OUTLINE

Module 2. Mathematical Language and Symbols

2.1 Conventions of mathematical language:

Core idea: Like any language, mathematics has its own symbols,
syntax, structure and rules.

Characteristics of mathematical language:

precise, concise, and powerful
Mathematical expressions and mathematical sentences

2.2 Sets

2.3 Functions and Relations

2.4 Binary Operations

2.5 Elementary logic

TJPUNZALAN - 2020
2.3 Relations and Functions
Displaying RELATION as a …

2 3
-1 5
4 -2
9 9
0 -6

2 3
-1 5
4 -2
9 9
0 -6
• Relation as graph
 What is a function?

▪ Is a relation a function?

▪ According to a textbook,

“a function is … a relation in which

every input has exactly one output”

5
 When is a relation a function?
•Focus on the x-coordinates, when given a relation

If the set of ordered pairs has different x-coordinates,

it IS A function
If the set of ordered pairs hassame x-coordinates,
it is NOT a function

•Y-coordinates have no bearing in

determining functions
Unit 4 - Relations and Functions 6
Ex 1. {(0, −5),(1, −4),(2, −3),(3, −2),(4, −1),(5, 0)}

•Is this a relation?

YES
•Is this a function?
•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

YES
7
Ex 2. {(–1, −7),(1, 0),(2, −3),(0, −8),(0, 5),(–2, −1)}

•Is this a function?

•Hint: Look only at the x-coordinates

NO
•Is this still a relation?

YES
8
A B
 Vertical Line Test
•Vertical Line Test: a relation is a function if a
vertical line drawn through its graph, passes
through only one point.

AKA: “The Pencil Test”

Take a pencil and move it from left to right
(–x to x); if it crosses more than one point,
it is not a function

11
Vertical Line Test

Would this
graph be a
function?

YES
12
Vertical Line Test

Would this
graph be a
function?

NO
13
Is the following function discrete or continuous?
What is the Domain? What is the Range?

Discrete



-7, 1, 5, 7, 8, 10
1, 0, -7, 5, 2, 8




14
Is the following function discrete or continuous?
What is the Domain? What is the Range?

continuous

 −8,8
 


 −6,6
 

15
16
Composition of functions on a finite set

If f = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (4, 2)} &

g = {(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 1), (4, 2), },

then g ∘ f = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3)},

as shown in the figure.

EX. If an airplane's altitude at

time t is a(t), and the air pressure at
altitude x is p(x), then (p ∘ a)(t) is the
pressure around the plane at time t.
Composition of functions on an infinite set

IF f: ℝ → ℝ, ℝ is the set of all real numbers

is given by f(x) = 2x + 4 and g: ℝ → ℝ is given by g(x) = x3,
then:

a) (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x3) = ?

= 2(x3)+ 4 = 2x3 + 4

b) (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x + 4) = ?

= (2x+4)3 = (2x + 4)3.

c) (f ∘ g)(0) = ? 4

d) (g ∘ f)(1) = ? 216
ACTIVITY

1. Given the relation { (2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0, 0), (1, -6), (3, 0)}
Domain = ? Range = ?
2. Give the relation in #1 as a mapping.
3. Is the relation in #1 a function? Why?
4. Is the mapping below a function?
-3 -6
-2 -1
-1 0
0 3
1 15
5. Is the mapping below a function?

-3
-2
-1 0
0
1
6. Is the mapping below a function?

-3 -6
-2 -1
-1 0
0 3
1 15

7. Is this a function? A relation?

10
20 0
30
100
40
Identifying if a relation is a function given ordered pairs

A function is a relation in which the elements of the domain

(x-values) DO NOT repeat

So for every x-value there is only one y-value that corresponds to it.

y-values CAN be repeated.

8. DO the ordered pairs represent a function?

a) { (3, 4), (7, 2), (0,-1), (-2, 2), (-5, 0), (3, 3) }

b) { (4, 1), (5, 2), (8, 2), (9, 8) }

Domain: The set of “input” values
Range: The set of “output” values
NOTE: When writing the D and R, do not repeat values

9. { (Bob, 160 lbs), (Jon, 160 lbs), (Pao, 210 lbs), (Mc, 115 lbs) }
Domain = ?
Range = ?

10. { (2, g), (1, g), (2, h), (2, j), (1, j) }
Domain = ?
Range = ?
 11. a) Are these graphs functions or relations? WHY?
b) Find the domain and range of graphs d) - f).
(BTW, the domain and range of graphs a) – c) are already given below.)

a) b) c)

d) e) f)

a) D = (-∞, +∞); R = (-∞, +∞) b) D = [0.8, +∞); R = (-∞, +∞) c) D = (-∞, +∞); R = [6, +∞)
 One-to-one and Onto Functions

A function f from X (the domain) to Y (the range) is

■ ONE-TO-ONE (or injective) if each element of the domain

pairs to exactly one UNIQUE element of the range

■ ONTO (or surjective) if each element of the range corresponds

to an element of the domain

■ BIJECTIVE / BIJECTION if a function is both one-to-one and onto

X Y

both one-to-one and onto

(bijective)
MORE EXAMPLES
Relations and their Properties
Properties of a Relation
Properties of a Relation

IF there’s a path from one vertex (say, v1) to another (say, v2), and a path from v2 to another (say, v3), THEN, there’s a path from v1 to v3.
TJPUNZALAN - 2020