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20ME702 - PROCESS
PLANNING AND COST
ESTIMATION

Department: MECHANICAL
Batch/Year: 2020-2024 / IV
Date: 07.08.2023
 1. CONTENTS

S. NO. PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

1. Table of Contents 5

2. Course Objectives 6

3. Pre Requisites 7

4. Syllabus 8

5. Course outcomes 9

6. CO - PO/PSO Mapping 10

7. Lecture Plan (Unit 1) 11

8. Activity based learning (Unit 1) 12

9. Lecture Notes (Unit 1) 16

10. Assignments (Unit 1) 50

11. Part-A: Questions and Answers (Unit 1) 51

12 Part-B: Questions (Unit 1) 55

13. Supportive online Certification Courses (Unit 56

1)
14. Real time Applications in day to day life and to 57
Industry (Unit 1)
15. Assessment Schedule (Unit 1, Unit 2) 58

16. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 59

(Unit 1, Unit 2)
17. Mini Project suggestions 60
 Course Objective

Students completing this course are expected to:

Understand the process planning concepts and its activities
Distinguish the various methods of cost estimation
Compare the cost estimation and cost accounting
Demonstrate the cost estimation for various products after process
planning
Calculate the Machining time of various operation
 Pre – Requisite Chart

Process Planning and Cost Estimation

(VII Sem)

Manufacturing Technology Manufacturing Technology

I II
(III Sem) (IV Sem)
 SYLLABUS
20ME702 - PROCESS PLANNING AND COST ESTIMATION LTPC
3003
UNIT I PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITIES 10
Introduction - methods of process planning - Manual - CAPP- Variant – Generative
CAPP - Process planning activities - Drawing Interpretation - Material evaluation –
steps in process selection -Production equipment and tooling selection - Types of
Production.
UNIT II PROCESS PLANNING TOOLS 10
Process parameters calculation for various production processes - Selection jigs and
fixtures Selection of quality assurance methods – Set of documents for process
planning – Economics of process planning- Break Even Analysis - make or buy
decision- case studies
UNIT III COSTING ESTIMATION AND EXPENSES 8
Importance of costing and estimation –methods of costing-elements of cost
estimation – Types of estimates – Estimating procedure - Estimation labor cost,
material cost - allocation of overhead charges- Calculation of depreciation cost
UNIT IV ESTIMATION OF COSTS IN PRODUCTION SHOP 8
Estimation of Different Types of Jobs – Estimation of Forging Shop, Estimation of
Welding Shop, Estimation of Foundry Shop - Estimate of sheet metal shop
UNIT V ESTIMATION MACHINING TIMEs AND COST 9
Estimation of Machining Time – Importance of Machine Time Calculation- Calculation
of Machining Time for Different Lathe Operations, Drilling and Boring – Machining
Time Calculation for Milling, Shaping and Planning - Machining Time Calculation for
Grinding - Illustrative examples
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
T1. Peter scalon, “Process planning, Design/Manufacture Interface”, Elsevier
science technology Books, Dec 2002.
REFERENCES:
R1. Ostwalal P.F. and Munez J., “Manufacturing Processes and systems”, 9th
Edition, John Wiley, 1998.
R2. Russell R.S and Tailor B.W, “Operations Management”, 4th Edition, PHI, 2003.
R3. Chitale A.V. and Gupta R.C., “Product Design and Manufacturing”, 2nd Edition,
PHI, 2002.
 COURSE OUTCOMES

After successful completion of the course, the students should be able to

HIGHES
T
CO No. Course Outcomes COGINIT
IVE
LEVEL
Associate the knowledge of engineering fundamentals for process
C405.1 K2
planning and its activities
C405.2 Distinguish various process planning tool and its applications K2
C405.3 Discuss the various elements involved in costing. K2

C405.4 K2
Estimate the product cost of various manufacturing methods
Calculate the Machining time for various operations carried out in
C405.5 K2
different machines
Apply the concept of Process planning and cost estimation for
C405.6 K3 & A3
various production process
 6.CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Program
Program Outcomes Specific
Cour Le Outcomes
se ve K3,
Out l K3 K4 K4 K5 K5, A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 K4 K4 K4
Com of K6
es CO PS PS PS
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
O- O- O-
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12
1 2 3

C405.1 K2 2 1

C405.2 K2 2 1

C405.3 K2 2 1

C405.4 K2 2 1 1

C405.5 K2 2

C405.6 K3 2 1 2 2 1

C405 2 1 2 2 1 1
 7. LECTURE PLAN

UNIT – V : ESTIMATION MACHINING TIMEs AND COST

No. of K
S. Mode of
Topics Period Leve CO
No. Delivery
s l
Estimation of Machining Time –
1 Importance of Machine Time 1 K2 CO 2 PPT
Calculation
Calculation of Machining Time for Chalk &Talk
2 1 K3 CO 2
Different Lathe Operations
Calculation of Machining Time for
3 1 K2 CO 2 Chalk &Talk
Different Lathe Operations Problem

4 Drilling and Boring 1 K3 CO 2 PPT

Machining Time Calculation for Chalk &Talk

5 1 K3 CO 2
Milling

Machining Time Calculation for PPT

6 1 K2 CO 2
Milling Problem

Chalk &Talk
7 Shaping and Planning 1 K3 CO 2

Machining Time Calculation for Chalk &Talk

8 1 K3 CO 2
Grinding
Machining Time Calculation for
9 Shaping and Planning, Grinding 1 K3 CO 2 Chalk &Talk
Problem

10 Illustrative examples

Proposed Number of periods : 09

Actual Number of periods :

Proposed date of completion :

Actual date of completion :

 8. Activity based learning
Topic : Machining time on various lathe operations and express
the importance of it in manufacturing scenario
Rules for scoring of points.

•1 points will be awarded for each correct statement

•Teams with most points will be awarded as winners

Importance of Machine Time Calculation

To find the manufacturing cost of a particular job which requires one or more
machining operations, the calculation of machining time is important. After
determining the total time for machining, and knowing the machining cost per unit
time, the total cost of machining can be worked out. Machining time is calculated by
applying certain basic formulae, tables of variables and constants.

The basis formulae used is

𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

Machining Time = 𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑 ×𝑟𝑝𝑚
1. Travel of the tool

This is determined from the dimensions in the actual drawing of the part to be
manufactured. The necessary allowances for the tool approach and over-run for
clearing the tool off the job are taken into account with the actual length of the
work, to find the travel of the tool.

If actual length of the work = l

Amount of tool approach = A

Amount of tool over run =O

Then, Travel of the tool L = l+A+O

 8. Activity based learning

2. Feed

Feed is the distance that the tool travels into the job in one revolution if the work or
the distance that the table holding the work travels is one stroke of the tool. In
metric units, feed is usually expressed in mm/revolution or mm/stoke. Feed depends
on the depth of cut, fitness of the work desired, rpm of the job, etc.

3. Depth of cut

It is the difference between unfinished dimension and finished dimension of the

job. For example, in case of turning, depth of cut is the difference between radius of
the bar before and after taking the cut. The feed and depth of cut for a particular
operation depend on the material to be machined, surface finish required and tool
used.
 UNIT V
ESTIMATION MACHINING TIMEs AND
COST

Estimation of Machining Time – Importance of Machine Time

Calculation- Calculation of Machining Time for Different Lathe
Operations, Drilling and Boring – Machining Time Calculation
for Milling, Shaping and Planning - Machining Time Calculation
for Grinding - Illustrative examples
 9. Lecture Notes

5.1 ESTIMATION OF MACHINING TIME INTRODUCTION

To estimate the cost of any product involving machining operations, the machining
time is required to be estimated before the total cost of the product/component can
be computed. In addition to actual time taken for operation to be carried out, time is
spent on certain other elements of work.
The total time required to perform a machining operation consists of following
elements:
(i) Set-up time,
(ii) Handling time,
(iii) Machining time,
(iv) Tear down time,
(v) Down time, and
(vi) Allowances.
5.1.1. Set-up Time
This is the time taken to prepare the machine for operation. The set-up time
includes the time taken to:
(i) Study the component drawing.
(ii) Draw tools from tool crib, and
(iii) Install and adjust the tools, jigs and fixtures on the machine.
The time over and above the unit standard time to produce first few pieces is also
considered in set-up time. We can say that set-up time is the overall preparation
time less the standard time for the units produced during the process of preparation.
The set-up time occurs only once for a batch or lot being taken up for production.
Standard data are available for set-up time for various machine tools.
5.1.2. Handling Time
It is the time taken by the operator in preparing a part for machining and for
disposing the part after operation has been completed. The handling time includes
the time for loading and unloading the component on the machine, making
measurements on parts during machining, etc.
5.1.3. Machining Time
It is the time for which the machine works on the component, i.e. from the time
when the tool touches the work piece to when the tool leaves the component after
completion of operation. The machining time depends on the type and extent of
machining required, material being machined, speed, feed, depth of cut and number
of cuts required.
4. Unit Operation Time
The sum of handling time and machining time for a job is called operation time. It is
the duration of time that elapses between output of two consecutive units of
production. It is also called cycle time.

5. Tear Down Time

It is the time taken to remove the tools, jigs and fixtures from the machine and to
clean the machine and tools after the operation has been done on the last
component of batch. The tear down time is usually small. The tear down time occurs
only once for a complete lot or batch taken for machining. Standard data are
available for tear down time for various machines.
6. Down Time
It is the time wasted by the operator due to breakdowns, non-availability or delay in
supply of tools and materials etc.
7. Allowances
In additions to the elements of time described above, the total time to perform an
operation includes a number of allowances like time for personal needs of the
operator, time for checking, time for tool sharpening etc. The various allowances are
follows:

(a) Personal allowance: This is the time taken by the operator in attending to his
personal needs and includes the time spent in going to toilet and cafeteria. It is
usually taken as 5 percent of total time, i.e., 24 minutes in 8 hour shift.

(b) Fatigue : The long working hours and working conditions such as poor lighting,
poor ventilation etc., cause fatigue and affects the efficiency of worker i.e., fatigue
decreases the workers capacity to work. The allowance for fatigue is taken
depending upon the type of work.

(c) Tool sharpening/Tool change allowance: This allowance is provided for the
time taken by the operator to get the tool changed or to re-sharpen the tool when it
becomes dull. This time varies from machine to machine and depends upon the type
of tool being used.
(d) Inspection or Checking allowance: Inspection is a vital part of the total
process of production. Inspection is necessary to ensure that parts are
manufactured according to laid down standards. The time taken in checking the part
for its dimension, process and fitness is reckoned as inspection time. The inspection
time depends on the dimensional tolerances and the instrument being used for
checking. The standard times for inspection with various types of instruments are
given in Table. 5.1.
(e) Other allowances : Some allowance is provided to compensate for the
activities, in which the operator is engaged, but are not included in normal
operation cycle. The activities include periodic cleaning of machines, getting stocks,
filling coolant reservoirs and disposal of scrap etc. These miscellaneous activities
vary from shop to shop and in a well organised shop, these may be reduced to a
minimum by proper planning.
The total time required to make a component is the sum of unit operation time and
proportion of set-up time, tear-down time, down time and allowances for one work
piece.

Total time per component =

Handling time + Machining time + Set−up time+ Tear−down time + Down time + Allowances
𝑁
where N = Number of components produced in one lot.

Instrument Standards time to

check one dimension
(Min).
Scale 0.10
Outside micrometer 0.15
Depth micrometer 0.20
Dial micrometer 0.30
Outside callipers 0.05
Inside callipers 0.10
Plug gauge 0.20
Snap gauge 0.10
Surface gauge 0.20
Thread snap gauge 0.30
(Male/Female)
Thread micrometer 0.25
Vernier callipers 0.50

In the process of drilling a hole in a batch of 50 components, the following

elements of work are performed:
 (i) Study the component drawing Set-up elements
(ii) Draw tool/jig from store
(iii) Install the jig on drilling
machine
(iv) Pick-up the part from bin Handling elements
(v) Place the part in jig and tighten
(vi) Advance the drill to work
(vii) Drill one hole through the part Machining element

(viii) Clear drill from work Handling elements

(ix) Release part from jig
(x) Remove part from jig
(xi) Place the part in bin

(xii) Remove jig from the machine Tear-down elements

(xiii) Remove the drill bit from
machine
(xiv) Clear the machine and jig

5.2 ESTIMATION OF MACHINING TIME

Estimation of machining time means calculating the time required to complete the
operations to make the components as per drawing.
Machining time is the time for which the machine works on the component. The
basic formula used for determining the machining time is:

T= L/F
where T = Machining time, minutes
L = Length of cut or total tool travel, mm
F = Feed rate of tool, mm/minute
= Feed per revolution × r.p.m.

Before we take up the estimation of machining time for various operations, the
terms used in
cutting time formula are defined, in general, as follows :

Length of cut : It is the distance travelled by the tool to machine the work piece
and is calculated
as follows :
Length of cut = L
= Approach length + Length of work piece to be machined + Over travel
5.2.1. Feed: Feed is the distance that a tool travels along the work or the work
travels w.r.t. the tool for each revolution of the work-piece or cutter.

5.2.2 Depth of cut: (Fig. It is the difference between unfinished dimension and
finished dimension of the job. For example, in case of turning, depth of cut is the
difference between radius of the bar before and after taking the cut. The feed and
depth of cut for a particular operation depend on the material to be machined,
surface finish required and tool used.

5.2.3 Cutting speed: Cutting speed is the speed at which the cutting edge of tool
passes over the job and it is usually expressed in meters per minute. The cutting
speed depends on the cutting tool material, the work piece material and the
operation. Once the cutting speed has been selected, the revolution per minute of
job/machine are calculated as follows:

𝜋𝐷𝑁
S=
1000
1000𝑆
∴N=
𝜋𝐷
where S = Surface cutting speed in meters per minute
D = Diameter of the job in mm
N = r.p.m. of machine/job.
INTRODUCTION OF LATHE AND ITS OPERATIONS
Lathe is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tools all over the
world. It is commonly known as the mother of all other machine tool. The main
function of a lathe is to remove metal from a job to give it the required shape and
size
The job is securely and rigidly held in the chuck or in between centers on the lathe
machine and then turn it against a single point cutting tool which will remove metal
from the job in the form of chips.
TYPES OF LATHE
1. Speed lathe :
It consist only Bed, Headstock, Tail Stoke and Tool post mounted on an adjustable
slide The speed lathe finds applications where cutting force is least such as in wood
working, spinning, centering, polishing, winding, buffing etc. has no feed box, lead
screw or conventional type of carriage. This lathe has been so named because of the
very high speed of the headstock spindle.
2. Centre Lathe or Engine Lathe
This lathe is the important member of the lathe family and is the most widely used.
Similar to the speed lathe, the engine lathe has all the basic parts, e.g., bed,
headstock, and tailstock. headstock is much more robust in construction and
contains additional mechanism for driving the lathe spindle at multiple speeds.
Centre lathes or engine lathes are classified according to methods of transmitting
power to the machine. The power may be transmitted by means of belt, electric
motor or through gears.
3. Bench Lathe
This is a small lathe usually mounted on a bench.
It has practically all the parts of an engine lathe or speed lathe and it performs
almost all the operations.
This is used for small and precision work.
4. Tool Room Lathe
This lathe has features similar to an engine lathe but it is much more accurately
built. It has a wide range of spindle speeds ranging from a very low to a quite high
speed up to 2500 rpm.
This lathe is mainly used for precision work on tools, dies, gauges and in machining
work where accuracy is needed.
5. Capstan and Turret Lathe
This lathe is technological advancement of the engine lathe and these are vastly
used for mass production work. Here is the tailstock of an engine lathe is replaced
by a hexagonal turret, on the face of which multiple tools may be fitted and fed into
the work in proper sequence.
Due to this arrangement, several different types of operations can be done on a job
without re-setting of work or tools, and a number of identical parts can be produced
in the minimum time.
6. Special Purpose Lathes
These lathes are constructed for special purposes and for jobs, which cannot be
accommodated or conveniently machined on a standard lathe.
7. Automatic Lathes
These lathes are so designed that all the working and job handling movements of
the complete manufacturing process for a job are done automatically. These are
high speed, heavy duty, mass production lathes with complete automatic control.

LATHE OPERATIONS
(a) Operations, which can be performed in a lathe either by holding the workpiece
between centers or by a chuck are:
1.Turning 2. Taper turning 3. Eccentric turning 4. Facing 5. Forming
6. Thread cutting 7. Chamfering 8. Grooving 9. Knurling 10.Polishing
(b) Operations which are performed by holding the work by a chuck or a faceplate
or an angle plate are:
1. Undercutting 2. Parting-off 3. Internal thread cutting 4. Drilling 5. Reaming
6. Boring 7. Counter boring 8. Taper boring 9. Tapping

(c) Operations which are performed by using special lathe attachments are:
1. Milling 2. Grinding
5.3 CALCULATION OF MACHINING TIME FOR LATHE OPERATIONS
The calculation of machining time for various lathe operations is discussed here.

5.3.1 Turning : Turning, on a lathe, is the removal of excess material form the
workpiece by means of a pointed tool, to produce a cylindrical or cone shaped
surface. From cutting speed, r.p.m. of job are calculated by using the formula.

1000𝑆
N=
𝜋𝐷

where
N = r.p.m. of job
S = Surface cutting speed in meters/minute
D = Diameter of the stock to be turned (in mm)
If, f = Feed per revolution (in mm)
L = Length of stock to be turned (in mm)
T = Time required for turning (in minutes)

𝑳
Then T = 𝒇 ×𝑵

In case it is not possible to obtain the required dimensions in single cut, more
than one cut may be required. In such cases the r.p.m. is determined by using
the mean diameter of the job.

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑺
N=
𝝅×𝑫 (𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆)
 𝐷+𝑑
where D (average) = Average Diameter of job = 2
where D = Diameter of stock before turning
d = Diameter of job after turning

𝐿
and T = ×𝑃
𝑓 ×𝑁

where P = Number of cuts (passes) required.

If over travel and approach are also to be taken into account

𝐴+𝐿+𝑂
T = 𝑓 ×𝑁 × 𝑃

where A = Approach length

O = Over travel

The cutting speeds and feeds for various tool and work material combinations for
lathe operations are given in Table shown in below. The depth of cut should not
exceed 3 mm in roughing operation and 0.75 mm in finishing operation.
5.3.2 Facing : Facing is the process of removing material from the ends of the job
by moving the tool perpendicular to the axis of the job Fig. (a) and (b). Time taken
for facing is calculated in the same way as for turning but here

1
Length of job = × dia. of job (in case of solid job)
2
1
= × (D-d) in case of hollow jobs
2
D = Outer diameter of job
d = Inner diameter of job
f = Feed/revolution,
is the movement of tool per revolution perpendicular to the axis of the job.

Time taken,
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
T=
𝑓 ×𝑁

5.3.3 External relief : The external relief is the removal of material from a
previously turned surface along the same axis and within the limits of turned area.
The method of calculating the time for external relief is same as for turning.
𝐿
T= ×𝑃
𝑓 ×𝑁
where P = Number of cuts (passes)

In external relief process, there is no approach length and over travel. The term, L is
the length to be machined
5.3.4 Internal Relief or Undercutting: In undercutting, also called internal relief,
a previously bored hole is made larger along the same axis and is within the
longitudinal limits of the main bore. Internal relieving time is calculated by the same
formula as for turning, i.e,
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time required = × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡s
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚

5.3.5 Chamfering : Chamfering is the process of removal of material from the

edges of external or internal diameters to facilitate the entering of mating parts or to
form a seat.

Formula for calculating the time for chamfering is the same as for turning operation
𝐿
T=
𝑓 ×𝑁
5.3.6 Knurling
The purpose of knurling operation is to provide a rough surface on a part so that it
will not easily slip when grasped by the fingers or hand. The material on surface is
upset (deformed) in such a way that straight lined or diamond shaped patterns are
formed on the surface. The formula for calculation of time is the same as for
turning.

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time, T =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚

5.3.7 Boring
It is the operation of enlarging or finishing an hole which has been previously drilled
or bored. The cutting time formula is similar to that used for simple turning.

5.3.8 Drilling
Drilling is the removal of material to produce holes in the material. Sometimes the
drilling operation is done on the lathe by holding the drill in tailstock and forcing it
into the rotating workpiece. As in case of turning the time taken to drill a hole is
affected by material of job, size of drill, material of drill, the feed and depth of the
drilled hole. Generally the drilling speeds are lower than the turning speeds for the
same type of tool material. The speeds and feeds for drilling in various materials are
given in Table.
If length of cut = L
f = feed/revolution
N = r.p.m.
𝐿
Time T = 𝑓 ×𝑁

5.3.9 Threading : Threads can be cut on lathe with the help of a single point
cutting tool or on a turret lathe with the help of a die head. The time for cutting
threads is calculated as follows:

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time, T =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚

where Feed/rev. = lead of thread

Full depth of the thread cannot be obtained in a single cut when cutting threads by
single point cutting tool on a lathe. A number of cuts have to be taken to get the full
depth.
The number of cuts may be calculated with the help of following relations:
25
Number of cuts = for external threads
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑚

32
= for internal threads
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑚

If threads are cut with the help of die nuts, then full depth of the threads is obtained
in single cut upto 3 mm pitch threads, otherwise two cuts may have to be taken.

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
∴ Time for threading = × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡s
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚
5.3.10 Tapping : Tapping is the operation of cutting internal threads with the help
of a tool called tap. The time required is calculated as follows:

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time, T = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚

1000𝑆
Where, N1 =
𝜋𝐷
Example 1 : Calculate the machining time to turn the dimensions shown in Fig.
Starting from a M.S. bar of ø80 mm. The cutting speed with HSS tool is 60 meters
per minute and feed is 0.70 mm/rev., depth of cut is 2.5 mm per pass.

Solution :
Given
S = 60 m/min f = 0.70 mm/rev.

The turning will be done in 2 steps.

In first step a length of (50 + 50) = 100 mm will be reduced from ø80 to ø60 and
In second step a length of 50 mm will be reduced from ø60 to ø40 .

Step 1 : For turning from ø80 to ø60 and 100 mm long

1000𝑆 1000×60
Where, N1 = = = 238.8 ≈ 240 rpm
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×80
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 (80−60)
No. of passes = = =4
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 2×2.5
100
Time Required T1 = 0.7×240 × 4 = 2.38 min
Step 2: To turn ø40 from ø60 and 50 mm long.
1000𝑆 1000×60
N2 =
𝜋𝐷
= 𝜋×60
= 318 r.p.m
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 (60−40)
No. of passes = = =4
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 2×2.5
50
Time Required T2 = ×4 = 0.9 min
0.7×318
Total time = 2.38 + 0.90 = 3.28 min.
Example 2 : A mild steel bar 100 mm long and 38 mm in diameter is turned to 35
mm dia. And was again turned to a diameter of 32 mm over a length of 40 mm as
shown in the Fig. The bar was machined at both the ends to give a chamfer of 45°
× 5 mm after facing. Calculate the machining time. Assume cutting speed of 60
m/min and feed 0.4 mm/rev. The depth of cut is not to exceed 3 mm in any
operation.

Solution :
1st operation : Turning from ø38 mm to ø35 mm
S = 60 meters/min
D = 38 mm
1000𝑆 1000×60
N= = = 503 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×38
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 100
Time taken, T1 = = = 0.5 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 503×0.4

2nd operation : External relief

L = 40 mm. D = 35 mm.
S = 60 m/min.
1000𝑆 1000×60
N2 = = = 545 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×35

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time taken, T2 = =
40
= 0.18 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 545×0.4

3rd operation : Facing of both ends

35
L = Length of cut = = 17.5 mm, D = 35 mm S = 60 m/min
2
1000𝑆 1000×60
N3 = = = 545 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×35
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 17.5
Time for facing one end, T = = = 0.08 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 545×0.4
Time for facing both end, T3 = 2 × 0.08 = 0.16 𝑚𝑖𝑛
4th operation : Chamfering 45° × 5 mm

Length of cut = 5 mm N = 545 r.p.m

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time taken for chamfering on one side =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚
5
= = 0.02 min
545×0.4
Time taken for chamfering on both sides = 0.02 × 2 = 0.04 min
Total machining time = 0.50 + 0.18 + 0.16 + 0.04
= 0.88 min

Example 3: Calculate the machining time required to produce one piece of the
component shown in Fig. starting from 25 mm diameter bar. The following data is
available.
For turning :
Cutting speed = 40 m/min.
Feed = 0.4 mm/rev.
Depth of cut = 2.5 mm/per pass
For thread cutting :
Cutting speed = 8 m/min.

Solution : Step I : Time for turning to 15 mm dia from 25 mm dia.

(25−15)
As depth of material to be removed is = 5 mm
2
∴ it will be accomplished in 2 cuts.
(25+15)
Average Dia = Dav = = 20 mm
2

1000𝑆 1000×40
Spindle r.p.m. = = = 637 rev/min
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×20

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 50
Time taken = = = 0.2 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 634×0.4
For 2 cuts time taken T1= 0.4 min.

Step 2 : Turning from 15 mm to 10 mm dia over a length of 30 mm in one pass.

1000𝑆 1000×40
N2 = = = 850 rev/min
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×15

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 30
Time taken T2 = = = 0.09 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 850×0.4
Step 3 : Threading
1000𝑆 1000×8
N3 = = = 255 rev/min
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×10
Feed = pitch = 1.5 mm
10 100
Threads per cm = =
1.5 15

25 25×15
No. of cuts = = = 3.75 = 4 cuts
𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑚 100
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 20
Time for one cut = = = 0.05 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 1.5×255
Time for 4 cuts = 0.05 × 4 = 0.2 min.
Total time for producing one component = 0.4 + 0.09 + 0.2
= 0.69 min.

Example 4 : Estimate the time taken to prepare a job as shown in fig. from M.S.
stock bar 4 cm in diameter and 7.5 cm long. Assume the following data: Cutting
speed for turning and boring operation = 20 m/min. Cutting speed for drilling
operation = 30 m/min. Feed for turning and boring operation = 0.2 mm/rev. Feed
for 20 mm drill = 0.23 mm/rev. Depth of cut not to be exceed 3mm in any
operation.

Solution:
Step 1: Turning from 40mm ø to 35mm ø,
Sturn = 20 m/min; L = l 75 mm
Depth of cut = 3 mm
D = 40 mm; f = 0.2 mm/rev
𝐷−𝑑
Number of cuts = 2×𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
=
40−35
= = 0.833 say 1.
2×3
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
∴ Time for turning, T1 = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚
=
75
= = 2.36 min.
0.2 ×159.15
Step 2: Drilling a 20 mm ø hole.
L = 75 mm; Sdril = 30 m/min; f = 0.23 mm/rev.
1000𝑆 1000×30
N2 = = 𝜋×20 = 477.46 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷
75
∴ Time for drilling, T2 = 0.23×477.46 = 0.683

Step 3: Undercutting (Boring) from 20 mm ø hole to 25 mm ø hole

L = 45 mm; Sboring = 20 m/min; fboring = 0.2 mm/rev.

1000𝑆 1000×20
N3 = = = 318.31 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×20

45
∴ Time for boring, T3 = 0.2×318.31 = 0.707 min

Step 4: Undercutting (boring) from 25 mm ø hole to 30 mm ø hole.

L = 25 mm; Sboring = 20 m/min;
fboring = 0.2 mm/rev.

1000𝑆 1000×20
N4 = = = 254.65 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×25

25
∴ Time for boring, T4 = 0.2×254.65 = 0.491 min

∴ Total Machining Time = T1 + T2 + T3 +T4 = 2.36 + 0.683 + 0.707 + 0.491 = 4.241 min

ESTIMATION OF DRILLING TIME ON DRILLING MACHINE

Drilling is the process of making holes in workpiece by means of a revolving tool

called drill.
The various types of drilling machines are:
(1) Portable drilling machine
(2) Sensitive drilling machine,
(a) Bench mounting
(b) Floor mounting
(3) Upright drilling machine,
(a) Round column section
(b) Box column section machine
(4) Radial drilling machine,
(a) Plain
(b) Semi-universal
(c) Universal
(5) Gang drilling machine
(6) Multiple spindle drilling machine
(7) Automatic drilling machine
(8) Deep hole drilling machine (a) Vertical (b) Horizontal
OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON DRILLING MACHINE
1. Drilling
2. Reaming
3. Boring
4. Counter boring
5. Countersinking
6. Spot facing (Surface removal)
7. Tapping 8. Lapping (sizing and finishing operation)

The machining time for drilling operation is calculated as follows:

𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝑳
Time, T = 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒗. ×𝒓.𝒑.𝒎 = 𝒇 ×𝑵
L = Length of drill travel
= Length of hole + Allowance
f = Feed per revolution
N = r.p.m. of drill
Allowance = 0.3 d for 118° drill point angle
Where, d = Dia of drill in mm.
If S = Surface cutting speed of drill in meters/min
N = r.p.m. of the drill
d = dia of the drill
𝝅𝑫𝑵
S = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
1000𝑆
∴N= 𝜋𝐷
Example 5 : Estimate the time taken to drill a 25 mm dia × 10 cm deep hole in a
casting. First a 10 mm dia drill is used and then the hole is enlarged by a 25 mm dia
drill. Assume: Cutting speed = 15 m/min. Feed for ø 10 mm drill = 0.22 mm/rev.
Feed for ø 25 mm drill = 0.35 mm/rev.

Solution:
Step(i) To calculate the time to drill ø 10 mm hole & 10 cm deep
S = 15 m/min.; f = 0.22 mm/rev.;
Dia of drill D = 10 mm; Length of cut = 10 cm = 100 mm

1000𝑆 1000×15
∴ N1 = =
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×10
= 478 r.p.m

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 100

Time, T1 = =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 0.5 ×478
= 0.95 min
Step (ii) To calculate time for enlarging 10 mm dia hole to 25 mm dia hole
Dia of drill = 25 mm
f = 0.35 mm/rev.
1000𝑆 1000×15
∴ N2 = 𝜋𝐷 = 𝜋×25
= 190 r.p.m

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 100

Time, T2 = =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 0.35 ×190
= 1.5 min

Total time to drill the hole = T1 + T2 = 0.95 + 1.5 = 2.45 min

Example 6 : Calculate the

machining time to drill four 8 mm
dia holes and one 40 mm dia
central hole in the flange shown in
Fig. 20 mm dia hole is drilled first
and then enlarged to 40 mm ø
hole. Take cutting speed 10 m/min,
feed for 8 mm drill 0.1 mm/rev, for
20 mm drill feed is 0.2 mm/rev.
and for 40 mm ø drill feed is 0.4
mm/rev.
Solution :
(i) Time to drill four 8 mm dia holes
S = 10 m/min.
Dia of drill D = 8 mm.
L = 10 mm
f = 0.1 mm/rev.
1000𝑆 1000×10
∴ N1 = = = 398 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×8

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 10
Time, T1 = = = 0.25 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 0.1 ×398

Time to drill 4 holes = 0.25 × 4 = 1 minute.

(ii) Time to drill one hole of 40 mm diameter:

This hole is made in two steps:
(a) Drill 20 mm ø hole & 30 mm long

1000𝑆 1000×10
∴ N2 = = = 159 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×20

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 30
Time, T2 = = = 0.95 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 0.2 ×159

(b) Enlarge 20 mm ø hole with 40 mm ø drill

1000𝑆 1000×10
∴ N3 = = = 80 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×40
Here, f = 0.4 mm/rev
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 30
Time, T3 = = = 0.94 min
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 0.4 ×80
Total time taken to drill all the holes = 1.0 + 0.95 + 0.94 = 2.9 min.

Example 7 : Calculate the time required to tap a hole with 25 mm dia tap to a
length of 30 mm having 3 threads per cm. The cutting speed is 10 m/min. For return
stroke the speed is 2 times the cutting speed.
Solution :
L = 30 mm D = 25 mm S = 10 m/min
No. of threads per cm =3
1 10
Pitch of thread = Feed/rev. = 3 cm = 3 mm

1000𝑆 1000×10
∴N = = = 127 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×25
𝑫
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒆+ 30+12.5 42.5 ×3
𝟐
Time taken for tapping = 𝒇𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒗. ×𝒓.𝒑.𝒎
= 10 = 127 ×10 = 0.1 min
127 ×
3
𝟏
Return time = × 0.1 = 0.05 min
𝟐
Total time for tapping (3 passes) = 0.15 × 3 = 0.45 min.
5.5 MACHINING TIME CALCULATION FOR SHAPER, PLANER AND SLOTTER
5.5.1 Shaper Machine:
Shaper is a reciprocating type of machine tool in which the ram moves the cutting tool
backwards and forwards in a straight line.
A shaper is used to generate flat (plane) surfaces by means of a single point cutting tool
similar to a lathe tool.
5.5.2 TYPES OF SHAPERS
Shapers are classified under the following headings:
(1) According to the type of mechanism used for giving reciprocating motion to the ram
(a) Crank type
(b) Geared type
(c) Hydraulic type
(2) According to the type of design of the table:
(a) Standard shaper
(b) Universal shaper
(3) According to the position and travel of ram:
(a) Horizontal type
(b) Vertical type
(c) Traveling head type
(4) According to the type of cutting stroke:
(a) Push type
(b) Draw type.
5.5.3 Crank Shaper
This is the most common type of shaper. It employs a crank mechanism to change
circular motion to reciprocating motion of the ram.
The bull gear receives power either from an individual motor or from an overhead
line shaft if it is a belt-driven shaper.
5.5.4 Geared Shaper
Geared shaper uses rack and pinion arrangement to obtain reciprocating motion of
the ram. Presently this type of shaper is not very widely used.
5.5.5 Hydraulic Shaper
In hydraulic shaper, reciprocating motion of the ram is obtained by hydraulic power.
For generation of hydraulic power, oil under high pressure is pumped into the
operating cylinder fitted with piston. The piston end is connected to the ram through
piston rod. The high pressure oil causes the piston to reciprocate and this
reciprocating motion is transferred to the ram of shaper.
The important advantage of this type of shaper is that the cutting speed and force
of the ram drive are constant from the very beginning to the end of the cut.
5.5.6 Standard Shaper
In standard shaper, the table has only two movements, horizontal and vertical, to
give the feed.
5.5.7 Universal Shaper
A universal shaper is mostly used in tool room work. In this type of shaper, in
addition to the horizontal and vertical movements, the table can be swiveled
about an axis parallel to the ram ways.
5.5.8 Horizontal Shaper
In this type of shaper, the ram holding the tool reciprocates in a horizontal axis.
5.5.9 Vertical Shaper
In vertical shaper, the ram reciprocates in a vertical axis. These shapers are mainly
used for machining keyways, slots or grooves, and internal surfaces.
5.5.10 Travelling Head Shaper
In this type of shaper, the ram while it reciprocates, also moves crosswise to give
the required feed.
5.5.11 Push Type Shaper
This is the most general type of shaper used in common practice, in which the metal
is removed when the ram moves away from the column, i.e. pushes the work.
5.5.12 Draw Type Shaper
In this type of shaper, the cutting of metal takes place when the ram moves towards
the column of the machine, i.e. draws the work towards the machine. The tool is set
in a reversed direction to that of a standard shaper.
CRANK AND SLOTTED LINK MECHANISM
In crank and slotted link mechanism (Fig. 23.6), the pinion receives its motion from
an individual motor or overhead line shaft and transmits the motion or power to the
bull gear. Bull gear is a large gear mounted within the column. Speed of the bull
gear may be changed by different combination of gearing or by simply shifting the
belt on the step cone pulley. A radial slide is bolted to the centre of the bull gear.
This radial slide carries a sliding block into which the crank pin is fitted. Rotation of
the bull gear will cause the bush pin to revolve at a uniform speed. Sliding block,
which is mounted upon the crank pin is fitted within the slotted link. This slotted link
is also known as the rocker arm. It is pivoted at its bottom end attached to the
frame of the column. The upper end of the rocker arm is forked and connected to
the ram block by a pin. With the rotation of bull gear, crank pin will rotate on the
crank pin circle, and simultaneously move up and down the slot in the slotted link
giving it a rocking movement, which is communicated to the ram. Thus the rotary
motion of the bull gear is converted to reciprocating motion of the ram.
 SURFACES PRODUCED ON SHAPER
1. Horizontal plain surface
2. Vertical plain surface
3. Inclined surface
4. Grooved surface
5. Slotted surface
6. Stepped surface

PLANER
Like a shaper, planer is
used primarily to produce
horizontal, vertical or
inclined flat surfaces by a
single point cutting tool.
But it is used for
machining large and
heavy workpieces that
cannot be accommodated
on the table of a shaper.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHAPER AND PLANER

S.No SHAPER PLANER
.
1 The work is held stationary In a planer, the tool is stationary and the workpiece
and the cutting tool on the travels back and forth under the tool.
ram is moved back and
forth across the work
2 It is used for shaping much A planer is meant for much larger jobs than can be
smaller jobs undertaken on a shaper. Jobs as large as 6 meter wide and
twice as long can be machined on a planer
3 A shaper is a light machine It is a heavy duty machine.

4 Shaper can employ light Planer can employ heavier cuts and coarse feed,
cuts and finer feed
5 A shaper uses one cutting Several tools can cut simultaneously on a planer
tool at a time
6 The shaper is driven using The drive on the planer table is either by gears or by
quick- return link hydraulic means
mechanism
7 It is less rigid and less Because of better rigidity of planer, as compared to that of
robust a shaper, planer can give more accuracy on machined
surfaces.
SLOTTER

The slotter or slotting machine is also a reciprocating type of machine tool similar
to a shaper or a planer.

It may be considered as a vertical shaper.

The chief difference between a shaper and a slotter is the direction of the
cutting action.

ESTIMATION OF TIME FOR SHAPING, PLANING AND SLOTTING

In all the above operations the relative motion between the tool and the work-
piece is reciprocating. The cutting action takes place only in the forward
stroke and the return stroke is idle.
So the return stroke should be completed in minimum time.
𝐿
Effective cutting speed = × N m/min
1000
where L = Length of forward stroke in mm (including clearance on both sides)
L = a+l+a a = Tool clearance
l = Length of the job
N = No. of forward strokes/minute
The ratio of return stroke time to cutting time is K or m
Time for return stroke
If K or m = Time forward stroke
.

Then cutting speed is given by

𝐿(1+𝐾)
Cutting Speed; S = × N m/min
1000
𝐿
Now time taken by cutting stroke =
𝑆 ×1000
𝐿
Now time taken by return stroke = ×K
𝑆 ×1000

The total time for one cut (one cutting stroke and one return stroke)
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿×(1+𝐾)
T= + ×K=
𝑆 ×1000 𝑆 ×1000 𝑆 ×1000
Now if W = Width of job in mm,

W = b+w+b
b = Tool clearance in width direction
w = width of the job
f = feed per stroke
W
Then number of strokes required to complete one pass on full width =
f
𝐿×(1+𝐾) W
Total time for completing one cut = ×
𝑆 ×1000 f
If it is not possible to cut the material in one pass, more than one pass may be
required
If P = No. of passes required
𝐿×(1+𝐾) W 𝐿×𝑊×(1+𝐾)
Total time for completing job = × ×P = ×P
𝑆 ×1000 f 𝑆 ×𝑓×1000
.

Example 8 : Find the time required on a shaper to machine a plate 600 mm ×

1,200 mm, if the cutting speed is 15 meters/min. The ratio of return stroke time to
cutting time is 2 : 3. The clearance at each end is 25 mm along the length and 15
mm on width. Two cuts are required, one roughing cut with cross feed of 2 mm per
stroke and one finishing cut with feed of 1 mm per stroke.
Solution :
S = 15 m/minute
Length of stroke = L = Length of plate + clearance on both sides
= 1200 + 2 × 25 = 1,250 mm.
Cross travel of table = W = Width of job + clearance
= 600 + 2 × 15 = 630 mm.
2
K or m = = 0.67
3
Cross feed for rough cut = 2 mm/stroke
Cross feed for finish cut = 1 mm/stroke
𝐿×(1+𝐾)
Time for one complete stroke =
𝑆 ×1000
1250 × (1+0.67)
= = 0.14 min
15 ×1000
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 630
No. of strokes for roughing cut = = = 315
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑/𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 (𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔) 2
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 630
No. of strokes for finishing cut = = = 630
𝐹𝑒𝑒𝑑/𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 (𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔) 1
Total no. complete strokes required = 630 + 315 = 945
Total machining time = 945 × 0.14 = 132 min.
Example 9 : Estimate the machining time required on the shaper to complete one
cut on a block 900 × 600 mm, if the cutting speed is 6 m per min. The return time
to cutting time ratio is 1:4 and the feed is 2mm per stroke. The clearance at each
end is 75 mm and neglect widthwise allowance.

Solution :
Given Data:
l = 900 mm w = 600 mm S = 6 m/min
K or m = ¼ = 0.25 f = 2 mm/stroke a = 75 mm

𝐿×(1+𝐾) W
Total machining time = × ×P
𝑆 ×1000 f
Where, P =1
L = a+l + a = 75 + 900 + 75 = 1050 mm
W = b+w+b = 0+600+0 = 600

1050×(1+0.25) 600
Total machining time = × ×1 = 65.625 min
6 ×1000 2

Example 10: Estimate the machining time required for planning to complete one
cut on a block 500 × 900 mm, if the cutting speed is 6 m per min. The return time
to cutting time ratio is 1:3 and the feed is 2mm per stroke. The clearance at each
end is 70 mm and neglect widthwise allowance may be taken as 25 mm.
Solution :
Given Data:
l = 500 mm w = 900 mm S = 6 m/min
K or m = 3 = 0.33 f = 2 mm/stroke a= 70 mm
b = 25 mm

𝐿×(1+𝐾) W
Total machining time = × ×P
𝑆 ×1000 f
Where, P =1
L = a+l + a = 70 + 500 + 70 = 640 mm
W = b+w+b = 25+900+25 = 950 mm

640×(1+0.33) 950
Total machining time = × ×1 = 68.387 min
6 ×1000 2

Example 11: Estimate the machining time for a material 1.30 m long and 0.5 m
wide which is machined in a planer having cutting speed of 10 m/min and return
stroke to cutting stroke is 0.33. Two cuts are required. One cut is roughing with a
depth of 3.125 mm and feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev and other is finishing with a depth
of 0.125 mm and feed of 0.125 mm/rev. Assume suitable clearances.
Solution :
Given Data:
l = 1.3 m = 1300 mm w = 0.5 mm = 500 mm S = 10 m/min
K or m = 0.33
frough = 0.1 mm/rev ffinish = 0.125 mm/rev drough = 3.125 mm/rev
dfinish = 3.125 mm/rev

Assume, a = 25 mm b = 15 mm
𝐿×(1+𝐾) W
Total machining time = × ×P
𝑆 ×1000 f
Where, P =2
L = a+ l + a = 25 + 1300 + 25 = 1350 mm
W = b+w+b = 15+500+15 = 530 mm

1350×(1+0.33) 530
Machining time for Roughing T1 = × = 951.615 min
10 ×1000 0.1

1350×(1+0.33) 530
Machining time for roughing T1 = × = 951.615 min
10 ×1000 0.1

1350×(1+0.33) 530
Machining time for finishing T2 = × = 761.292 min
10 ×1000 0.125
Total machining time = T1 + T2 = 951.615 + 761.292 = 1712.907 min.

ESTIMATION OF MILLING TIME

Milling machine is a very versatile machine. The milling machine employs a
multipoint tool, called milling cutter, for machining. The various operations done on
a milling machine include facing, forming or profile machining, slotting, key way
cutting, etc.
In milling machine, the formula to calculate machining time is :

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝐿
Time = =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. × 𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 𝑓 ×𝑁

1000 ×𝑆
Where, r.p.m (N) = , D is the diameter of cutter
𝜋×𝐷

In case of milling cutters :

Feed per revolution = Feed per tooth × number of teeth on cutter
Average cutting speeds and feeds per tooth for various materials are given in
Table.
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡 (𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙)
Time taken per cut =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣.×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟

Total table travel = Length of job + added table travel

The added table travel = Cutter approach + over travel
 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑏 + 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙
Time taken/cut =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. × 𝑟.𝑝.𝑚

The added table travel will depend upon the type of milling operation.
(i) For face milling : In a face milling operation, refer Fig. 5.19, when the milling
cutter has traversed the length of face, some portion of the face is yet to be milled
as shown by shaded area.
In order to complete milling an additional distance must be travelled by the table,
which is given by:

1
Added table travel = 2 × 𝐷 − 𝐷2 − 𝑊 2
Where D = cutter dia
W = Width of work piece
𝐷
If D = W, then approach = 2
𝐷
If D > W, then approach = 2
but we will have to take more than one transverse cut to complete one cut on the
face width

(ii) For slab or spot milling :

Added table travel = 𝐷𝑑 − 𝑑2
where D = Dia of cutter
d = Depth of cut.
𝐷
This formula is valid when depth of cut is less than radius of cutter i.e., d < . If
2
𝐷
d= 2
the added table travel is equal to radius of cutter.
Milling Problem:
Example 12: A T-slot is to be cut in a C.I. slab as shown in Fig. Estimate the
machining time. Take cutting speed 25 m/min, feed is 0.25 mm/rev. Dia of cutter
for channel milling is 80 mm.

Solution : The T-slot will be cut in two steps :

Step I : Cut a 20 mm wide and 35 mm deep channel along the length
Dia of cutter = 80 mm
Cutting speed = 25 m/min
Length of job = 260 mm
1000 ×𝑆 1000 ×25
r.p.m. of cutter = = = 100 r.p.m
𝜋×𝐷 𝜋×80
Over table travel = 𝐷𝑑 − 𝑑 2
= 80 × 30 − 352 = 40 mm
Total tool travel = 260 + 40 = 300 mm
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time for cutting slot =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛
300
= = 12 min
0.25×100
Step II : Cut T-slot of dimensions 60 × 20 with a T-slot cutter

Here, dia of cutter = 60 mm

1000 ×25
r.p.m. of cutter = = 133 rpm
𝜋×60

1
In this case the over travel of tool =
2
Dia of cutter,
Since, dia of cutter = width of slot
60
Over travel = = 30 mm
2
Total tool/Table travel = 260 + 30 = 290 mm
290
Time taken = = 8.7 min
0.25×133
Total time to cut T-slot = 12 + 8.7 = 20.7 minutes.
ESTIMATION OF TIME FOR GRINDING
Grinding is the process of machining in which material is removed by means of
multipoint cutting tool called grinding wheel. Mostly grinding is a finishing
operation and the volume of material removed is very small.
The time for grinding operation can be calculated as below:
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
Time = 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣.×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚

(i) In case of surface grinding the workpiece reciprocates under the rotating wheel.
The time required is calculated as follows :
𝐿 ×𝑏
Time = × No. of pass
𝑆×1000 𝑓

where l = length of work piece to be ground, mm.

b = width of work piece, mm.
S = velocity of table in meters/min.
f = Feed mm/stroke.
L = length of workpiece + allowances

(ii) In case of cylindrical grinding the revolving grinding wheel moves along the axis
of the work and removes the metal to the required depth of cut.
If S = Surface speed of work in meters/min.
D = dia of work piece in mm.
N = r.p.m. of work piece.
1000 ×𝑆
N= 𝜋×𝐷

Length of cut = L – W + 5 mm.

Where, L = length of work piece to be machined.
W = width of grinding wheel.
5 mm = approach length.
The longitudinal feed of the grinding wheel is taken as:

𝑊
= for rough grinding (per revolution)
2

𝑊
= for finish grinding (per revolution)
4
𝐿−𝑊+5
Time = 𝑊 𝑊
𝑜𝑟 ×𝑁
2 4

The grinding process requires more than one pass for finishing a component.
If d = depth of stock to be removed
t = depth/cut
𝑑
No. of passes = 𝑡

𝐿−𝑊+5 𝑑
Total time required = 𝑊 𝑊 ×𝑡
𝑜𝑟 ×𝑁
2 4

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑡
= × No. of pass.
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣.×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒

Grinding Problem:
Example 12 : Mild steel shaft 30 cm long is to be rough ground from 43.3 mm dia
to 43 mm dia using a grinding wheel of 40 mm face width. Calculate the time
required to grind the job assuming work speed of 12 m/min and depth of cut 0.02
mm per pass.

Solution :
L = 300 mm W = 40 mm D = 43.3 mm Work surface speed = S = 12 m/min.

1000𝑆 1000×12
N= = = 89 r.p.m
𝜋𝐷 𝜋×43.3

Depth of material to be removed d = 43.3 – 43.0 = 0.3 mm.

Depth of cut ‘t’ = 0.02 mm per pass
0.3
No. of passes required = = 7.5 = 8 (says)
0.02×2

𝑊 40
Now longitudinal feed for roughing = = = 20 mm per rev.
2 2

𝐿−𝑊 +5
Time taken for one cut =
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣. ×𝑟.𝑝.𝑚
300−40 +5
= = 0.15 min
20 × 89

Time taken for 8 cuts = 8 × 0.15 = 1.20 minutes.

 10.ASSIGNMENT
UNIT V– MACHINING TIME ESTIMATION

K
S. No. Topics/Problems CO
Level
Calculate the machining time required to produce
one piece of the component shown in Fig. given
below starting from f 25 mm bar. The following
1. data is available. For turning: Cutting speed = 40 CO5 K2
m/min. Feed = 0.4 mm/rev. Depth of cut = 2.5
mm/per pass. For thread cutting:
Cutting speed = 8 m/min.

Find the time required on a shaper to machine a

plate 600 mm × 1,200 mm, if the cutting speed is
15 meters/min. The ratio of return stroke time to
cutting time is 2 : 3. The clearance at each end is CO5
2. K3
25 mm along the length and 15 mm on width. Two
cuts are required, one roughing cut with cross feed
of 2 mm per stroke and one finishing cut with feed
of 1 mm per stroke.

Calculate the machining time to drill four 8 mm dia

holes and one 40 mm dia central hole in the flange
shown in Fig. 20 mm dia hole is drilled first and
3. then enlarged to 40 mm f hole. Take cutting speed CO5 K3
10 m/min, feed for 8 mm drill 0.1 mm/rev, for 20
mm drill feed is 0.2 mm/rev. and for 40 mm f drill
feed is 0.4 mm/rev.

A keyway has to be cut in spindle whose

dimensions are 40 cm long 4 cm diameter with a 1
cm width. The cutter diameter is 10 cm. If the
4. CO5 K3
cutter is revolving at 120 rpm, what time will be
required to cut one cm deep keyway at a feed of
0.05 cm/rev of cutter?

Estimate the time required for tapping a hole with

2 cm dia tap (3 mm pitch) to a depth of 5 cm, in
5. M.S. The return speed of the tap is to be 3 times CO5 K3
the cutting speed which is to be 10 meters per
minute.
 10.ASSIGNMENT

K
S. No. Topics/Problems CO
Level
Find the time required to drill 4 holes in a cast iron
flange each of 2 cm depth, if the hole diameter is 2
6. CO5 K3
cm. Assume cutting speed as 21.9 m/min. and feed
as 0.02.
Find the time required to manufacture the part,
shown in Fig. from a given round bar of 80mm dia.
And 120mm length. Assume the following data:
Cutting speed 75 meters per minute. Hand feed by
compound rest = 0.05mm per revolution.
Depth of cut should not exceed 4 mm.
7. CO5 K3

Calculate the drilling and tapping time for producing

threads in a M.S. sheet of 25 mm, thickness. The size
of H.S.S. drill to be used is 20 mm, and the number
of threads to be cut as 3 per cm. Take cutting speed
8. CO5 K3
and feed for drill as 20 m/min, and 0.25
mm/revolution respectively, tapping speed = 5m/min.
Neglect the time taken for setting up and
approaching and over travelling of tools.
Calculate the time required to face both ends of a rod
of diameter 6 cm in one cut. Take speed of rotation
9. CO5 K3
of the job as 200 r.p.m. and cross-feed as 0.2 mm
per revolution.
Estimate the planning time for a casting 1.25 meter
long and 0.5 meter wide which is machined on a
planer having cutting speed of 12 meter per minute
10. and a return speed of 30 meters per minute. Two CO5 K3
cuts are required: one roughing and other finishing
with a depth of 0.125 mm, and using a feed of 0.125
mm.
 11. PART – A QUESTIONS & ANSWER : UNIT-V

K
S. No. Questions & Answer CO
Level
Write steps involved in cutting time
calculation
Step 1: Calculation of length of cut (L)
Step 2: Calculation of feed (f) and depth of cut
1. Step 3: Calculation of speed (S); [rpm (N) CO5 K2
= 1000 [S/ D]
Step 4: Calculation of machining time by using the
𝐿
formula (T = )
𝑓 ×𝑁

Write short notes on tear down time.

It is the time taken to remove the tools, jigs and
fixtures from the machine and to clean the
machine and tools after the operation has been CO5
2. done on the last component of batch. The tear K2
down time is usually small. The tear down time
occurs only once for a complete lot or batch taken
for machining. Standard data are available
for tear down time for various machines.
What are the typical data required for cutting
time calculation in shaping
Shaping time Tm = [{L x B x (1+ k)} / (1000 v f )]
x number of cuts
3. B = width of the work CO5 K2
N = Number of stroke/min
f = Feed/stroke in mm
V = Cutting speed m/min
K = Return time/Cutting time
What is machining time?
It is the time for which the machine works on the
component, i.e. from the time when the tool
touches the work piece to when the tool leaves the CO5
4. component after completion of operation. The K2
machining time depends on the type and extent of
machining required, material being machined,
speed, feed, depth of cut and number of cuts
required.
 PART – A QUESTIONS & ANSWER : UNIT-V

K
S. No. Questions & Answer CO
Level
Give the formula for estimation of machining
time for drilling.
5. Time for drilling = CO5 K2
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝐿
=
𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑣.× 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑓 ×𝑁

Define cutting speed. List various factors

affecting cutting speed.
Cutting speed is the speed at which the cutting
edge of tool passes over the job and it is usually
expressed in meters per minute. The cutting speed
depends on the cutting tool material, the work
piece material and the operation. Once the cutting
6. CO5 K2
speed has been selected, the revolutions per
minute of job/machine are calculated as follows:
S = DN/1000 or N = 1000 S/ D
Where S = Surface cutting speed in meters per
minute
D = Diameter of the job in mm
N = r.p.m. of machine/job.
Derive an expression for machining time in
planning machining.
Planing time Tm = [(L + 250) (B + 50) (1+ k)] /
(1000 v f )
7. CO5 K3
B = width of the work
N = Number of stroke/minf = Feed/stroke in mm
V = Cutting speed m/min
K = Return time/Cutting time
What are the different types of milling
operation?
Face milling
8. Slab milling CO5 K2
Profile milling
Keyway cutting
Slotting
 PART – A QUESTIONS & ANSWER : UNIT-V

K
S. No. Questions & Answer CO
Level
Derive an expression for machining time for
plain turning in lathe.
Turning, on a lathe, is the removal of excess
material form the workpiece by means of a pointed
tool, to produce a cylindrical or cone shaped
surface. From cutting speed, r.p.m. of job are
calculated by using the formula.
1000𝑆
N=
9. 𝜋𝐷 CO5 K3
where N = r.p.m. of job
S = Surface cutting speed in meters/minute
D = Diameter of the stock to be turned (in mm)
if f = Feed per revolution (in mm)
L = Length of stock to be turned (in mm)
T = Time required for turning (in minutes)
𝐿
Then T=
𝑓 ×𝑁
Define tool approach and Tool travel.
Length of cut : It is the distance travelled by the
tool to machine the workpiece and is calculated as
follows :
Length of cut (L) = Approach length + Length of
work piece to be machined +Over travel

Approach is the distance a tool travels, from the

time it touches the work piece until it is cutting to
full depth. Over travel is the distance the tool is fed
while it is not cutting. It is the distance over which
10. the tool idles before it enters and after it leaves CO5 K2
the cut. These terms are explained in the Fig. for a
cutting operation on lathe.
 12. PART – B QUESTIONS : UNIT-V

K
S. No. Questions CO
Level
Compute the machining time of a centrifugal pump
shaft shown in fig .The bar stock diameter is 75
mm and finished dimensions are shown in sketch
and all are in mm. Assume cutting speed as 350
rpm for a depth of cut 2 mm and feed/ revolution
as 0.2 mm.
1. CO5 K3

Explain the estimation of machining time for

2. CO5 K2
various lathe operations.

Compute the time to turn the external relief shown

in the fig. The material is mild steel, cutting speed
in 60m/min and the feed is 0.2 min / rev .

3. CO5 K3

A 100 mm thick laminated plate used in pressure

vessels consists of 80 mm thick steel plate cladded
with titanium plate of thickness 20 mm. A 10 mm
diameter hole is to be drilled through this
composite plate. Compute the time taken for
4. CO5 K3
drilling this hole if, cutting speed of steel and
titanium are 25 mm/min and 10 mm/min
respectively. Also the feed of drill for steel and
titanium are 0.255 mm/rev and 0.20 mm/rev
respectively.
 PART – B QUESTIONS : UNIT-V

K
S. No. Questions CO
Level
Compute the time required to manufacture the
tapered cylindrical job of dimensions : minor
diameter 30mm , major diameter 80 mm and
length 120 mm from a given round bar of 80 mm
5. CO5 K3
diameter and 120 mm length .
Assume cutting speed = 75 m/min
Maximum feed by compound rest =0.05 mm/rev
Depth of cut should not exceed 4 mm
A mild steel bar 120 mm long and 40 mm in
diameter is turned to 38 mm diameter and was
again turned to a diameter of 35 mm over a length
of 50 mm as shown in fig . The bar was chamfered
at both the ends to give a chamfer of 45o x 4 mm
after facing. Compute the machining time . Assume
cutting speed of 50m/min and feed 0.3 mm/rev.
The depth of cut is not to exceed 3 mm in any
6. operation. CO5 K3

i) Compute the time required to shape a block 400

mm x 150 mm on a shaper working with a cutting
speed of 12 m/min and cross feed of 0.85
mm/stroke. Ratio of return stroke to cutting stroke
speed is 3 :2.Take allowances as 25 mm on each
side on length and 5 mm on each side on width.

7. ii) Compute the time required on a shaper to CO5 K3

machine a plate 1100x 500 mm, if the cutting
speed is 16m/min. The ratio of return stroke to
cutting time is 2:3 . The clearance at each end is
20 mm along the length and 15 mm on width. Two
cuts are required, one roughing cut with cross
feed of 2 mm per stroke and one finishing cut
with feed of 1.25 mm per stroke.
 PART – B QUESTIONS : UNIT-V

K
S. No. Questions CO
Level
i) A cast iron block of size 20 cm x 7.5 cm is
required to be shaped to reduce the thickness from
2 cm to 1.8 cm in one cut. Compute the time
required for shaping if cutting speed is 20 m/min
and feed is 0.2 mm per stroke and the cutting time
ratio is 3/5
8. CO5 K3
ii) Compute the time required to rough grind a
steel shaft of 3.75 cm diameter to 3.7 cm diameter
size using a grinding wheel of 5 cm face and
assuming a cutting speed of 12 metre / minute and
depth of cut 0.0025 cm. Length of shaft to be
ground is 25 cm.

Compute the grinding time to finish a shaft from

38.5 mm to 30 mm diameter . Length of the shaft
is 300 mm. Assume the following data :
Width of the grinding wheel= 50 mm
9. Depth of cut in roughening operation= 0.785 mm CO5 K3
Depth of cut in finishing operation= 0.05 mm
Cutting speed = 12m/min
Assume 1 mm on diameter to be finished ground
and remaining rough ground.

Compute the planning time for a casting 1.25 m

long and 0.5 m wide which is machined on a planer
having cutting speed of 12 m/min and a return
10. speed of 30m/min. Two cuts are required.: One CO5 K3
roughing with a depth of 3.125 mm and a feed of
0.1 mm/rev and other finishing with a depth of
0.125 mm and using a speed of 0.125 mm
 13. SUPPORTIVE ONLINE CERTIFICATION COURSES

S.No Course Name Agency Link

Fundamentals of https://www.classcentral.com/cour
1. Manufacturing EDX se/edx-fundamentals-of-
Processes manufacturing-processes-7224
Ministry of Micro,
CERTIFICATE
Small and https://nqr.gov.in/sites/default/file
COURSE IN
2. Medium s/13.%20CTTC%20KOLKATA%20C
MACHINE
Enterprises, New URRICULUM%20CCMO%2021.pdf
OPERATION
Delhi
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage
MANUFACTURING
3. NPTEL 2/courses/112105127/pdf/LM-
TECHNOLOGY II
25.pdf

https://youtu.be/VeS1Yxl7_sQ

https://youtu.be/_lo_Jygu8XI

Shaping and Planning in Tamil

https://youtu.be/naONNtXWdgM
14. REAL TIME APPLICATIONS IN DAY TODAY LIFE AND
TO INDUSTRY

Company: MECSOFT APPLICATION

•MecSoft Corporation is a developer of standalone CAM software, as well as
integrated CAD/CAM software solutions for both the subtractive (CNC machining)
and additive (3D printing) manufacturing industries.
Optimize Machining Time Estimates!
•In any MecSoft CAM product you can get an Information report about a selected
tool-path operation, a Setup or all operations in the Machining Job. This report
contains some very useful information that includes the Tool #s used, the Cut
Feed, the # of GOTO motions and most importantly, the estimated Machining
Time.
How Machining Time is Computed
Machining time is computed by taking into account the following:
The total travel distance of the tool
The different feed rates used during the tool motions.
For the sake of illustration, consider a simplistic scenario where only one feed rate
is programmed for the entire tool-path. In such a case the machining time is
computed by the following formula:
Machining Time = Total tool travel distance / Feed rate
If the programmed tool-path contained motions with varied feed rates, as all
programs will, then this has to be taken into account when computing the
machining time. It is easy to see how the above mentioned formula can be
extended to account for differing feed rates.

Link: https://mecsoft.com/blog/optimize-machining-time-estimates/
 15. ASSESSMENT SCHEDULE

S. No. Name of the Assessment Proposed Date Actual Date

1. Unit Test – I 23.08.2022

2. Unit Test – II 07.10.2022

First Internal Assessment

3. 19.09.2022
Test (FIAT) (Unit-I & Unit- II)

Second Assessment Test

4. 04.11.2022
(SIAT)

5. Model Examination 05.12.2022

 16. PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Peter Scalon, “Process planning, Design/Manufacture Interface”, Elsevier
science technology Books, Dec 2018

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Ostwalal P.F. and Munez J., “Manufacturing Processes and systems”, 9th
Edition, John Wiley, 2008.
2. Russell R.S and Taylor B.W, “Operations Management”, 7th Edition, John Wiley
& Sons, 2008.
3. Chitale A.V. and Gupta R.C., Product Design and Manufacturing, 6th Edition,
PHI, 2011.
4. Mikell P. Groover, “Automation, Production, Systems and Computer Integrated
Manufacturing”, Pearson Education, 4th Edition, 2016.
5. K.C. Jain & L.N. Aggarwal, “Production Planning Control and Industrial
Management”, Khanna Publishers, Eighth Edition, 1999.
6. G.B.S. Narang&V.Kumar, “Production and Costing” Khanna Publishers, 4th
Edition, 2014.
 17. MINI PROJECT SUGGESTIONS

1. Calculation of machining time for drilling the MS plate using various drill
pits

2. Estimation of machining time for milling the MS plate using various drill
pits

3. Identification of suitable process forming a flat surface for with surface

roughness of 1 micron accuracy with reduced machining time

4. Optimization of tool geometry for reducing the machining time in lathe

 Thank you

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