COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (EC521)

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COMMUNICATION NETWORKS (EC521)

Part 2: Switching and Routing
Module 2: VLANs

Mostafa AbdelRahman
Teacher Assistant
Cisco Instructor
Module 2: VLANs
Switching, Routing, and
Wireless Essentials v7.0
(SRWE)
Module Objectives
Module Title: Protocols and Models
Module Objective: Explain how network protocols enable devices to access local and remote
network resources.
Topic Title Topic Objective
Overview of VLANs Explain the purpose of VLANs in a switched network.
VLANs in a Multi-Switched Explain how a switch forwards frames based on VLAN configuration
Environment in a multi-switch environment.
Configure a switch port to be assigned to a VLAN based on
VLAN Configuration
requirements.

VLAN Trunks Configure a trunk port on a LAN switch.

Dynamic Trunking Protocol Configure Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP).

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3.1 Overview of VLANs

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Overview of VLANs
VLAN Definitions Virtual LANs (VLANs) provide segmentation and
organizational flexibility in a switched network.

VLANs are logical connections with other similar

devices.
Placing devices into various VLANs have the
following characteristics:
• Provides segmentation of the various groups
of devices on the same switches
• Provide organization that is more
manageable
• Broadcasts, multicasts and unicasts are
isolated in the individual VLAN
• Each VLAN will have its own unique range
of IP addressing
• Smaller broadcast domains
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Overview of VLANs
Benefits of a VLAN Design

Benefits of using VLANs are as follows:

Benefits Description
Smaller Broadcast • Dividing the LAN reduces the number of broadcast domains
Domains
Improved Security • Only users in the same VLAN can communicate together.
• Only users in the same VLAN can communicate without the services of a router.
Improved IT Efficiency • VLANs simplify network management because users with similar network
requirements can be configured on the same VLAN.
• VLANs can be named to make them easier to identify.
Reduced Cost • One switch can support multiple groups or VLANs
Better Performance • Small broadcast domains reduce traffic, improving bandwidth
Simpler Management • Similar groups will need similar applications and other network resources
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Overview of VLANs
Types of VLANs
Default VLAN
VLAN 1 is the following:
• The default VLAN
• The default Native VLAN
• The default Management VLAN
• Cannot be deleted or renamed

Note: While we cannot delete

VLAN1 Cisco will recommend that
we assign these default features
to other VLANs

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Overview of VLANs
Types of VLANs (Cont.)
Data VLAN
• Dedicated to user-generated traffic (email and web traffic).

• VLAN 1 is the default data VLAN because all interfaces are assigned to this VLAN.

Native VLAN
• This is used for trunk links only.

• All frames are tagged on an 802.1Q trunk link except for those on the native VLAN.

Management VLAN
• This is used for SSH/Telnet VTY traffic and should not be carried with end user traffic.

• Typically, the VLAN that is the SVI for the Layer 2 switch.

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Overview of VLANs
Types of VLANs (Cont.)
Voice VLAN
• A separate VLAN is required because Voice
traffic requires:
• Assured bandwidth
• High QoS priority
• Ability to avoid congestion
• Delay less that 150 ms from source to
destination
• The entire network must be designed to support
voice.

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3.2 VLANs in a
Multi-Switched Environment

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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
Defining VLAN Trunks
A trunk is a point-to-point link between
two network devices.
Cisco trunk functions:
• Allow more than one VLAN

• Extend the VLAN across the entire

network
• By default, supports all VLANs

• supports IEEE 802.1Q for

coordinating trunks on Fast Ethernet,
Gigabit Ethernet, and 10-Gigabit
Ethernet interfaces.

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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
Networks without VLANs
Without VLANs, all devices connected to the switches will receive all unicast, multicast, and
broadcast traffic.

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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
Networks with VLANs
With VLANs, unicast, multicast, and broadcast traffic is confined to a VLAN. Without a Layer
3 device to connect the VLANs, devices in different VLANs cannot communicate.

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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
VLAN Identification with a Tag
• The IEEE 802.1Q header is 4 Bytes

• When the tag is created the FCS must be

recalculated.
• When sent to end devices, this tag must be removed
and the FCS recalculated back to its original number.

802.1Q VLAN Tag Field Function

Type • 2-Byte field with hexadecimal 0x8100
• This is referred to as Tag Protocol ID (TPID)
User Priority • 3-bit value that supports
Canonical Format Identifier (CFI) • 1-bit value that can support token ring frames on Ethernet
VLAN ID (VID) • 12-bit VLAN identifier that can support up to 4096 VLANs

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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
Native VLANs and 802.1Q Tagging
802.1Q trunk basics:
• Tagging is typically done on all VLANs.

• The use of a native VLAN was designed for

legacy use, like the hub in the example.
• Unless changed, VLAN1 is the native VLAN.

• Both ends of a trunk link must be configured

with the same native VLAN.
• Each trunk is configured separately, so it is
possible to have a different native VLANs on
separate trunks.

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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
Voice VLAN Tagging
The VoIP phone is a three port switch:
• The switch will use CDP to inform the phone of the Voice
VLAN.

• The phone will tag its own traffic (Voice) and can set Class
of Service (CoS). CoS is QoS for layer 2.
Cisco IP Phone contains an integrated three-port 10/100 switch:
• Port 1 connects to the switch or other VoIP device.
• The phone may or may not tag frames from the PC. • Port 2 is an internal 10/100 interface that carries the IP phone traffic.
• Port 3 (access port) connects to a PC or other device.

The method used varies based on the type of traffic:

Traffic Tagging Function

Voice VLAN tagged with an appropriate Layer 2 class of service (CoS) priority value
Access VLAN can also be tagged with a Layer 2 CoS priority value
Access VLAN is not tagged (no Layer 2 CoS priority value)
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VLANs in a Multi-Switched Environment
Voice VLAN Verification Example
The show interfaces fa0/18 switchport command can show us both data and voice
VLANs assigned to the interface.

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3.3 VLAN Configuration

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VLAN Configuration
VLAN Ranges on Catalyst Switches
Catalyst switches 2960 and 3650 support over 4000 VLANs.
Normal Range VLANs
• They are used in all small- and medium-sized business and
enterprise networks.
• They are identified by a VLAN ID between 1 and 1005.
• IDs 1002 through 1005 are reserved for legacy network .
• IDs 1 and 1002 to 1005 are automatically created and cannot be
removed.
• Configurations are stored in the switch flash memory in a VLAN database file called vlan.dat.
• When configured, VLAN trunking protocol (VTP), helps synchronize the VLAN database between
switches.
Extended Range VLANs
• They are used by service providers to service multiple customers and by global enterprises.
• They are identified by a VLAN ID between 1006 and 4094.
• Configurations are saved, by default, in the running configuration.
• They support fewer VLAN features than normal range VLANs.
• Requires VTP transparent mode configuration to support extended range VLANs.
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VLAN Configuration
VLAN Creation Commands
VLAN details are stored in the vlan.dat file. You create VLANs in the global
configuration mode.

Task IOS Command

Enter global configuration mode. Switch# configure terminal
Create a VLAN with a valid ID number. Switch(config)# vlan vlan-id
Specify a unique name to identify the
Switch(config-vlan)# name vlan-name
VLAN.
Return to the privileged EXEC mode. Switch(config-vlan)# end
Enter global configuration mode. Switch# configure terminal

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VLAN Configuration
VLAN Creation Example

• If the Student PC is going to be in

VLAN 20, we will create the VLAN first
and then name it.
• If you do not name it, the Cisco IOS
will give it a default name of vlan and Prompt Command
the four digit number of the VLAN. E.g. S1# Configure terminal
vlan0020 for VLAN 20.
S1(config)# vlan 20
S1(config-vlan)# name student
S1(config-vlan)# end

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VLAN Configuration
VLAN Port Assignment Commands
Once the VLAN is created, we can then assign it to the correct interfaces.

Task Command
Enter global configuration mode. Switch# configure terminal

Enter interface configuration mode. Switch(config)# interface interface-id

Set the port to access mode. Switch(config-if)# switchport mode access

Assign the port to a VLAN. Switch(config-if)# switchport access vlan vlan-id

Return to the privileged EXEC mode. Switch(config-if)# end

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VLAN Configuration
VLAN Port Assignment Example
We can assign the VLAN to the port
interface.
• Once the device is assigned the
VLAN, then the end device will need
the IP address information for that
VLAN
Prompt Command
• Here, Student PC receives S1# Configure terminal
172.17.20.22
S1(config)# Interface fa0/18
S1(config-if)# Switchport mode access
S1(config-if)# Switchport access vlan 20
S1(config-if)# end
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VLAN Configuration
Data and Voice VLANs
An access port may only be
assigned to one data VLAN.
However it may also be assigned to
one Voice VLAN for when a phone
and an end device are off of the
same switchport.

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VLAN Configuration
Data and Voice VLAN Example
• We will want to create and name both Voice
and Data VLANs.
• In addition to assigning the data VLAN, we
will also assign the Voice VLAN and turn on
QoS for the voice traffic to the interface.
• The newer catalyst switch will automatically
create the VLAN, if it does not already exist,
when it is assigned to an interface.
Note: QoS is beyond the scope of this course.
Here we do show the use of the

mls qos trust [cos | device cisco-phone | dscp | ip-precedence] command.

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VLAN Configuration
Verify VLAN Information
Use the show vlan command. The
complete syntax is:
show vlan [brief | id vlan-id | name
vlan-name | summary]

Task Command Option

Display VLAN name, status, and its ports one VLAN per line. brief
Display information about the identified VLAN ID number. id vlan-id
Display information about the identified VLAN name. The vlan-name
name vlan-name
is an ASCII string from 1 to 32 characters.
Display VLAN summary information. summary
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VLAN Configuration
Change VLAN Port Membership

There are a number of ways to change VLAN

membership:
• re-enter switchport access vlan vlan-id
command
• use the no switchport access vlan to
place interface back in VLAN 1
Use the show vlan brief or the show
interface fa0/18 switchport commands to
verify the correct VLAN association.

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VLAN Configuration
Delete VLANs
Delete VLANs with the no vlan vlan-id command.
Caution: Before deleting a VLAN, reassign all member ports to a different VLAN.
• Delete all VLANs with the delete flash:vlan.dat or delete vlan.dat commands.

• Reload the switch when deleting all VLANs.

Note: To restore to factory default – unplug all data cables, erase the startup-configuration
and delete the vlan.dat file, then reload the device.

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VLAN Configuration
Packet Tracer – VLAN Configuration
In this Packet Tracer activity, you will perform the following:
• Verify the Default VLAN Configuration
• Configure VLANs
• Assign VLANs to Ports

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3.4 VLAN Trunks

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VLAN Trunks
Trunk Configuration Commands
Configure and verify VLAN trunks. Trunks are layer 2 and carry traffic for all VLANs.

Task IOS Command

Enter global configuration mode. Switch# configure terminal
Enter interface configuration mode. Switch(config)# interface interface-id
Set the port to permanent trunking mode. Switch(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
Sets the native VLAN to something other Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk native vlan
than VLAN 1. vlan-id
Specify the list of VLANs to be allowed on Switch(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed
the trunk link. vlan vlan-list
Return to the privileged EXEC mode. Switch(config-if)# end
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VLAN Trunks
Trunk Configuration Example
The subnets associated with each VLAN are:
• VLAN 10 - Faculty/Staff - 172.17.10.0/24
• VLAN 20 - Students - 172.17.20.0/24
• VLAN 30 - Guests - 172.17.30.0/24
• VLAN 99 - Native - 172.17.99.0/24

F0/1 port on S1 is configured as Prompt Command

a trunk port.
S1(config)# Interface fa0/1
Note: This assumes a 2960 S1(config-if)# Switchport mode trunk
switch using 802.1q tagging.
S1(config-if)# Switchport trunk native vlan 99
Layer 3 switches require the
encapsulation to be configured S1(config-if)# Switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,20,30,99
before the trunk mode.
S1(config-if)# end
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VLAN Trunks
Verify Trunk Configuration
Set the trunk mode and native vlan.
Notice sh int fa0/1 switchport command:
• Is set to trunk administratively

• Is set as trunk operationally (functioning)

• Encapsulation is dot1q

• Native VLAN set to VLAN 99

• All VLANs created on the switch will pass

traffic on this trunk

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VLAN Trunks
Reset the Trunk to the Default State
• Reset the default trunk settings with
the no command.
• All VLANs allowed to pass traffic
• Native VLAN = VLAN 1
• Verify the default settings with a
sh int fa0/1 switchport command.

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VLAN Trunks
Reset the Trunk to the Default State (Cont.)
Reset the trunk to an access mode with the
switchport mode access command:
• Is set to an access interface administratively
• Is set as an access interface operationally
(functioning)

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VLAN Trunks
Packet Tracer – Configure Trunks
In this Packet Tracer activity, you will perform the following:
• Verify VLANs
• Configure Trunks

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3.5 Dynamic Trunking Protocol

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Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Introduction to DTP
Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) is a proprietary Cisco protocol.
DTP characteristics are as follows:
• On by default on Catalyst 2960 and 2950 switches
• Dynamic-auto is default on the 2960 and 2950 switches
• May be turned off with the nonegotiate command
• May be turned back on by setting the interface to dynamic-auto
• Setting a switch to a static trunk or static access will avoid negotiation issues with the
switchport mode trunk or the switchport mode access commands.

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Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Negotiated Interface Modes
The switchport mode command has additional options.
Use the switchport nonegotiate interface configuration command to stop DTP negotiation.

Option Description

Permanent access mode and negotiates to convert the neighboring link

access
into an access link
Will becomes a trunk interface if the neighboring interface is set to trunk
dynamic auto
or desirable mode
Actively seeks to become a trunk by negotiating with other auto or
dynamic desirable
desirable interfaces
Permanent trunking mode and negotiates to convert the neighboring link
trunk
into a trunk link

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Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Results of a DTP Configuration

DTP configuration options are as follows:

Dynamic
Dynamic Auto Trunk Access
Desirable
Dynamic Auto Access Trunk Trunk Access
Dynamic
Trunk Trunk Trunk Access
Desirable
Limited
Trunk Trunk Trunk Trunk
connectivity
Limited
Access Access Access Access
connectivity

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Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Verify DTP Mode
The default DTP configuration is
dependent on the Cisco IOS version and
platform.
 Use the show dtp interface command
to determine the current DTP mode.

 Best practice recommends that the

interfaces be set to access or trunk and
to turnoff DTP

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Dynamic Trunking Protocol
Packet Tracer – Configure DTP
In this Packet Tracer activity, you will perform the following:
• Configure static trunking

• Configure and verify DTP

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3.6 Module Practice

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Module Practice and Quiz
Packet Tracer – Implement VLANs and Trunking
In this Packet Tracer activity, you will perform the following:
• Configure VLANs
• Assign Ports to VLANs
• Configure Static Trunking
• Configure Dynamic Trunking

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Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• VLANs are based on logical instead of physical connections.
• VLANs can segment networks based on function, team, or application.
• Each VLAN is considered a separate logical network.
• A trunk is a point-to-point link that carries more than one VLAN.
• VLAN tag fields include the type, user priority, CFI and VID.
• A separate voice VLAN is required to support VoIP.
• Normal range VLAN configurations are stored in the vlan.dat file in flash.
• An access port can belong to one data VLAN at a time, but may also have a
Voice VLAN.

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Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module? (Cont.)
• A trunk is a Layer 2 link between two switches that carries traffic for all VLANs.
• Trunks will need tagging for the various VLANs, typically 802.1q .
• IEEE 802.1q tagging makes provision for one native VLAN that will remain
untagged.
• An interface can be set to trunking or nontrunking.
• Trunk negotiation is managed by the Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP).
• DTP is a Cisco proprietary protocol that manages trunk negotiations.

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