EE6301 / DIGITAL LOGIC CIRCUITS

TWO MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

UNIT-1 NUMBER SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL LOGIC FAMILIES

Part - A

1. Where the digital systems are used?

Digital systems are used extensively in computation and data processing, control systems,
Communications and measurements. Since digital systems are capable of greater accuracy and reliability
than analog systems, many tasks formerly done by analog are now being performed digitally.

2. What is the difference between analog and digital systems?

In a digital system the physical quantities or signals can assume only discrete values, while in analog
systems the physical quantities or signals vary continuously over a specified range.

3. What is a binary number system and Why are binary numbers used in digital systems?

The number system with base (or radix) two is known as the binary number system. Only two symbols
are used to represent the numbers in the system and these are 0 and 1.The outputs of the switching
devices used in digital systems assume only two different values. Hence it is natural to use binary
numbers internally in digital systems.

4. What is the difference between binary code and BCD?

Binary:

i. Any distinct element can be represented by a binary code.

ii. No limitation for the minimum or maximum number of elements required for coding the element.

BCD:

i. Only a decimal digit can be represented.

ii. It is a four bit representation.
5. What is an Excess3 code?

The excess3 code is a non weighted code which is obtained from the 8-4-2-1 code by adding 3(0011) to
each of the codes.

6. What is a gray code and mention it.s advantages.

A gray code is a non weighted code which has the property that the codes for successive decimal digits
differ in exactly one bit. The gray code is used in applications where the normal sequence of binary
numbers may produce an error during the transition from one number to the next .

7. What is meant by non-weighted codes?

Each bit has no positional value i). Excess-3 code ii).Gray code iii).Five bit BCD

8. What is depletion mode& enhancement mode operation MOS?

If the channel is initially doped lightly with p-type impurity a conducting channel exists at zero gate
voltage and the device is said to operate in depletion mode. If the region beneath the gate is left initially
uncharged the gate field must induce a channel before current can flow. Thus the gate voltage enhances
the channel current and such a device is said to operate in the enhancement mode.

9. List the names of universal gates. Why it is named so?

NAND and NOR gates are universal gates. Because a combination of NAND gates or a combination of
NOR gates can be used to perform functions of any of the basic logic gates

10. What is mean by Fan out?

Number of logic gates at the next stage that can be loaded to a given logic gate output so that voltages
for each of the possible logic state remain within the defined limits

11. What is propagation delay?

Propagation delay for a logic output from a logic gate means the time interval between change in a
defined reference point input voltage and reflection of its effect at the output. It can also be defined as
the time interval between changes in a defined logic level input and reflection of its effect at the output
logic level.

12. What is noise margin?

It is the maximum noise voltage added to an input signal of a digital circuit that does not cause an
undesirable change in the circuit output.It is expressed in volts.
13.Explain the procedure for BCD addition?

In BCD addition of two numbers involve following rules:-

1. Maximum value of the sum for two digits = 9 (max digit 1) + 9 (max digit 2) + 1 (previous
addition carry) = 19
2. If sum of two BCD digits is less than or equal to 9 (1001) without carry then the result is a
correct BCD number.
3. If sum of two BCD digits is greater than or equal to 10 (1010) the result is in-correct BCD
number. Perform steps 4 for correct BCD sum.
4. Add 6 (0110) to the result.

14.Explain the procedure for excess-3 code?

Excess-3 code is an example of unweighted code. Excess-3 equivalent of a decimal number is obtained
by adding 3 and then converting it to a binary format. For instance to find excess-3 representation of
decimal number 4, first 3 is added to 4 to get 7 and then binary equivalent of 7 i.e. 0111 forms the
excess-3 equivalent.

15.What do you understand by self complementing code?

A binary code is self complementary if complement of any code word is again a code .in self completing
codes 9's complement of a number can be obtained by interchanging 0's and 1's.

16.Why the Gray code is called as reflected binary code?

This is a variable weighted code and is cyclic. This means that it is arranged so that every transition from
one value to the next value involves only one bit change. The gray code is sometimes referred to as
reflected binary, because the first eight values compare with those of the last 8 values, but in reverse
order.

17. What is meant by non-weighted codes?

Each bit has no positional value i). Excess-3 code ii).Gray code iii).Five bit BCD

18. State advantages and disadvantages of TTL

Adv:
. Easily compatible with other ICs
. Low output impedance
Disadv:
. Wired output capability is possible only with tristate and open collector types
. Special circuits in Circuit layout and system design are required.
. Masked ROM.
. Programmable Read only Memory
. Erasable Programmable Read only memory.
. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory.
19. Classify the logic family by operation?

The Bipolar logic family is classified into Saturated logic, Unsaturated logic. The RTL, DTL, TTL, I2L, HTL
logic comes under the saturated logic family. The Schottky TTL, and ECL logic comes under the
unsaturated logic family.

20. Mention the classification of saturated bipolar logic families.

The bipolar logic family is classified as follows:

RTL- Resistor Transistor Logic, DTL- Diode Transistor logic, I2L- Integrated Injection Logic.TTL- Transistor
Transistor Logic, ECL- Emitter Coupled Logic.

21. Mention the important characteristics of digital IC.s?

Fan out, Power dissipation, Propagation Delay, Noise Margin , Fan In, Operating temperature ,Power
supply requirements.

22. Convert the hexadecimal number E3FA to binary. (EI Nov 2007)

Solution:

E3FA16 – Hexadecimal

E 3 F A

11102 00112 11112 10102

So the equivalent binary value is 11100011111110102

23. Perform the following conversion (1029)10 to gray (EE May 2006)

Solution:

1 0 2 9 ----- Decimal

0001 0000 0010 1001 ----- BCD

0001 0000 0011 1101 ----- Gray

Thus the Gray code of 102910 is 00010000001111012

 24. Add 1A816 and 67B16 (EE Nov 2004)

Solution:

1 A 816

6 7 B16

--------------------------

8 2 316

--------------------------

= 82316

25. Show the Karnaugh map with the encircled groups for the Boolean function,
F =C’ +A’D’ + A’B’D’ . (EE May 2006)

Solution:

1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1

26. Perform 2s complement subtraction of 010110-100101. (Nov 2004)

Solution:

1’s complement of minuend100101 = 011010

2’s complement of 011010 = 011011

Addition of 010110 + 011011 = 110001

There is no end carry.

Therefore, the answer is –(2’s complement of 110001)

Answer = - 001111
 27. What is the feature of gray code? What are its applications (EC Nov 2007/May 2006)

Solution:

The advantage of gray code also called reflected code over pure binary numbers is that a
number in gray code changes by only one bit as it proceeds from one number to the next. A typical
application of the reflected code occurs when the analog data are represented by a continuous change
of a shaft position. The shaft is portioned into segments and each segment is assigned a number. If
adjacent segment are made to correspond to adjacent reflected-code numbers, ambiguity is reduced
when detection is sensed in the line that separates any two segments.

So in 3-bit code, error may occur due to one bit position, other two bit positions of adjacent
sectors are always same and hence there is no possibility of error. Thus in 3-bit code, probability of error
is reduced to 66 % and in 4-bit code it is reduced upto 25%.

28. Convert the gray code number 11011 to binary. (Nov 2006)

Solution:

gray code = 11011

binary code =10010

29. What is even parity? (Nov 2006)

Solution:

A parity bit is an extra bit included with a message to make the total number of 1’s either odd or
even. If the total number of 1’s is even then it is called even parity.
 30. Convert binary number 11011110 into its decimal equivalent. (May 2007)

Solution:

11011110

----------- 0 * 20 =0

----------- 1 * 21=2

----------- 1 * 22=4

----------- 1 * 23=8

----------- 1 * 24=16

----------- 0 * 25=0

----------- 1 * 26=64

----------- 1 * 27=128

-------

222

31. Convert the binary number 1011 to gray code. (May 2007)

Solution:

Gray code of 1011 is 1110

32. Determine the decimal number represented by 101101.10101. (May 2008)

Solution:

101101.10101
--------- 1*2-5 =0.03125
---------- 0*2-4 = 0
----------- 1*2-3 = 0.125
------------0* 2-2 =0
-------------1* 2-1 =0.5
---------------1 *2 0 =1
----------------0*21 =0
-----------------1*22 =4
-------------------1*23 =8
--------------------0*24 =0
 ---------------------1*25 =32
-----------------
45.65625
----------------

33. Convert (0.513)10 to octal. (Nov 2007)

Solution:

0.513 * 8 = 4.104  4
0.104 * 8 = 0.832 0
0.832 *8 = 6.565  6
0.656 *8 = 5.248  5
0.248 *8 =1.984 1
0.984 *8 = 7.872 7
(0.513)10 =( 0.406517..)8

34. What are cyclic codes? (EI May /June 2013)

Cyclic codes are a special type of linear block code that are popular

because they are very effective for error detection and correction and their

coders and decoders are easy to implement in hardware

35. What is hamming code? (EI DEC 2013)

One of the most common method of error correcting .It consist of k parity bits that are added to n-bit
data word forming a new n+k bits
PART B

1. (ABCD.1234)16= (?)8 = (?)10 = (?)2 = (?)BCD = (?)5 (16)

2. Perform the following conversion:

a. (10110001 101011.111 1000000110)2 =(?)8 (4)
b. (0.513)10 =(?)8 (4)
c. (0.6875)10 = (?)2 (4)
d. (10110001101011.11110010)2 =(?)16 (4)

3. Convert the following numbers:

a. (A3B)16 = (? )10
b. (444.456)10 = ( ? )8
c. (59.57)8 = (?)2
d. (4097.188)10 = (?)2 (16)

4. Explain weighted and non weighted binary codes with examples. (8)

5.Given X= 1010100 & Y= 1000011. Find X-Y & Y-X using 1’s & 2’s complement. (8)

6. Explain NOR and OR gate construction using ECL.Also give the characteristics of ECL family. (16)

7. a. Explain the formation inverter using CMOS and its operation. (8)
b. Discuss the characteristics of ECL circuit. (8)

8. a. Explain the working of two inputs CMOS NAND gate. (8)

b. Compare the performance of various logic families. (8)

9. a. Write notes on the digital logic families comparing the characteristics. (8)
b. Explain the working of two inputs TTL NAND gate. (8)