fishers when their work is

interrupted because of calamities or natural disasters.

In the study of Macusi et al. (2023) they also mentioned in their study

that climate change affects the fishing industry negatively. This leads the

current study to find best alternative sources of income to lessen the damage

for fishers. The literature from Cusack et al. (2021) and Paulus et al. (2019) also

provides evidence that the fishing industry has faced significant challenges from

the impact of natural disasters. These challenges have led to the emergence of

alternative employment opportunities, including driving, construction, carpentry,

and manual labor, as alternatives for fishers to recoup lost fishing days caused

24
by climate change. Consistent with these studies, the current study also

explores the significance of various alternative sources of income for fishers in

times of calamity.

In relation to the current study, the study of Salik et al. (2015) stated that

fishermen who worked several jobs have higher adaptation lever to climate

change. It was revealed that income sources through diversified part time jobs

were increased by roughly 20% to 30 %. Therefore, the current researcher’s

goal was to find similar effect like the previously stated study and to find the

best way in minimizing the effect of calamities that can possibly interrupt the

fishers’ primary income source.

The present study builds on this existing literature by seeking to identify

the most viable alternative source of income for fishers during times of disaster.

This study aims to provide fishers with new ideas and practices that will equip to

cope with the adverse effects of disasters, ultimately enhancing the resilience

against future calamities.

Bridging the Gap

Through the gathered related literature and studies, there was no similar

study that discussed the alternative source of income in times of calamity. Most

of the studies were focused on the situation of work and lifestyle behavior, while

the topic of alternative sources of income for fishers during calamity is a serious

25
and firm topic that addresses the vulnerability of fishing communities to

environmental disasters and economic crises.

Fishermen often face significant risks, such as natural calamities,

overfishing, and market fluctuations, which can disrupt their livelihoods. In

response to these challenges, it is imperative to explore diversified income

sources that can sustain families during challenging times. This study is

conducted to determine the alternative income that the fishermen can adapt to

in times of sudden calamities. Thus, this research is considered distinctive as

the researchers promotes and help fishermen to practice the best alternative

source of income in times of calamity.

Theoretical Framework

The first theory is the theory of Livelihood Diversification according to the

theory produced by Rudzani Mudzielwana of Agricultural Economics, Policies

and Rural Management of the year (2022), his study is supported by the theory

of Livelihood Diversification theory. This theory suggests that individuals or

communities diversify their sources of income to reduce vulnerability to

economic and environmental shocks. In the context of fishers, it explains why

they seek alternative sources of income when calamities disrupt their primary

livelihood, fishing. The theory is related to the study in a way of understanding

how fishers in calamity-prone areas diversify their income sources as a strategy

to reduce vulnerability and enhance their overall resilience. This theory

26
emphasizes that relying solely on a single income source, such as fishing, can

be risky, especially when facing calamities.

Second theory is According to the theory produced by N.Keer et al.

organization (2021), the theory is about the tropical cyclone (TCs), It also

focuses on summarizing the problems faced by fishers and TCs extensive

impact on the livelihood of the fishers. Chronological study encompassing

tropical cyclones and the problems faced by the fishers during the cyclone was

made to find the impact of tropical cyclone on the fisher’s livelihood. The study

reveals the list of issues faced by not only the fishers and their dependents

also. Authorities are suggested to take steps regarding generation of additional

sources of income, arranging cooperative societies for financial supporting and

having insurance for their boats. So that at least they can revive themselves

form the problem. This theory connects the current study as the researchers will

identify the problem that the fisher faced under the calamity and the best

possible alternative source of income they have.

Coastal Resources Center. Fish Right Program Theory of Change

(2018), this theory effectively covers the fishery life of fishermen in the

Philippines. The Philippines’ marine ecosystems provide food, livelihood,

recreation, and resilience for millions of Filipinos. The threats ahead of the fine

situation like climate change affects the livelihood lives of the fishermen.

Furthermore, the improvement for the fishery management will be supported by

the governmental institutions. Inclusion of the goal and strategic approach in to

27
the aqua life of the fishermen were centralized. The accountability of the

detailed fishing forms are diversified in this theory. In addition, the natural life

situation of fishery industry crosses in different situations that upholds the

dynamic flow of the fishery life state. This theory is connected in the current

study in the cause of prioritizing the fishermen life form under the significant

hindrances they have. Lastly, this theory signifies various efficacy about the

fishermen.

Theory of
Livelihood
Diversification by
Rudzani
Mudzielwana
Most Effective
Coastal Alternative
Resources Source of Income
Center. Fish of Fishermen in
Right Program Times of
Theory of Calamity in
Change (2018), Barangay San
this theory Jose, Talisay,
Coastal Resources
effectively covers Camarines Norte
the fishery life
Center. (2018). Fish of
fishermen in the
Right Program
Philippines.
Theory The
of Change.
Philippines' marine
ecosystems provide
food, livelihood,
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm of the Study
recreation, and
resilience for
millions of
Filipinos. The
threats ahead of the
fine situation like
climate change
affects the 28
livelihood lives of
the fishermen.
Conceptual Framework

This study is represented by the conceptual framework that inclines in

the input-process-output. The input, which represents the starting point of the

study, depicts the variables of the study. In the input, the researchers pointed

out the highlighted form of the statement of the problem that shows the aim of

the study to justify the applying forms of the problem connected in the study.

Calamities are the toughest experience that the fishermen face, which leads to

the unstable work of the fishermen, which causes them to provide alternative

sources of income.

In the process, the researchers showed the steps in determining the

effectiveness of the study. One of the given processes is the use of random

sampling techniques that the researchers used to provide respondents and

choose from the given population in the study. One of the major processes in

this study is the survey questionnaire, where the researchers used the

instrument to properly collect the data that been gathered based on the given

answerable questions and some other steps to effectively gather the data are

given in the process in getting permit, presenting, and interpreting the data at

the end of the process.

The information inside the output box is the expected result after

conducting the study. In this part, the respondents promoted and selected the

29
 top alternative source of income to be implemented for the fishermen when

such calamities happen.

Input Process Output

a. Identifying the a. Random a. Identifying the identity

demographics of the Sampling of the respondents
respondets Technique b. Setting the income
b. Discovering their b. Survey spend of the fishermen
income spend in Questionnaires
during natural c. Consent and c. Presenting the
calamity Permit of parents problems faced by the
c.Distinguishing the and principal fishers
challenges faced in d. Data gathering
d. Promoting different
calamity Procedure
alternative source of
e. Presentation and
d. Identifying the income in times of
alternative sources of Interpretation of
calamity
income data

Feedback

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm of the study

30
 End Notes

Andrada et al. (2017) Financial Sources, Productivity, and Income Utilization of

Select Fishermen in Talisay City. Academia.
https://www.academia.edu/35468243/Financial_Sources_Productivity_an
d_Income_Utilization_of_Select_Fishermen_in_Talisay_City

Cusack C. et al. (2021) Marine ecotourism for small pelagics as a source of

alternative income generating activities to fisheries in a tropical
community. Science Direct
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S00063207210029
49

Islam M. (2020) Climate Change Impacts on a Tropical Fishery Ecosystem:

Implications and Societal Responses. Research Gate
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344386244_Climate_Change_I
mpacts_on_a_Tropical_Fishery_Ecosystem_Implications_and_Societal_
Responses

Paulus et al. (2019) The Alternative livelihood development strategy in order to

improve local fishermen revenue in the boarder region of Indonesia and
Timor Leste. ProQuest, 12(1), 269-279.
https://www.proquest.com/openview/0596912de2a24bc399e4a2406f219
ec3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2046424
M. Akbar (2022) Pakistan’s fishers submerged in climate anxiety. AljaZeera
https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2022/10/28/photos-climate-anxiety-
grips-fishers-in-pakistan
Smith S. L. (2020) Adaptation and resilience of commercial fishers in the
Northeast United States during the early stages of the COVID-19
pandemic. Plos
One.https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.02
43886
Arayata M. C. (2022) PSTC Leyte to help augment fishers’ income via sardine
processing. Philippine News
Agency.https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1179846

CDKN Global (2021) Caloco, Philippines: Fisher folks are braving complex
crises. Climate and Development Knowledge network

31
 https://cdkn.org/story/feature-caloco-philippines-fisher-folks-are-
bravingcomplex-crises
Ferrer A. G et al. (2021) COVID-19 and Small-Scale Fisheries in Southeast
Asia: Impacts and Responses. Journal of Asian Fisheries Society.
https://www.asianfisheriessociety.org/publication/downloadfile.php?id=13
55&file=Y0dSbUx6QXlOekU0TkRRd01ERTJNVGswTURZME1qa3VjR1J
t
Restore Your Economy Organization (2020) Rebuilding the Fisheries Industry.
Restore your Economy. https://restoreyoureconomy.org/main/rebuilding-
the-fisheries-industry/
Lomboy C. et al. (2018) Building Household Economic Resilience to Secure a
Future for Near Shore Fishers in the Philippines. Science Direct.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S0308597X183050
50
Musuka C. G. et al. (2022) Alternative Income-Generating Activities among the
Fishing Communities of Siavonga District in Southern Province, Zambia.
International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 7(8), 30-
40.https://www.ijraf.org/papers/v7-i8/4.pdf

Motecarlo H. (2018) Impacts of Typhoon Haiyan on Philippine capture fisheries

and implications to fisheries management. Science Direct.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/am/pii/S096456911730835
9
Seara A. et al. (2016) Perceived Adaptive Capacity and Natural Disasters: A
Fisheries Case Study. Science Direct.
https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/50419/noaa_50419_DS1.pd
f
Macusi E. D. et. Al (2023) Understanding vulnerability and building resilience in
small-scale fisheries: the case of Davao Gulf, Philippines. Climate
Policy.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14693062.2023.226
1889
Samah A. A. (2019) Factors Affecting Small-Scale Fishermen’s Adaptation
Toward the Impacts of Climate Change: Reflections From Malaysian
Fishers. Research Gate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334607232_Factors_Affecting_
Small-
Scale_Fishermen’s_Adaptation_Toward_the_Impacts_of_Climate_Chan
ge_Reflections_From_Malaysian_Fishers

32
Epstein G. et al. (2022) The ambiguous impacts of alternative livelihoods on
fisher wellbeing in a closed access fish sanctuary in Port Antonio,
Jamaica. Sage Journals, 1(1), 78-96.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/26349817211067052
Irvine G. (2020) A participatory approach to understanding the impact of
multiple natural hazards in communities along the Ba River, Fiji. Emerald
Publishing Limited.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=20&q=Number+of+the+Alternati
ve+Source+of+Income+in+Times+of+Calamity+of+Fishers+in+Ba&hl=en
&as_sdt=0,5&as_ylo=2019#d=gs_qabs&t=1695638982498&u=%23p%3
DDm4Tk4RsYcgJ
Fuller E. C. (2017) Characterizing fisheries connectivity in marine social–
ecological systems. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 74(8), 2087-2096.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?start=10&q=Number+of+the+Alternati
ve+Source+of+Income+in+Times+of+Calamity+of+Fishers+&hl=en&as_
sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1695639170431&u=%23p%3D_4x5TkQoFp4J

33
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the systematic process of gathering data used in

this study. To effectively achieve the goal of the study, the researchers provided

an efficient process of gathering data to be presented for the needed data and

information. Each process was inclined towards the goal of the study, which

widely opens up different forms of practices that can be used systematically.

Research Design

The proponents of the study used Descriptive Method to mainly focus on

the depth description of the data being collected in the study. This study aims to

present the data through the proper effective description to present the data

effectively and to completely understand the factual information being

presented. By this method, the researchers provide an efficient description of

the alternative source of income of the fishers during natural calamity

Sources of Data

The main type for this research is Primary Data to validate studies and

information presented in this research. In this study, the data were gathered

with the use of survey questionnaires as the main source of information that

happens to be the original basis of the research study. The Secondary Data

34
were the sited literatures and studies. The collected data for this study were

properly analyzed and validated.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers administered and disseminated questionnaires

personally to the respondents and provides assistance if there were questions

and queries regarding the information being asked. Prior to conducting the

survey, the questionnaire went through to the research adviser for checking and

revision. During the survey, questionnaires were distributed to the selected

fishermen in San Jose, Talisay, Camarines Norte as the respondents, to

generate concrete and reliable information.

The researchers provided an assistance to the respondents to ensure

that they completely understand the questions and provide accurate answers.

After the completion of surveys, the gathered data were tabulated and

interpreted using statistical tools.

Sampling Plan

Simple Random Sampling is used in this study. The respondents of the

study were selected Fishers in Barangay San Jose, Talisay, Camarines Norte.

The fisher-respondents was purposely be chosen and picked through Slovin’s

Formula. The researcher believes that through simple random sampling, all the

members of the population are given equal chance to be selected. As

35
respondents, they can obtain a sample that accurately reflects the

characteristics and promotes alternatives source of income.

Data was collected through the use of a questionnaire-based survey.

The questionnaire was designed to gather comprehensive information on

various aspects related to the alternative source and experience. In addition,

the fishers of San Jose, Talisay, Camarines Norte diversify their source of

income to reduce vulnerability in economy and environment.

Table 1. Participants of the Study

Participants Respondents Population

Fishers 190 350

Instrumentation

This study practices the effective instrumentation for the great systematic

process in gathering data. The researchers used Survey Questionnaire as an

evaluation in finding data for the study. The survey questionnaires prepared by

the researchers helps to utilize in gathering the data according to the best

alternative income fishers have in times of calamity. The questions were

carefully guided by the proponents of the study and was effectively presented

through the percentage process in identifying and ranking the best alternative

income.

36
 The researchers prepared a table that consists the parts in identifying the

large number of respondents who answers the following survey questions. The

proponents disseminated the data gathered and were statically solved to

effectively present the data.

Statistical Tools

The researchers decided to incorporate the four (4) point Likert Scale

used in determining the degree of variation between each criterion and

parameters prepared by the researchers as detailed from the distributed

questionnaires. It was also used in the equal distribution of respondents during

the conduct of sampling technique. The researchers also used percentage,

weighted means and ranking technique to effectively present the large number

of respondents who practice the given alternative income and to easily rank the

data to identify the best alternative income that the fishermen would promote.

4 3 2 1

Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree

The extent level of effectiveness as shown on the table above has 4

scale. For the 4rth scale, it has a range of 3.26 – 4.00 and interpreted as

Strongly Agree (SA). The 3rd scale has a range of 2.51 – 3.25 and with Agree

(A) interpretation. For the 2nd scale with the range of 1.76 – 2.50 and

37
interpreted as Disagree (DA). For the 1st scale it was determine as Strongly

Disagree (SD) that has the range of 1.00– 1.75

• Percentage

P= F/N × 100

Where:

P= Percent

F = Frequency

N = sample size

• Weighted Mean and Ranking

∑Fx
_____
X̄ = n

Where:

X̄ = weighted mean

x = indicator

n = sample size

38
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered by the researchers to effectively

point the aim of the study. In this chapter, the data gathered by the researchers

are factual and base on the result of their survey in identifying the alternative

source of income of fishermen during natural calamities.

1. Characteristics of the respondents

Table 2. Age

The respondents were asked to state their age. Table 2 presents the

ranges of the given age of the fishermen who stated their age during the

conduct survey.

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANKING

18-25 12 6.31 % 5

26-35 41 21.57 % 3

35-45 55 28. 98 % 1

46-55 45 23.68 % 2

56-65 28 14.73 % 4

66 above 9 4.73 % 6

39
 In this table, it shows the given ranges of age of the fishermen. It was

gathered from the questionnaire given to the respondents. Age ranges from 35-

45 were the most respondents answers with the frequency of fifty five (55)

responds that ranges to 28.98 % , followed by the age ranges to 45-55 with

fourty five (45) responds that shows a 23.68 % range and the least age range

from the 66 above with nine (9) responds that shows a 4.73 % range.

Table 2.1 Year/Period of time in work

The respondents were asked to identify their period of time in work as a

fishermen. Table 2.1 shows the years/period of time of the respondents.

YEAR/PERIOD OF
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANKING
TIME IN WORK

1-10 years 28 14.73 % 3

11-20 years 67 35.26 % 1

21-30 years 35 18.42 % 2

31-40 years 25 13.15 % 5

41-50 years 27 14.23 % 4

51 years above 8 4.21 % 6

40
 In this table, it presents the year or period of time by the respondents in

their life as a fishermen. Years ranges from 11-20 years were most of the

fishermen period of time in work with a total of sixty-seven (67) respondents

that shows a 35.26 % result, followed by years ranges from 21-30 years with

thirty-five (35) responds that shows a 18.42 % result and the least period of

time that fishers responds are the year ranges from 51 years above with a total

of eight (8) responds that results to a 4.21 % result.

2. Spend of income by the fishermen

The researchers utilized a 4 point likert scale to determine the ranges of

the fishermen perspective in distinguishing the given questions to them. The

researchers used likert scale to identify how do fishermen spend their income.

In analyzing the given data, the researchers tallied and computed the weighted

mean.

Table 3. Spend of income of the fishermen

Adjectival
Weighted Mean Ranking
Description

Spend on the daily 1

3.54 Strongly Agree
expenses
Investment for an 5
alternative source 2.78 Agree
of income
Spend on the 3.42 Strongly Agree 2

41
 educational needs
of the children
Purchase of the 3
3.24 Agree
household needs
Savings 2.66 Agree 6
Spend on the boat’s 4
2.99 Agree
improvement

Results shows that the fishermen spends their income most to their daily

expenses. It shows a 3.54 weighted means that results to its correspondent

description, strongly agree. The investment of fishers to an alternative source of

income results a 2.78 weighted mean that results, agree. After the result in the

spend on daily expenses by the fishers were most of the respondents agree,

the spend on the educational needs of their children results to a 3.42 weighted

mean that results a description of strongly agree. The respondents agree that

their income were spend on the household needs resulted a 3.24 weighted

mean. Savings were the least among the other spending sources by the fishers,

resulted a 2.66 weighted mean but still descripted as agree. The spend for the

boat's improvement were utilized resulted a 2.99 weighted mean that

corresponds a description agree.

The results were supported by the study of Lomboy (2018) that shows

that the fishermen categorize their income to the education of their children,

health emergencies, especially the basic needs in the household. It also

discusses how do savings and investment for an alternative source of income

works for the fishers resulting to a maintainable life state.

42
 Furthermore, Mudzielwana (2022) shows that fishermen diversify their

income to reduce vulnerability to economic and environmental shocks. It

emphasizes that fishermen rely their income to their needs in facing life.

3. Problems/Hindrances faced by fishermen

Table 4. Problems/hindrance faced by fishermen

Adjectival
Weighted Mean Ranking
Description

Natural calamity as 1
the main factor 3.71 Strongly Agree
affecting the work
Man-made 2
calamity as the
3.11 Agree
main factor
affecting the work
Insufficient alert 4
information during 2.47 Disagree
disasters
Lack of basic 5
safety knowledge 2.34 Disagree
practices in work
Lack of personal 3
2.92 Agree
gears in fishing

Results shows the problems/hindrances faced by the fishermen’s. As

stated by the tabular results, it shows that natural calamity are the main factor

or problem faced by the fishermen with a 3.17 weighted mean resulting a

strongly agree description. Man-made calamity were also a part of the problems

43
faced by the fishermen resulting a 3.11 weighted mean that corresponds to a

agree description. Moreover, insufficient alert information during disasters were

given as a problem faced by the fishermen but the results show with a 2.47

weighted mean that distinguishes a disagree result from the fishermen same

with the given problem, lack of basic safety knowledge practices by the

fishermen in work results a disagree description with a 2.47 weighted mean.

Lastly, the absence of personal gear as a problem were stated and results a

2.92 weighted mean that delivered a agree description.

The results were supported by the study of SL Smith (2020) states that

fishermen had been affected by both natural and man-made disasters that

results an adverse impact to their fishing life community. In connection with this,

according to the study of Seara et al. (2016), extreme climate events such as

floods, storms, and hurricanes largely affects the fishing life of the fishermen.

In addition, as supported by the study of Islam et al. (2020), fishermen

receives a cautionary signal warnings from a severe cyclone that creates a way

to mitigate and provide safety to the fishermen during disasters. The study by

Islam et al. (2020) also states that fishermen have enough basic knowledge in

balancing a safety situation in work and also shows a gear used while fishing

and the absence of some gears affecting the fishermen.

4. Alternative source of income during natural calamity

Table 4. Alternative source of income during natural calamity

44
 Adjectival Ranking
Weighted Mean
Description
Construction 1
3.22 Agree
working
Hog raising 2.16 Disagree 6
Planting 2.45 Disagree 5
Rice farming 2.08 Disagree 7
Seaweed farming 1.44 Strongly Disagree 10
Sewing 1.25 Strongly Disagree 11
Online selling 1.43 Strongly Disagree 9
Driving 3.14 Agree 2
Carpenter 3.04 Agree 3
Poultry 2.88 Agree 4
Sari-sari store 1.99 Disagree 8

The results shows the alternative sources of income of fishermen during

natural calamities. Construction working were top among the other given

alternative sources of income they can adopt that has a 3.22 weighted mean

that results a agree description. Driving were the second that has a 3.14

weighted mean resulting an agree description. Carpenter followed driving as an

alternative sources of income by the respondents that presents a 3.04 weighted

mean that determines as an agree description. Also, poultry were agreed by the

respondents as an alternative source of income that states a 2.88 weighted

mean. Furthermore, planting, hog raising, rice farming, sari-sari store were the

alternative sources of income that were disagreed by the majority respondents

of the researchers. It shows that there were not enough to fill in the gap to be

part of the majority as a choice alternative income. Lastly, online selling,

seaweed farming and sewing were most of the respondents strongly disagreed

as an alternative source of income during disasters

45
 To effectively presents the data being gathered, the results were

supported by Cusack et al. (2021) stated that different availability of an

alternative source of income such as driving, construction work, and carpentry,

or other manual labor opportunities are alternative alternative source of income

by the fishermen during disasters such as natural calamities. Also, the study of

Musuka et al. (2022) identifies poultry as one of the alternative source of

income during the calamities.

Moreover, as part of the given alternative sources of income there were

support studies among them. In the study of Balaan (2022), states that

seaweed farming and raising hogs were part of the alternative sources of

income adopted by the fishermen during calamities. Also, in the study of Ferrer

et al. (2021), online selling and sari-sari store were stated as part of an

alternative source of income. Musuka et al. (2022) also stated small grocery

business, farming, and planting as a choice alternative source of income by the

fishermen.

46
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presented the evaluation of findings and an overall view

within the point of the study by the researchers. The researchers effectively

summarized the whole point and the data being gathered of strongly determine

the results being collected.

Problem 1

Spend of income by the fishermen

Findings

In the fishermen spending state, the everyday expenses, educational,

and household needs were their top income spends and most prioritized state.

Fishermen’s also asses that their income is depending on their catch in

everyday work. Also, practicing savings were often to them in the cause of

minimal and not enough income. Investment for an alternative source of income

and improving of boat were least priorities in their income spend as stated by

the fishermen.

Conclusion

Respondents typically centralized their income spend to the basic needs

47
they have. Their income spend were also depends in their everyday catch that

cause a minimal and time to time income. Each fishermen prioritizes the most

important aspect of their needs and often spends to other wants for their

situation as a fishermen.

Recommendation

Focusing on the most important aspects of our daily lives would help

anyone including fishers to continue a balance life situation in the community.

Identifying our life situation needs would balance the things coming from what

do people need to have. In addition, it suggested that they should strengthen

and master to balance the spending income to effectively balance the life

stability of each fishermen.

Problem 2

Problem/hindrances faced by the fishermen

Findings

In the result of that gathered data and information, the researchers found

that both natural and man-made calamity largely affecting the way of fishing by

the fishers in the given locale. According to the respondents both of this

calamities creates so much problems and hindrances to their work and still no

choice to have an alternative source of income. Insufficient and lack of alert

48
during disaster and basic practices in their work both results a disagreement to

the respondents. According to the respondents, most of them were having a

stable situation while having an alert during disasters the same with having a

knowledge in having a safely practices since according to the respondents, their

long experience had shaped them to basically know the safety practices in

work. Other than that, the absence of enough proper gear in work were agreed

by the respondents as they don’t have enough supplies yet income to purchase

safety gears in their work.

Conclusion

Summing up the hindrances/problems faced by the fishermen, natural

calamities were the top problem faced by the fishermen during their work and

followed by man-made calamity as the problem experienced by the

respondents. Both alerts and knowledge for their work during natural disasters

were enough for them to be able to balance a safe experience during the

disasters and enough gears were their needs in facing this adversities and

challenges.

Recommendation

It is recommended that the future researchers should study how man-

made calamities can be a top problems faced by the fishermen as natural

calamities were the focus of the current study. It is highly recommended to

focus on the everyday experience by the fishermen to effectively have an in-

49
depth analysis to the life they are experiencing. Also, focusing on the mental

state of the fishermen would be a better study to identify the inner selves of the

fishermen while experiencing this disasters. Moreover, recommending

fishermen to know the limits of the occurrence that they are experiencing higly

helps them to forward.

Problem 3

Alternative source of income during calamity

Findings

The researchers discovers that most of the given alternative source of

income shown in the study were practiced by the respondents in the given

locale in the study. Construction working were the top among the other

alternative source of income as they are having contract labor with most of the

construction work around their corner. Same with this alternative source of

income, driving, carpenter, and poultry work had been agreed by the

respondents as an effective alternative source during disasters as per the

respondents, this easy access yet effective sources of income would help them

to balance a stable life situation especially when facing disasters. Some of the

other given alternative source of income like farming, planting, hog raising, and

sari-sari store were disagreed by most of the fishermen. Some of them practice

50
but most of them was not having this alternative source of income in the cause

of lack of access at the same time enough income to stabilized this works they

might have during calamities.

Conclusion

Pointing out the findings of the study, the most easy access yet effective

alternative source of income were chosen by the respondents as the best

alternative source of income they are having during natural calamities. This

alternative source of income has an enough help and effective effects to the

lives of the fishermen. Other given alternative source were least agreed by the

respondents as this alternative sources would need an enough money or

income to balance a good enough alternative work of the respondents.

Recommendation

It is highly recommended to the future researchers to also focus on a

large population size of the fishermen to gather much information and data as

the fishermen can present during the study. At the same time, it is also

recommended that the future researchers should focus on how effective were

the given alternative source of income by the government to the fishermen as it

effectively help them to shape their lives during the hindrances they are

experiencing. Conducting seminars and talks about the alternative sources of

income they might do or have would be a better decision to successfully

51
balance a stable life in the venture that they have. Lastly, the recommended

and best effective alternative source during natural calamities helps fishermen

to adopt and maintain a balance life in times of adversities. This study did not

just point the problems and alternative solutions they might have but also help

them to adopt the best practices they can serve to successfully balance their

personal lives ahead.

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EDITED BY:

NADINE I. ENCINAS, LPT

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