FRANCIS XAVIER ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUNELVELI

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

21EC3611 – ANALOG ELECTRONICS

LABORATORY

II Year B.E ECE / III Semester

2022 – 2023 / ODD SEMESTER

LAB MANUAL
Prepared By Verified By Approved By
Staff Incharge HOD/ECE Principal
 PREFACE

Learning is a process that requires class instructions and practice labs. If we omit any of
the above then the learning process is clearly flawed. This manual is an attempt to standalone
the lab instructions through the development of lab curriculum that is based on the class
curriculum. This manual is intended to be used by lab instructors, course instructors andstudents.

The intent of this curriculum is to define a clear lab structure that can be followed by the
lab instructor and the students. Perhaps one of the greatest problems faced by lab instructors is
that they are unable to keep the students occupied for the entire duration of the lab due to which
the learning process is greatly hampered.

The labs have been developed in such a way that there is synchronization between the
class and the lab. The manual has been divided into 23 lab sessions having duration of 3 hours
each. Students of the course are expected to carefully read the concept map before coming to the
lab. Students come to the lab with a design/program that will be handed over to the lab
instructor for further grading. The code/design is based on previous learning and experiments.
Each lab has a detailed walk through task which provides a problem statement and its
programmable solution to the students. The students can raise queries about the code provided
and the lab instructor will guide the students on how the solution has been designed.

Thereafter predefined practice questions have been presented such that each question has
a fix duration and grade. Students are graded upon their accomplishments in these practice tasks.
At the end of the lab, the lab instructor will assign an unseen task to the students. This unseen
task contains all the concepts taught in the lab. These unseen tasks have a higher level of
complexity and generally have a greater gain in terms of marks.

What sets these labs apart is the fact that a clear grading criterion has been defined for
each lab. Students are aware of the grading criteria and are expected to meet the requirementsfor
successful completion of each lab.

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 COLLEGE VISION AND MISSION

COLLEGE VISION
Our Vision is "To create innovative and vibrant
young leaders and entrepreneurs in Engineering and
Technology for building India as a super knowledge power
and blossom into a University of excellence recognized
globally".

COLLEGE MISSION

To provide education in Engineering with excellence

and ethics and to reach the unreached.

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 COLLEGE QUALITY POLICY

We aim at continuous pursuit for excellence through

 Quality education tapped from National and

International Resources

 Modular approach to channelize knowledge and

programmed evaluation of knowledge accumulated.

 Continuous reviewal and renewal of quality systems

leading to quality output.

 Producing Engineers with strong ethical and moral

background.

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION
The Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering was
established in Francis Xavier Engineering College in the year 2000, which
offers UG and PG courses. The mission of the Electronics and Communication
Engineering Department is to provide excellence through effective and
qualitative teaching- learning process, to enhance the problem solving and
lifelong learning skills that will enable by edifying the students and to create
students with effective communication skills, the abilities to lead a ethicalvalues
in order to fulfill the social needs. This is accomplished by commitment to the
highest possible standards of quality in the areas of teaching, research, counseling
and service.

The Department is committed to providing technical education in the field

of Electronics and Communication to future technocrats through systematic
teaching and hands on training with state of art implements. Students are provoked
to take interest and participate in their core area under the supervision of the
faculty members through Guest Lectures, Seminars, Paper Presentation,
Symposium, and Quiz contest etc., and Regular seminars are conducted in the
Department under the auspices of the student association.

This Department offers a programme that combines classroom and

laboratory learning in technical areas with liberal arts and cooperative work
assignments. This creates a practical programme balanced between foundation
studies in the physical and engineering sciences and applications in the real world
of work. Intensive laboratory assignments are given you significant experience
with the state-of-the-art facilities and design tools.

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 DEPARTMENT VISION AND MISSION

DEPARTMENT VISION

To develop Electronics and Communication Engineers by

permeating with proficient morals, to be recognized as an adroit
engineer worldwide and to strive endlessly for excellence to meet the
confronts of our modern society by equipping them with changing
technologies, professionalism, creativity research, employability,
analytical, practical skills and to excel as a successful entrepreneur.

DEPARTMENT MISSION

1. To provide excellence through effective and qualitative teaching-

learning process that equips the students with adequate knowledge and to
transform the students’ lives by nurturing the human values to serve as a
precious resource for Electronics and Communication Engineering and
nation.

2. To enhance the problem solving and lifelong learning skills that

will enable by edifying the students to pursue higher studies and career
in research.

3. To create students with effective communication skills, the

abilities to lead a ethical values in order to fulfill the social needs.

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 DEPARTMENT QUALITY POLICY

We aim at continuous pursuit for excellence through

 Identify and prioritize Quality education in Electronics

and Communication Engineering tapped from National

and International Resources

 Promote Modular approach to channelize knowledge and

sharing of best practices relative to quality management

in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

 Provide a focal point for an extended ECE quality

network comprised of end users and providers leading to

quality output.

 Producing Electronics and Communication Engineering

Engineers with strong ethical and moral background.

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 PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

S. PEOs Definition of PEOs

No.
To impart knowledge in basic sciences,
mathematics, technology, work ethics and character
I PEO 1 to excel in the professional career and make
innovative contributions to the society and toacquire
knowledge in electronics and
communication engineering.
To inculcate the solid reasoning, decision making
skills, humanism and service to the Electronics and
Communication Engineers, make them more
II PEO 2
responsible to face the challenges in the society and
to propose proper solutions that must be technically
strong and economically feasible.

To prepare graduates with problem solving ability

,excellent communication skills ,knowledge
enhancement through higher education and research
III PEO 3
and to work in team in order to establish their
profession , confidence and competitiveness to be
good leaders and entrepreneurs.

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 PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
S.No. Programme Outcomes
Engineering Knowledge: Apply knowledge of mathematics, science,
Pa engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization for
building engineering models.
Pb Problem Analysis: Identify and solve engineering problems reaching
conclusions using mathematics and engineering sciences.
Pc Design/Development of Solutions: Design and develop solutions for
engineering problems that meet specified needs.
Investigations of Complex Problems: Conduct investigations of
Pd complex problems including design of experiments and analysis to
provide valid solutions.
Modern Tool Usage: Create and apply appropriate techniques,
Pe resources, and modern engineering tools for executing engineering
activities.
The Engineer and Society: Apply reasoning of the societal, safety
Pf issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering
practice.
Environment and Sustainability: Understand the impact of
Pg engineering solutions in the environment and exhibit the knowledge for
sustainable development.
Ph Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics,
responsibilities and norms of engineering practice.
Individual and Team Work: Function effectively as an individual, and
Pi as a member or leader in diverse teams in multi-disciplinary settings.

Pj Communication: Communicate effectively to the engineering

community and the outside world and also to write effective reports.
Project Management and Finance: Understand engineering and
Pk management principles and apply them to handle projects in multi
disciplinary environments.
Life-Long Learning: Recognize the need for life-long learning and
Pl
apply in the context of technological change.

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 LABORATORY

INTRODUCTION

Circuits & Simulation Integrated laboratory exercises are designed with a

dual purpose:
(1) To provide the student with “hands-on” experience in the application of
electronic principles through the design, construction, implementation and
Simulation of several electronic circuits, and
2) To provide an atmosphere where the student will be required to communicate,
both in written and oral form, the experimental problem and results in a formal,
peer-reviewed form.
All basic Electronic devices and their characteristics, applications can be
studied. Using these devices electronic circuits can be constructed and can be
checked.

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 ABOUT THE LABORATORY

LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS

BC 107, BC 547, CL100- 25 each
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors - sufficient quantities Bread Boards - 15 Nos
CRO (30MHz) – 10 Nos.
Function Generators (3MHz) – 10 Nos.
Dual Regulated Power Supplies (0 – 30V) – 10 Nos.
PC with ORCAD PSPICE Software-5 Nos

Components and Accessories:

Transistors, Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, diodes, Zener Diodes, Bread Boards,

Transformers. SPICE Circuit Simulation Software: (any public domain or
commercial software)

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 OVERVIEW
RESISTOR
In electronic circuit applications, resistance is inserted to oppose the flow of current
and to produce the voltage drop. Resistors of different values and ratings are available
from 1 ohm to several M ohm. Power ratings may vary from ¼ watt to 5 wattor more.
INDUCTOR
When current flows through a wire that has been coiled, it generates a magnetic
field. The magnetic field reacts so as to oppose any change in the current. Inductance is
used to control the flow of current and keep them at Steady state. Inductance is measured
in Henrys.
CAPACITOR
Capacitors are used to store electric charge and the capacitance is measured in
Farads. Types of capacitors are named according to dielectric used. Most common
dielectrics are air, paper, mica, ceramic, and electrolytic.
BREAD BOARDS
Bread board is a plastic board with internal wirings connected horizontally and
vertically which facilitates making power supply and ground connections vertically and
horizontally.
DESCRIPTION
 Introduction to all electrical and electronic components with color coding and
specifications- 30min.
 To measure the corresponding values of various electrical and electronic
components
 Identifying the components based on its specifications
APPLICATIONS
Experiment deals with various devices which are mainly used for design and
construction of DC power supplies, regulated power supplies and other devices such as
CRO.

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 EVALUATION METHOD
For all practical courses, the continuous internal assessment will carry 50
marks while the End - Semester University examination will carry 50 marks. The
maximum marks for Internal Assessment shall be 50 in case of practical courses.
Every practical exercise / experiment shall be evaluated based on conduct of
experiment / exercise and records maintained. There shall be at least one test. The
criteria for arriving at the Internal Assessment marks of 50 are as follows: 75 marks
shall be awarded for successful completion of all the prescribed experiments done
in the Laboratory and 25 marks for the test. The total mark shall be reduced to 50
and rounded to the nearest integer.
UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
Internal assessment - 50 marks
Practical assessment - 50 marks

Total - 100 marks

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (50 marks)

Staff should maintain the assessment Register and the Head of the Department
should monitor it.
SPLIT UP OF INTERNAL MARKS
Record/Obeservation Note - 75 marks
Model Exam - 25 marks

Total - 50 marks

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The exam will be conducted for 100 marks. Then the marks will be calculated to
80 marks.
SPLIT UP OF UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION MARKS
Aim and Algorithm - 20 marks
Program - 40 marks
Output - 30 marks
Viva-voce - 10 marks

Total - 100 marks

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 IMPORTANCE
This manual teaches the fundamentals significance of the Circuits and
Simulation Integrated Lab is renowned in the various fields of engineering
applications. For an Electronics Engineer, it is obligatory to have the practical ideas
about the Circuits and Simulation Integrated Laboratory. By this perspective we
have introduced a Laboratory manual cum Observation for Circuits and Simulation
Integrated Laboratory.
The work in this laboratory will stress and agreement between theory and
measurement. It is very important that the student have a clear idea of what to expect
from each measurement, in order to immediately determine if things are working
correctly. The student should be constantly be wondering is this reasonable, both
qualitatively and quantitatively. If the lab observations are not in reasonable
agreement with what was expected, then further observation or preparatory analysis
are in order to determine the source, of the discrepancy. There is no point in taking
data and going home to write a lab report only to find out that the data is meaningless
because there was on error in the lab set-up or procedure.
It is very important to get in the habit of working in a logical, scientific
manner. The laboratory experience is valuable for showing us the small
discrepancies between theory and practice, but there must be reasonable agreement
between what we observe and what we expect to observe.

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 DO’S AND DON’TS
Do’s

 Know the location of the fire extinguisher and the first aid box and how
to use them in case of emergency.

 Read and understand how to carry out an activity thoroughly before

coming to the laboratory.

 Report fires or accidents immediately.

 Report any broken plugs or exposed electrical wires immediately.

 Turn off the machine when it is not in use.

 Always maintain an extra copy of all your important data.

Dont’s

 Do not eat or drink in the laboratory.

 Avoid stepping on electrical wires or any other computer cables.

 Do not insert metal objects such as clips, pins and needles into the
computer casings. They may cause fire.

 Do not remove anything from the computer laboratory without

permission.

 Do not touch, connect or disconnect any plug or cable without

permission.

 Do not run inside the Lab.

 Do not personalize the computers, for example, installing screen

savers, changing the desktop back ground or changing the video
and audio settings.

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 SAFETY MEASURES AND GUIDELINES

 Take a note of all the exits in the room and also take note of the location of

the fire extinguishers in the room for the sake of fire safety.

 Try not to type continuously for extremely long periods.

 Look away from the screen once in a while to give your eyes a rest.

 Do not attempt to open any machines and do not touch the backs of

machines when they are switched on.

 Do not spill water or any other liquid on the machines in order to maintain

electrical safety.

 Do not personalize the computers , for example, installing screen savers,

changing the desktop back Ground or changing the video and audio

settings.

 All connections and disconnections must be performed by the technical

staff.

 Report fires or accidents immediately.

 Report any broken plugs or exposed electrical wires Immediately.

 Turn off the machine when it is not in use.

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 INSTRUCTIONS TO TEACHERS

 Teacher should review the experiment’s instructions prior to class for

proper conduction of the experiments
 Teachers must instruct students in Internet Safety
 Teacher must remain in the lab at all times and is responsible for discipline.
 Teacher must report for any computer with missing or damaged hardware
or peripherals
 Teachers are expected to closely monitor student activity by frequent screen
checks.
 Teachers should report any non-functioning technology equipment to their
Department Head
 Teachers, should when using computer labs, turn off the digital projector,
and return the room key after doors have been locked. Doors to computer
labs must be locked when not in use.
 Everyone will adhere to federal copyright laws.

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 INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

 Student should follow the Lab dress code whenever they avail the
laboratory facilities and make sure your ID cards are visible outside
 Whenever students enter into the lab, they should make the entry in the log
register kept for that purpose.
 Observation note books / record note books are only allowed inside the lab,
other belongings are not allowed.
 Maintain silence in the Lab.
 Only one user is allowed to work in one system at a time.
 If any problem occurs in the software or hardware it should be brought to the
notice of the staff in-charge, as well as entry should be made in the log register
kept for that purpose.
 The laboratory must be kept clean and neat.
 Arrange the chairs before leaving the lab.
 Shutdown the systems in a proper way before leaving the laboratory.

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 LAB CODE OF CONDUCT

 You must wear your ID and Lab Coat each time you enter a computer lab. If you
do not have your ID, or lab coat when entering the computer lab, you may be asked
to leave the computer lab.
 No drinking or eating is allowed in any computer lab. All open and unopened food,
and beverages are prohibited from entering the computer lab.
 You must be considerate of other users. Privacy and concentration are important
in computer labs. If you need to talk to somebody, please do so in a way that does
not disturb other users.
 Lab assistants are there to assist in using the technology so that you may complete
your work.
 The computer labs are an academic resource. As such, please respect the needs of
others by not monopolizing the computers for non-academic use.
 Lab staff is not responsible for any belongings left in the computer labs. Please
make sure you take your belongings with you when you leave.
 The computers in the labs have been set up in such a way as to be used by multiple
people having differing needs. Do not change or interfere with the configuration of
the computers.
 Documents should be saved to the D drive.
 Users are not allowed to print large quantities of flyers, banners or other distribution
materials. If print jobs of this nature are required, one copy may be printed in the
computer lab and copies will need to be processed through the alternative printing
facility.
 Attempting to damage or destroy information on the computers will not be
tolerated.
 You are expected to leave your computer in the same condition as you found it. This
includes putting chairs back in place and logging out when you leave.
 You are responsible for reading and abiding by all signs posted in the computer
labs.

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 COURSE SYLLABUS
21EC3611 ANALOG ELECTRONICS LABORATORY
Lecture hours: 0 Tutorial Hrs: 0 Practical Hrs: 45 Credits: 2
Type of course Professional Core
Prerequisites The Prerequisites for the Analog Electronics Laboratory course is we
must know the basics of the Semiconductor Devices and Circuits subjects
Preamble
1 The preamble of this laboratory course enables students to get practical experience
in design, assembly, testing and evaluation of Rectifiers and Voltage Regulators,
BJT characteristics and Amplifiers, JFET Characteristics and Amplifiers, MOSFET
Characteristics and Amplifiers, Power Amplifiers, RC-Phase shift, Hartley,
Colpitts and Crystal Oscillators. The students Acquire a basic knowledge in solid
state electronics including diodes, MOSFET, BJT, and operational amplifier.
Develop the ability to analyze and design analog electronic circuits using discrete
components. Observe the amplitude and frequency responses of common
amplification circuits. Design, construct, and take measurement of various analog
circuits to compare experimental results in the laboratory with theoretical analysis.
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
CO. 1 Understand basics of Feedback amplifiers and Tuned amplifiers.
CO. 2 Understand different types of LC and RC oscillators.
CO. 3 Understand the concept of multivibrators.
CO. 4 Design and simulate feedback amplifiers, oscillators using SPICE Tool.
CO. 5 Design and simulate tuned amplifiers, wave-shaping circuits and multivibrators
using SPICE Tool.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Frequency Response of CE amplifier
2. Darlington Amplifier
3. Differential Amplifiers- Transfer characteristic, CMRR Measurement
4. RC Phase shift oscillator and Wien Bridge Oscillator
5. Hartley Oscillator and Colpitts Oscillator
6. Single Tuned Amplifier
7. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers-Frequency response, Input and output
impedance
8. RC integrator and differentiator
9. Design of multivibrator using PSpice
10. Analysis of Frequency Response of BJT using PSpice
11. Class A and Class B Power Amplifiers using PSpice

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 LIST OF PROJECTS
1. Design Common Emitter Audio Amplifier
2. Design and construction of a guitar amplifier
3. Design of Darlington Pair and a Relay
4. Design of Light and Dark Amplifier
5. Power regulators and Audio amplifier of Darlington
6. Simple Mobile Phone Detector Circuit using Op-Amp.
7. Over Heat Detector with Auto Cut-Off System using Op-Amp
8. Triangular Wave Generator Circuit with Op Amp IC 741
9. Design Phase Shift Oscillator with Stripboard Version
10. Design LED Lamp Stabilised Wien Bridge Oscillator
11. Analysis of Voltage and Current Measurements
12. Design Radio receivers is the Hartley Oscillator
13. Operational Amplifier Tester Circuit
14. Phone Ring Amplifier Circuit
15. Laser Sound Transmission Circuit
16. Design a feedback amplifiers with Frequency response
17. Single Pulse RC Integrator Charging and discharging Circuit’s
18. Design of Astable Multivibrator Circuit using PSpice
19. Online Frequency Response Analysis of Electric Machinery
20. Build a class D power amplifier
21. Simple Boost Converter Circuit Using 555 Timer IC

CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

1 High frequency oscillator design and testing using SPICE

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 MAPPING OF COs with POs

Upon completion of this experiments, the

amplifiers, oscillators, tuned amplifiers,

wave-shaping circuits and multivibrators
student can Design and simulate feedback
student can able to understand basics of

student can able to understand different

Upon completion of this experiments, the

Upon completion of this experiments, the

Upon completion of this experiments, the

student can able to understand the concept
Feedback amplifiers and Tuned amplifiers.
Course Outcomes

types of LC and RC oscillators.

using SPICE Tool.

of multivibrators.
Program Outcomes
PO a. Engineering Knowledge: Apply
knowledge of mathematics, science,
engineering fundamentals and an X X X X
engineering specialization for building
engineering models.
PO b. Problem Analysis: Identify and
solve engineering problems reaching
X X
conclusions using mathematics and
engineering sciences.

PO c Design/Development of
Solutions: Design and develop solutions
X X
for engineering problems that meet
specified needs.

PO d Conduct Investigations of
Complex Problems: Conduct
investigations of complex problems X X
including design of experiments and
analysis to provide valid solutions.

PO e Modern Tool Usage: Create and

apply appropriate techniques, resources,
X
and modern engineering tools for
executing engineering activities.

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 PO f The Engineer and Society: Apply
reasoning of the societal, safety issuesand
X
the consequent responsibilities relevant to
engineering practice.

PO g Environment and Sustainability:

Understand the impact of engineering
solutions in the environment and exhibit
the knowledge for sustainable
development.

PO h Ethics: Apply ethical principlesand

commit to professional ethics,
responsibilities and norms of engineering
practice.

PO i Individual and Team Work:

Function effectively as an individual, and
X X X X
as a member or leader in diverse teams in
multi-disciplinary settings.

PO j Communication: Communicate
effectively to the engineering community
X X X
and the outside world and also to write
effective reports.

PO k Project Management and

Finance: Understand engineering and
management principles and apply them to X X X X
handle projects in multi disciplinary
environments.

PO l Life-Long Learning: Recognizethe

need for life-long learning and apply in X X X X
the context of technological change.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL.NO. LIST OF EXPERIMENTS PAGE NO.

1 CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER 24

2 VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER 28

3 RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR 32

4 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 37

5 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR 40

6 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR 45

7 SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER 50

8 RC INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR 54

9 ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 58

10 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR 61

11 CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS 64

12 FREE RUNNING BLOCKING OSCILLATORS 69

13 STUDY OF PSPICE 72

14 SIMULATION OF TUNED COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR USING PSICE 77

15 SIMULATION OF TWIN T OSCILLATOR USING PSICE 79

16 SIMULATION OF WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR USING PSICE 82

17 SIMULATION OF DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER USING PSICE 85

18 SIMULATION OF STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIER USING PSICE 88

19 SIMULATION OF BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING PSICE 91

20 SIMULATION OF SCHMITT TRIGGER WITH PREDICTABLE 94

HYSTERSIS USING PSICE
21 SIMULATION OF MONOSTABLE BLOCKING OSCILLATOR USING 97
PSICE
22 SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TIME BASE CIRCUITS 100
USING PSICE
23 CONTENT BEYOND SYLABUS- HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR 102
DESIGN AND TESTING USING SPICE

24 VIVA VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 103

25 REFERENCE BOOKS 110

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 Ex.No: 1
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:

i) To design and construct the current series feedback amplifier with voltage divider bias
circuit.
ii)To study the effect of negative feedback, also calculate input impedance, output

impedance and bandwidth and also Plot the frequency response.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC 547 1

2 Resistors 2.2KΩ, 1KΩ, 100 KΩ, 22 KΩ 1each

3 Capacitors 0.1µF, 4.7µF,0.1 µF 1 each

4 AFO (0-10)MHz 1

5 RPS (0-30)V, DC 1

6 CRO (0.20) MHz DUAL 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

A fraction of output voltage is applied in series with input voltage through the feedback amplifier
network. The cuurent series feedback connection increases the input resistance and the output
resistance of amplifier and Overall Gain. Thus, Rif =Ri *1+AVβ and Rof =Ro *1+AV β

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V1 using RPS.

3. Set the input voltage, 50mv sinusoidal using AFO.

Varying the frequency of AFO, obtain corresponding output voltage using CRO

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 4. Calculate the voltage gain Av and plot the frequency response and plot the bandwidth
curve.

PIN DIAGRAM:

PIN SPECIFICATIONS:

B- Silicon C- AF power transistor Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz Power- (0-5)w Current- (0-1)A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
VCC=12V
A.WITHOUT FEEDBACK

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K C2

Q1 0.1U
C1

BC547
0.1U
Vout
VAMPL = 1Vpp Vin

R2 Re FREQ = (0-30MHz)
FREQ = (0-2MHz) Ce
22K 1.2K
4.7U

B.WITH FEEDBACK VCC=12V

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K C2

Q1 0.1U
C1

BC547
0.1U
Vout
VAMPL = 1Vpp Vin

R2 Re FREQ = (0-30MHz)
FREQ = (0-2MHz)
22K 1.2K

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 0

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 DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10((Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr1 R1

Vr 2 R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v
R1 10.3  10.3 
   R1  

R2 
 

R2 1.7
 1.7 

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

1
Ce 
2  50 0.110^6100 = 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

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Manual
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

A.WITHOUT FEEDBACK: Vi= volts

Frequency in Hz Output voltage Vo in volts Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain in dB =20log AV

B.WITH FEEDBACK Vi= volts

Frequency in Hz Output voltage Vo in volts Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain in dB =20log

AV

RESULT:

Thus the current series feedback amplifier with voltage divider bias circuit is design and
plotted the output response.

Without feedback bandwidth = KHz

With feedback bandwidth = KHz

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Manual
 Ex.No: 2
VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

AIM:
i) To design and construct the voltage shunt feedback amplifier with voltage
divider bias circuit and to study the effect of negative feedback.
ii) To calculate the input impedance, output impedance and bandwidth and also plot
the frequency response.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1 Transistor BC 547 1
2 Resistors 100KΩ, 50 KΩ, 5.6 KΩ, 22 KΩ, 1each
1KΩ

3 Capacitors 0.1µF, 22µF 1each

4 AFO 2MHz 1
5 RPS (0-30)V, DC 1
6 CRO 20 MHz 1
7 Bread board - 1
8 Connecting wires - As required
9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:
A fraction of output voltage is applied in parallel with input voltage through the
feedback amplifier network. The voltage shunt feedback connection decreases both the input
and output resistance of amplifier and Overall Gain. Thus Rif =Ri /1+AVβ and Rof =Ro/1+AV β.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V1 using RPS.
3. Set the input voltage, 50mv sinusoidal using AFO.
4. Varying the frequency of AFO obtain corresponding output voltage using CRO
5. Calculate the voltage gain Av.
6. Plot the frequency response and plot the bandwidth curve.

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PIN DIAGRAM:

PIN SPECIFICATIONS:

B- Silicon C- AF power transistor Maximum voltage- 50V Operating frequency- 500KHz

Power- (0-5)w Current- (0-1)A
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
VCC=12V

A.WITH FEEDBACK

R1
Rc

100K Rf 5.6K C2

50K Q1 0.1U
C1

BC547
0.1U
Vout

Vin
FREQ = (0-30MHz)
VAMPL = 1Vpp R2 Re
Ce
22K 1.2K
FREQ = (0-2MHz) 22U

VCC=12V

B.WITHOUT FEEDBACK

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K C2

Q1 0.1U
C1

BC547
0.1U
Vout
VAMPL = 1Vpp Vin

R2 Re FREQ = (0-30MHz)
FREQ = (0-2MHz) Ce
22K 1.2K
22U

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 0

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 DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

Step 1: To find Rc & Re
Applying KVL to output loop,
Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)
12=5+0.001((Rc+Re)
Rc+Re = 7kΩ
Choose Re=1kΩ
Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ
Rc= 6kΩ
Choose Rc=5.6kΩ
Step 2: To find R1 & R2
Vr1 R1

Vr 2 R2
Vr2=Vbe + Vre
Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v
Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v
R1 10.3  10.3 
   R1  

R2 
 

R2 1.7
 1.7 
Choose R1=100kΩ
R2 = 0.165x100kΩ
Choose R2=22kΩ
Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2
Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & Ce= 0.01Re
1
Ce  = 31µf
2  50 0.110^6100

Choose Ce=22µf
MODEL GRAPH:

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Manual
TABULATION:
A.WITHOUT FEEDBACK Vi= volts
Frequency in Hz Output voltage Vo in volts Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain in Db =20log AV

B.WITH FEEDBACK Vi= volts

Frequency in Hz Output voltage Vo in volts Gain Av=Vo/Vi Gain in dB =20log AV

RESULT:
Thus the voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and the frequency response is
obtained.
Without feedback bandwidth = KHz
With feedback bandwidth = KHz

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 Ex.No: 3
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To design a transistorized RC phase shift oscillator at the frequency 200Hz. Assume R=2.2kΩ,
C=0.1uf.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC 107 1

2 Resistors 5.6KΩ, 1KΩ, 100 KΩ, 1each

22 KΩ ,2.2 KΩ

3 Capacitors 22 µF, 1

0.1 µF 3

4 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

5 CRO 20 MHz DUAL 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires - As required

8 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

The RC phase shift oscillator circuit consists of a conventional single transistor amplifier with
voltage divider bias and RC phase shift network. The phase shift network consist of three sections
is 60° so that the total phase shift produced by this RC network is 180°.The frequency of
oscillation is given by

fo =
2RC 6 + 4K
Where R1=R2=R3=R; k=Rc/R
C1=C2=C3=C

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 When the circuit is switched on the voltage divider bias provides necessary biasing to the
circuit. In the feedback network due to leed and lag of resistors and capacitors, it produces
oscillations of frequency determined by fo the output Vo of amplifier is feedback to the network.
This network produces a phase shift of 180° and voltage Vi appears at output, which is applied to
input of transistor amplifier and the feedback fraction m=Vi /Vo. The feedback network produces
180° and amplifier stage produces 180° phase shift because of common emitter configuration.
Thus the total feedback around the circuit is 360° this is the required condition for oscillation.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS.

3. To vary the value of resistance ‘R’ to get the perfect sinusoidal waveform.

4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.

5. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical frequency.

6. Plot the waveform on the graph.

PIN DIAGRAM:

PIN SPECIFICATIONS:

B- Silicon C- AF power transistor Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz Power- (0-5)w

Current- (0-1)A

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Manual
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

R C PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR VCC=12V

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K Cf 1 Cf 2 Cf 3

Q1 0.1u 0.1u 0.1u

AMPLIFIER V
CIRCUIT
BC547

Rf 1 Rf 2 Rf 3
2.2K 2.2K 2.2K
R2 Re
Ce FEEDBACK
22K 1.2K
22U

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

AMPLIFIER STAGE

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10((Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

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 Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr1 R1

Vr 2 R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v

R1 10.3  10.3 
   R1  

R2 
 

R2 1.7
 1.7 

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

1
Ce 
2  50 0.110^6100 = 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

FEEDBACK STAGE

Given R=R1=R2=R3=2.2kΩ,

C=C1=C2=C3=0.1µf f=?

f 
 2RC 4k  6
Rc
k ?
R

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Manual
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

RESULT:

Hence the required transistorized RC phase shift oscillator is designed and waveform is
plotted

Theoretical frequency = Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

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Manual
Ex.No: 4 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design Wien bridge oscillator and to compare theoretical and practical frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY
1 Transistor BC107 2
2 Resistor 68K(2), 100K(2), 16K(2), -
12K(2), 1K(2), 47K(1), 4.7K(1),

3 Capacitor .01uf(2), 10uf(2) -

4 CRO (0-20MHz) Dual 1

5 RPS 0-30v DC 1
6 Bread board - 1
7 Connecting wires - As required
8 BNC cable - 1

THEORY:
The Wien bridge oscillator is also a RC oscillator used for audio frequency range. The feedback
network does not provide any phase shift it is a lead lag network, which is called Wienbridge
circuit. The amplifier is the two stage common emitter transistor configurations. Each stage
contributes 180° phase shift. Hence the total phase shifts due to the amplifier becomes 360° which
is necessary as per the oscillator conditions. The frequency of oscillations is given by
1
f 
2 R1 R2C1C2

When R1  R2  R and C1  C2  C

1
f 
2RC
CIRCUIT OPERATION:

The bridge consists of R&C in series with R&C in parallel. The feedback is applied from the
collector of Q2 through the coupling capacitor to the bridge circuit. The resistance R4 serves the
dual purpose of emitter resistance of the transistor Q1 and also the element of the Wien

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bridge. The two stage amplifier provides a gain much more than three, and it is necessary to
reduce it. To reduce the gain the negative feedback is used without bypassing the resistance R4.
The negative feedback can accomplish the gain stability and can control the output magnitude
also the negative feedback reduces the distortion and therefore the output obtained is a pure
sinusoidal in nature. The amplitude stability can be improved using a non linear resistor R4. Due
to this the loop gain depends on RC amplitude of the oscillations. This reduces the loopgain
and hence signal amplitude gets reduced and controlled.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS.
3. By varying the value of R and C the frequency of oscillation can be varied.
4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.
5. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical frequency.
6. Plot the waveforms on the graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Manual
MODEL WAVEFORM:

TABULATION:

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

RESULT:
Thus the Wien bridge oscillator circuit was designed and output was verified with
theoretical frequency.

Theoretical frequency = Hz
Practical frequency = Hz

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Manual
 Ex.No: 5 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To design a Hartley oscillator of frequency 8KHz. Assume L=10mH, C=0.1µF

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC547 1

2 Resistors 5.6KΩ,1 KΩ 1 each

100 KΩ,22 KΩ

3 Capacitors 0.01 µF,22 µF 1each

4 DIB 200 µF 2

5 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

6 CRO (0-20)MHz DUAL 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

The Hartley oscillator consists of two inductors 4 and L2 are placed across a common
capacitors C and the centre of the inductor’s tapped. The tank circuit is made up of L1, L2 and
C. The frequency of oscillator is given by

1
f 
2 CLeq
Leq  L1  L2

When the circuit is turned ON. The capacitor is charged. When the capacitors fully
charged. It discharges through coils L1 and feedback V appears across L2. The voltage

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Manual
developed across L1, A phase shift of 180° is produced by L1=L2 voltage divider in this way,
feedback is properly phased to produce the continuous undammed oscillators

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS.

3. By varying the value of L1, L2 and C the frequency of oscillation can be varied.

4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.

5. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical frequency.

6. Plot the waveform on the graph.

PIN DIAGRAM:

PIN SPECIFICATION:

B- Silicon

C- AF power transistor

Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz

Power- (0-5)w

Current- (0-1)A

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Manual
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

VCC=12V
HART LEY
OSCILLAT OR

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K Cc2

Q1 0.1U
AMPLIFIER Cc1
V
CIRCUIT BC107
0.1U

R2 Re
Ce
22K 1.2K
22U

0
L1 200uH L2 10mH

TANK CIRCUIT
C 0

0.1uF

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1Ma

AMPLIFIER STAGE

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10(Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

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Manual
 Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr1 R1

Vr 2 R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v

R1 10.3  10.3 
   R1  

R2 
 

R2 1.7
 1.7 

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

1
Ce 
2  50 0.110^6100 = 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

FEEDBACK STAGE

Given F=10kHz.

Assume C=0.1µf , L1=200µH, f=5kHz, L2=?

1
f 
2 CLeq
Leq  L1 L2  ?

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Manual
MODEL WAVEFORM:

TABULATION:

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

RESULT:

Thus the Hartley’s oscillator is designed and output is obtained.

Theoretical frequency = Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

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 Ex.No: 6
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

AIM:

To design a colpitts oscillator of frequency 10KHZ C1=0.1µF, C2=0.01µF and plot the
waveforms.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC547 1

2 Resistors 100kΩ, 5.6 kΩ 1each

22kΩ, 1.2kΩ 1

3 Capacitors 0.1µF, 0.01 µF 1each

22 µF 1

4 Inductor 22.8mH 1

5 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

6 CRO (0-30)MHz DUAL 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

The colpitts oscillator uses two capacitors and placed across a common inductor L at the
centre of capacitors is taped. The tank circuit is made up of C1, C2 and L. The frequency of
oscillation is given by

1
f  ; where C  C1 C2

C1  C 2
eq

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 When the circuit is turned ON. the capacitors are charged. When the capacitors are fully
charged it discharges through coil L and hence feedback V appears across C2. The voltage
developed across C1. A phase shift of 180° is produced by C1=C2 voltage divider in this way,
feedback is properly phased to produce the continuous undammed oscillators.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the biasing voltage, VCC=+12V using RPS. By varying the value of C1, C2 and L
the frequency of oscillation can be varied.

3. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO.

4. Calculate the frequency of sine wave and compare it with theoretical frequency.

5. Plot the waveform on the graph.

PIN DIAGRAM:

PIN SPECIFICATION:

B- Silicon

C- AF power transistor

Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz

Power- (0-5)w

Current- (0-1)A

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Manual
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

COLPIT T S VCC=12V
OSCILLAT OR

R1
Rc

100K 5.6K Cc2

Q1 0.1U
AMPLIFIER Cc1 V
CIRCUIT
BC107
0.1U

R2 Re
Ce
22K 1.2K
22U

0
C1 C2

0.1U 0.01U

0 TANK CIRCUIT

L 27.8mH

DESIGN:

Given Vcc=12v, Vce=5v, Ic=1mA

AMPLIFIER STAGE

Step 1: To find Rc & Re

Applying KVL to output loop,

Vcc=Vce+Ic(Rc+Re)

12=5+10(Rc+Re)

Rc+Re = 7kΩ

Choose Re=1kΩ

Rc+1kΩ=7kΩ

Rc= 6kΩ

Choose Rc=5.6kΩ

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Manual
 Step 2: To find R1 & R2

Vr1 R1

Vr 2 R2

Vr2=Vbe + Vre

Vr2=0.7+1=1.7v

Vr1=Vcc-Vr2=12-1.7v=10.3v

R1 10.3  10.3 
   R1  

R2 
 

R2 1.7
 1.7 

Choose R1=100kΩ

R2 = 0.165x100kΩ

Choose R2=22kΩ

Step 3: To find Ce, C1 & C2

Choose C1 & C2 = 0.1µf & XCe= 0.01Re

1
Ce 
2  50 0.110^6100 = 31µf

Choose Ce=22µf

FEEDBACK STAGE

Given F=10kHz.

Assume C1=0.1µf & C2=0.01µf, find L=?

1
f 
2 LCeq
C1C2
Ceq  ?
C1 C2

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Manual
MODEL WAVEFORM:

TABULATION:

SIGNAL TIME AMPLITUDE FREQ.

OUTPUT

RESULT:

Thus the Colpitts oscillator was designed and the output was obtained.

Theoretical frequency= Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

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 Ex.No:7 SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

AIM:

To design a Class-C tuned amplifier with the frequency of 2 KHz and obtain the
frequency response. Calculate the bandwidth.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1. Transistor CL100 1

2. Resistor 10kΩ, 47kΩ 1 each

3. Capacitor 1µf 3

4. DRB - 1

5. DIB - 1

6. AFO (0-20MHz) 1

7. CRO (0-30MHz) dual 1

8. RPS DC-(0-30v) 1

9. Bread board - 1

10. Connecting Wires - 10

11. BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

If any amplifier amplifies a specific frequency or narrow band of frequencies those are
called tuned amplifiers. The amplifier is said to be Class-C tuned amplifier, if the Q-point and
the input signals are selected such that the output signal is obtained less than a half cycle for a
full wave input. Due to such a selection of a point transistor remains active for less than a half
cycle. Hence only that much point is produced at the output of remaining cycle of the input

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the transistor remains cut-off and no signal is produced at the output. A parallel resonant circuit
acts as a load impedance. As collector current follows for less than a half cycle, the collector
current consists of a series and of pulses with harmonics of input signal. A parallel tuned circuit
acting as load and is tuned to the input frequency. Therefore it filters the harmonics and produce
a sine wave it is the fundamental frequency. The efficiency is high.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the RPS to bias the circuit with 12V.
3. Set the input sinusoidal signal with 1Vp-p using AFO.
4. Vary the input signal from 0-30MHz using AFO and obtain the corresponding
output voltage using CRO.

5. Calculate the gain in dB and plot the frequency response on the graph.
PIN DIAGRAM:

PIN SPECIFICATION:

C- Gallium Arsenide

L- High frequency power transistor

Maximum voltage- 50V

Operating frequency- 500KHz

Power- (0-3)w

Current- (0-1)A

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Manual
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CLASS- C TUNED AMPLIFIER VCC=12v

Cc2

Cc1

VAMPL = 1V
EQ = 0-30MHz
FREQ = 0-2MHz

DESIGN:

Given f =2kHz. f  ;

2 LC

Let C=1nF

L=?

MODEL GRAPH:

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Manual
TABULATION: Vi= volts

Frequency in Output voltage Vo in volts Gain – Gain in dB

Hz Av=Vo/Vi
=20log AV

RESULT:

The Class-C tuned amplifier has been designed with 2KHz frequency and frequency
response was plotted on the graph. The bandwidth is

Critical frequency(theoretical) = KHz

Critical frequency(practical) = KHz

Bandwidth = KHz

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 Ex.No: 8
RC INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR

AIM:

To design and construct the integrator and differentiator circuits and obtain the output
response for various input frequency range.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Resistor 10KΩ 1

2 Capacitor 0.1µF 1

3 CRO (0-20)MHz DUAL 1

4 AFO 1 MHz 1

5 Bread board - 1

6 Connecting wires - As required

7 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

INTERGRATOR:

A circuit in which the output voltage is directly proportional to the integral of input is
known as integrator (i.e) Output α input it is a sample RC series circuit which output is taken
across the capacitor C. For good integrator.

i) The time constant RC of the circuit should be very large compared to the time period of
the input waves

ii) The value of ‘R’ should be ten or more times larger than Xc

DIFFERENTIATOR:

A circuit in which the output voltage is directly proportional to the derivative of the
input is known as “Differentiator”. (i.e) Output α (input).

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It is a series sample RC circuit which output is taken across the capacitor C, for a good
differentiator

i) The time constant RC of the circuit should be much smaller than the input period of the input
waves.

ii) The values of Xc should be ten (or) more times larger than(R).

PROCEDURE:

1. Give the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. The input waveform is to be set using AFO with different frequency range.

3. The output waveform is to be observed using CRO.

4. Plot the waveforms on the graph.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

A.INTEGRATOR

10k

Vin Vout
C
V1 = 1Vpp
0.1U

MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

AMPLITUDE
SIGNAL TIME/DIV. VOLT/DIV. TIME

INPUT

OUTPUT 1

OUTPUT 2

B.DIFFERENTIATOR
C

0.1U

vOUT
Vin R

10k

V2 = 1Vpp

MODEL GRAPH:

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Design:

Differentiator:

f = 1KHz

τ = RC = 1ms

If C = 0.1μF

Then R = 10KΩ

For T << τ, Choose R = 1KΩ and

For T >> τ, Choose R = 100KΩ

Integrator:

f = 1KHz

= RC = 1ms

If C = 0.1μF

Then R = 10KΩ

For T << τ, Choose R = 1KΩ and

For T >> τ, Choose R = 100KΩ

TABULATION:

AMPLITUDE
SIGNAL VOLT/DIV. TIME

Input
Output 1
Output 2

RESULT:

Thus the RC differentiator and Integrator is designed and output waveforms are plotted.

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 Ex.No: 9
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:

To design and determine the period and frequency of oscillations of an astable

multivibrator with the component value R1=R2=150KΩ, RC1=RC2=3.3 KΩ.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 2

2 Resistor 150 KΩ,3.2 KΩ 2each

3 Capacitor 0.01µf 2

4 CRO (0-20)MHZ DUAL 1

5 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires As required

8 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

Astable multivibrator is also known as free running multivibrator. It is rectangular wave

shaping circuit having nonstable states. This circuit does not need an external trigger to change
state. It consists of two similar NPN transistors. They are capacitor coupled. It has 2 quasi-
stable states. It switches between the two states without any applications of input trigger pulses.
Thus it produces a square wave output without any input trigger. The time period of the output
square wave is given by, T = 1.38RC.

CIRCUIT OPERATION:
When VCC is applied, the collector current starts following in Q1 and Q2. In addition the
coupling capacitor C1 and C2 also start changing up. As the characteristics of two transistors
say Q1 will conduct more and more +Ve. The increasing positive output at point ‘A’ is applied

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to the base of transistor Q2, through C1. These establishes a reverse bias Q2 and the collector
current starts decreasing. At the collector of Q2 is connected to the base of Q1 through C2 .
Therefore base of A1 becomes more negative Q1 is more forward biased. This further increased
the collector current in Q1 and cause a further decrease of collectors repeated until the circuit
devices Q1 to saturation and Q2 to cut off. This action occurs very rapidly and may be considered
practically instantaneous across the output of Q1 (ON state) is approximately zero and that of Q2
is VCC time period T=1.4RC seconds.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Obtain the required waveform. Note down the time period and amplitude using CRO
3. Calculate the frequency of the waveform.
4. Plot the waveform on the graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

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DESIGN PROCEDURE:

VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =315

Vcc – Vce(sat)
RC = = 5.9 KΩ
Ic
R ≤ hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85MΩ

R = 1.5MΩ

T = 1.38RC

C = T / (1.38R) = (1 * 10-3) / (1.38 * 1.5 * 106)= 0.48nF

TABULATION:

AMPLITUDE TON TOFF Frequency

(in volts) (ms) (MS) (in HZ)

V01

V02

RESULT:

Thus the Astable Multivibrator is designed and output waveforms are plotted.

Theoretical frequency = Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

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 Ex.No: 10 MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR

AIM:

To design and construct monostable multivibrator. And calculate the time period of pulse.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 2

2 Resistor 4KΩ, 4 KΩ, 2each

190 KΩ, 48.5 KΩ,

30.6 KΩ 1each

3 Capacitor 2000pf 1

4 Diode IN4007 1

5 CRO (0-30)MHz DUAL 1

6 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

7 Bread board - 1

8 Connecting wires - As required

9 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

A multivibrator in which one transistor is always conducting and the other is non-conducting
is called a monostable multivibrator. It has only one stable state.

From the above circuit arrangements Q1 is at cut off and Q2 is saturated. This is the stable
state for the circuit and it will continue to stay in the stable until a triggering pulse is applied to
C2. When a negative pulse of short duration and sufficient magnitude is applied to the base of Q1
through C2, the transistor Q1 starts the conducting and the positive potential at the collection of
Q1 and is coupled to the base of Q2 through capacitor C1. This decreases the

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forward bias on Q2 and its collector current decreases. The increasing negative potential on the
collector of Q2 is applied to the base of Q1 through R3.This further increases the forward bias on
Q1 and hence its collector current with the set of action taking place Q1 is quickly driver to
saturation and Q2 at the cur off region.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. The negative pulse is given to collector of first transistor
3. Obtain the required waveform
4. Note the time period and amplitude using CRO
5. Calculate the frequency of waveform
6. Plot the waveforms on graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

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DESIGN PROCEDURE:
VCC = 12V; VBB = -2V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =315
Vcc – Vce(sat)
RC = = 5.9 KΩ
Ic
IB2(min) = IC2 / hfe =
Select IB2 > IB2(min)
IB2 =

Vcc – Vce(sat)
R= = 1.13MΩ
IB2
T = 0.69RC
C = T / 0.69R =
VB1 = (since, V B1 is very less)
VBBR1 = VCE (sat) R2
R2 =10R1 (since, VBB = 2V and VCE (sat) = 0.2V)
Let R1 = 10KΩ, then R2 = 100KΩ
Choose C1 = 25pF.

TABULATION:

INPUT OUTPUT

WIDTH

(ms) TON TOFF Voltage TON TOFF Voltage

(ms) (MS) (volts) (ms) (MS) (volts)

RESULT:

Thus the Monostable Multivibrator is designed and output waveforms are plotted.

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 Ex.No: 11 CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS

AIM:

To construct positive and negative clippers and clampers using diode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Diode 1N4007 1

2 Resistor 1KΩ, 10 KΩ 1each

3 CRO (0-20)MHz, DUAL 1

4 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

5 Bread board - 1

6 Connecting wires - As required

7 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

CLIPPERS:

The clipper circuits are used to clip off or removal off the position of signal voltage above
(or) below certain levels.

POSITIVE CLIPPERS:

A positive clipper is that which removes the positive portion of the input voltage. During the
positive half cycle of the input voltage, the diode is forward bias and conduct heavily therefore
the voltage across the diode and hence the load resistance is zero
 R1 
Output voltage (VO) = Vin Where RL>R1
 R1 RL 

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 NEGATIVE CLIPPERS:

A negative clipper is that which removes the negative portion of the input voltage. The
diode is forward bias and conducts heavily. Therefore the voltage across the diode and hence
across the load resistance, is zero. Hence the output voltage during negative half cycle is zero.
During the positive half cycle of input voltage the diode is reverse biased and behaves as an open.
In this condition the circuit behaves as voltag3e divider.
 R1 
Outputvoltage (VO)= Vin Where RL>R1
 R1 RL 


CLAMPERS:

Clamper is a diode circuit which is used to add and subtract a dc level to an electrical signal.

POSITIVE CLAMPERS:

During the negative half cycle of the input signal the diode is forward biased it behaves as a
short. The charging time constant (τ=RC) is very small. So that the capacitor will charge to volts
very quickly (VO=V)

NEGATIVE CLAMPERS:

During the positive half cycle of the input diode is forward signal biased. The charging
time constant (τ=RC) is very small. So that the capacitor will charge to volts very quickly.

PROCEDURE:

i) Give the connections as per the circuit.

ii) Given (or) set input waveform by AFO.
iii) O/P waveform is to be observed using CRO.
iv) Voltage and time period are noted.
v) Output waveforms are plotted with noted readings.

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CLAMPER:

POSITIVE CLAMPER:

MODEL GRAPH:

NEGATIVE CLAMPER:

MODEL GRAPH

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CLIPPER:

SERIES POSITIVE CLIPPER:

MODEL GRAPH:

SERIES NEGATIVE CLIPPER:

MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:

CLIPPERS CLAMPERS

I/P(V) O/P(V) I/P(V) O/P(V)

+VE

-VE

RESULT:

Thus the clippers and clampers output waveforms are plotted.

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 Ex.No: 12
FREE RUNNING BLOCKING OSCILLATORS

AIM:

To design and determine the period and frequency of oscillations of an astable multivibrator
with the component value R1=R2=150KΩ, RC1=RC2=3.3 KΩ.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE/TYPE QUANTITY

1 Transistor BC107 2

2 Resistor 150 KΩ,3.2 KΩ 2each

3 Capacitor 0.01µf 2

4 CRO (0-20)MHZ DUAL 1

5 RPS (0-30)V DC 1

6 Bread board - 1

7 Connecting wires As required

8 BNC cable - 2

THEORY:

Astable multivibrator is also known as free running multivibrator. It is rectangular wave

shaping circuit having nonstable states. This circuit does not need an external trigger to change
state. It consists of two similar NPN transistors. They are capacitor coupled. It has 2 quasi-
stable states. It switches between the two states without any applications of input trigger pulses.
Thus it produces a square wave output without any input trigger. The time period of the output
square wave is given by, T = 1.38RC.

CIRCUIT OPERATION:

When VCC is applied, the collector current starts following in Q1 and Q2. In addition the
coupling capacitor C1 and C2 also start changing up. As the characteristics of two transistors
say Q1 will conduct more and more +Ve. The increasing positive output at point ‘A’ is applied

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to the base of transistor Q2, through C1. These establishes a reverse bias Q2 and the collector
current starts decreasing. At the collector of Q2 is connected to the base of Q1 through C2 .
Therefore base of A1 becomes more negative Q1 is more forward biased. This further increased
the collector current in Q1 and cause a further decrease of collectors repeated until the circuit
devices Q1 to saturation and Q2 to cut off. This action occurs very rapidly and may be considered
practically instantaneous across the output of Q1 (ON state) is approximately zero and that of Q2
is VCC time period T=1.4RC seconds.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram
2. Obtain the required waveform. Note down the time period and amplitude using CRO
3. Calculate the frequency of the waveform.
4. Plot the waveform on the graph.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

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DESIGN PROCEDURE:

VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =315

Vcc – Vce(sat)
RC = = 5.9 KΩ
Ic

R ≤ hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85MΩ

R = 1.5MΩ

T = 1.38RC

C = T / (1.38R) = (1 * 10-3) / (1.38 * 1.5 * 106)= 0.48nF

TABULATION:

AMPLITUDE TON TOFF Frequency

(in volts) (ms) (MS) (in HZ)

V01

V02

RESULT:

Thus the Astable Multivibrator is designed and output waveforms are plotted.

Theoretical frequency = Hz

Practical frequency = Hz

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 Ex.No: 13 STUDY OF PSPICE

AIM:

To study about the basics of PSPICE.

INTRODUCTION:

SPICE stands for Simulation Package with Integrated Circuit Emphasis. SPICE is as close to a
universally available package for doing numerical network analysis as one can find. In PSPICE
the program we run in order to draw circuit schematics is called CAPTURE. The program that
will let us run simulations and see graphic results is called PSPICE. You can run simulation from
the program where your schematic is. There are a lot of things we can do with PSpice, but the
most important things for you to learn are

 Design and draw circuits

 Simulate circuits
 Analyze simulation results (Probe for older versions)
For this course you will not need the full capacity of CAPTURE. The devices that we will use are
resistors, inductors, capacitors and various independent/dependent sources. It is good to know
that CAPTURE has extensive symbol libraries and includes a fully integrated symbol editor for
creating your own symbols or modifying existing symbols.

The main tasks in CAPTURE are

 Creating and editing designs

 Creating and editing symbols
 Creating and editing hierarchical designs
 Preparing your design for simulation
PROCEDURE:

In this part we will create a simple DC circuit shown in Fig. 1‐1 just to let you know how to start
working with PSPICE. Your goal is to find the current value in the resistor labeled R1.

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Proceed as follows to obtain the answer using PSpice.

1. Run the CAPTURE program.

2. Select File/New/Project from the File menu.
3. On the New Project window select Analog or Mixed A/D, and give a name to your project
then click OK.
4. The Create PSpice Project window will pop up, select Create a blank project, and then click
OK.
5. Now you will be in the schematic environment where you are to build your circuit.
6. Select Place/Part from the Place menu.
7. Click ANALOG from the box called Libraries:, then look for the part called R. You can do
it either by scrolling down on the Part List: box or by typing R on the Part box. Then click
OK.
8. Use the mouse to place the resistor where you want and then click to leave the resistor there.
You
can continue placing as many resistors as you need and once you have finished placing the
resistors right‐click your mouse and select end mode.
9. To rotate the components there are two options:
 Rotate a component once it is placed: Select the component by clicking on it then
Ctrl‐R
 Rotate the component before it is placed: Just Ctrl‐R.
10. Select Place/Part from the Place menu.

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11. Click SOURCE from the box called Libraries:, then look for the part called VDC. You can
do it either by scrolling down on the Part List: box or by typing VDC on the Part box, and
then click OK. Place the Source.
12. Repeat steps 10 ‐ 12 to get and place a current source named IDC.
13. Select Place/Wire and start wiring the circuit. To start a wire click on the component terminal
where you want it to begin, and then click on the component terminal where you want it to
finish. You can continue placing wires until all components are wired. Then right‐click and
select end wire.
14. Select Place/Ground from the Place menu, click on GND/CAPSYM. Now you will see the
ground symbol.
15. Type 0 on the Name: box and then click OK. Then place the ground. Wire it if necessary.

16. Now change the component values to the required ones. To do this you just need to double‐
click on the parameter you want to change. A window will pop up where you will be able to
set a new value for that parameter.
17. Once you have finished building your circuit, you can move on to the next step – prepare it
for simulation.
18. Select PSpice/New Simulation Profile and type a name, this can be the same name as your
project, and click Create.
19. The Simulations Settings window will now appear. You can set up the type of analysis you
want PSpice to perform. In this case it will be Bias Point. Click Apply then OK.
20. Now you are ready to simulate the circuit. Select PSpice/Run and wait until the PSpice
finishes. Go back to Capture and see the voltages and currents on all the nodes.
21. If you are not seeing any readout of the voltages and currents then select PSpice/Bias
Point/Enable Bias Voltage Display and PSpice/Bias Point/Enable Bias Current Display. Make
sure that PSpice/ Bias Point/Enable is checked.
DC Sweep
Compose the schematics shown in Fig. 1‐2. The type of analysis you need to set up is DC
Sweep. Make sure the sweep variable is Voltage source. Type in V1 as the name of the source.
Make sure the sweep type is linear and use 0V, 2V and 0.01V for the start value, end value and
increment, respectively. Run the simulation. We are interested in graphing the diode current
versus the diode voltage. Once the simulation has finished you will see a black window with no
graph in it. Select Trace/Add trace from the trace menu. You will see now a window

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with all the variables you can add to your plot. Select I(D1). Note that the x‐axis variable is V_V1
and we need to change it to V(D1:1). Select Plot/Axis settings... from the Plot menu, Click on
Axis Variable..., select V(D1:1). Now look for the value of V(D1:1) when the current I(D1) is
1mA. Select Trace/Cursor/Display from the Trace menu. A small window called probe cursor
will appear. You have two cursors, A1 is controlled with the left button of your mouse and A2 is
controlled with the right button of your mouse. Use one of them to find the point requested. Once
you have the point, select Plot/Label/Mark from the Plot menu The coordinates of the point will
show up. Select Trace/Cursor/Display from the Trace menu and now you can move the
coordinates to a better place in case they are over the curve. Click over the coordinatesand hold
the button down, move the mouse to place them in a better place then release the button. You can
add labels to the plot just to make sure people who see your work know what you are showing.
Select Plot/Label/Text from the Plot menu, type in the label "Diode’s I‐V characteristic” and then
place wherever you want on the plot by moving the mouse and drop it by left clicking.

AC Sweep
Compose the schematics shown in Fig. 1‐3. Use the part VAC as your source. The type of
analysis you need to set up is AC Sweep. Check logarithmic in AC Sweep type and select Decade.
Use 1, 1000 and 10 for Start frequency, End frequency and Points/Decade, respectively. Run the
simulation. Now we are interested in plotting the output to input ratio (i.e.,the transfer function
of the circuit). Select Trace/Add Trace from the Trace menu, selectV(C1:2) then from the right
window select / and finally select (V1:+).
Use the cursor to find the point where the y‐axis value is 1/√2 (or –3dB). Mark that point and now
using Plot/Label/Line, Plot/Label/Arrow and Plot/Label/Text mark the limits of the region

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from 1Hz to the point you found, something like this |← BW →|. This is the –3dB bandwidth of
your circuit.

Parametric Sweep
In the schematics of Fig. 1‐1, replace the DC voltage source V1 by a 0V‐120V square
wave. You may specify a period of 10ns, a 50% duty cycle and a 1ns rise time and fall time for
the square wave. Our goal is to find the values of R2 such that the current in R1 is 1A when V1
is 0V and 120V, respectively. (Note: a hand calculation of possible values of R2 may help you
here. Also, you should obtain two different R2 values for this part.)
First we need to define the sweep parameter, in this case it is the value of R2, so double‐click on
the value and change it to something like {Var} where Var can be any name. Now from the library
Special, get a part named Param and place it on the schematics and double‐click on it so you can
edit its properties. Click on the New Column and type the name Var without the {}, then input
the Value 50 and finally click OK. Now select the column Var and select Display, a new window
called Display Properties will appear, click on Name and Value then Ok. Close the properties
window. Set up a transient simulation from 0 to 100ns with a step size of 0.1ns. Once you are in
the setup window check the parametric sweep option and select Global Parameter, type Var as
the name and then select linear and type 10, 20 and 1 for the start value, end value and increment,
respectively. Perform the simulation.

RESULT:
The basics of ORCAD PSPICE was studied.

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 Ex.No: 14 SIMULATION OF TUNED COLLECTOR OSCILLATOR
USING SPICE

AIM:
To simulate the Tuned Collector Oscillator using ORCAD PSPICE software.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Create a edit simulation title.
3. Select the type of analysis.
4. Create a new simulation file.
5. Simulate the file.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

OUTPUT:

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NETLIST:
*Libraries:
* Local Libraries :
* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:
.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:
.TRAN 0 2ms 0
.PROBE

.INC "tuned13-SCHEMATIC1.net"
**** INCLUDING tuned13-SCHEMATIC1.net ****
* source TUNED13

Q_Q1 N00036 N00147 N00028 Q2N2222

L_L1 N00139 N00142 9.8m
L_L2 N00036 N00095 1u
C_C1 N00036 N00057 70p
C_C2 N00036 N00045 220p
C_C3 0 N00028 40n

C_C4 0 N00147 6.3p

R_R1 N00042 N00045 14k
R_R2 0 N00042 9k
R_R3 0 N00028 1k
R_R4 0 N00139 7
R_R5 0 N00057 10k
V_V1 N00095 0 7
C_C5 N00142 N00147 .026p

RESULT:

Thus the tuned collector was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output waveform
was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 15 SIMULATION OF TWIN T OSCILLATOR USING SPICE

AIM:
To simulate the TWIN-T Oscillator using ORCAD PSPICE software.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Create a edit simulation title.
3. Select the type of analysis.
4. Create a new simulation file.
5. Simulate the file.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
V1 R1

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OUTPUT:

NETLIST:

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.TRAN 0 100s 0

.PROBE

.INC "twinteee-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING twinteee-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source TWINTEEE

Q_Q1 N00024 N00042 0 Q2N3904

R_R1 N000051 N00024 3.3k

R_R2 N00042 N00031 18k

R_R3 N00031 N00024 18k

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R_R4 0 N00039 1.5k

R_R5 N00292 0 100

C_C1 N00031 N00292 50n

C_C2 N00039 N00024 22n

C_C3 0 N00031 47n

C_C4 N00042 N00039 22n

V_V1 N000051 0 9

RESULT:

Thus the Twin T oscillator was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output
waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 16 SIMULATION OF WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
USING SPICE
AIM:
To simulate the WEIN BRIDGE Oscillator using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Create a edit simulation title.
3. Select the type of analysis.
4. Create a new simulation file.
5. Simulate the file.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

C3
10u

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OUTPUT:

NETLIST:

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.TRAN 0 5s 0

.PROBE

.INC "wein1-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING wein1-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source WEIN1

R_R1 N00034 N00091 4.7k

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R_R2 0 N00031 1k

R_R3 N00085 N00091 27k

R_R4 N00045 N00091 39k

R_R5 0 N00045 22k

R_R6 N00142 N00091 4.7k

R_R7 0 N00144 3.3k

R_R8 0 N00085 4.7k

C_C1 N00034 N00045 10u

C_C2 N00085 N00142 10u

C_C3 0 N00085 10u

V_V2 N00091 0 5

Q_Q3 N00034 N00085 N00031 Q2N3904

Q_Q4 N00142 N00045 N00144 Q2N3904

RESULT:

Thus the Wein bridge oscillator was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output
waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 17 SIMULATION OF DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
USING SPICE
AIM:
To simulate the Double Tuned Amplifier using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Create a edit simulation title.
3. Select the type of analysis.
4. Create a new simulation file.
5. To plot the frequency response of the amplifier use dB Magnitude of Voltage in
Advanced Markers.
6. Simulate the file.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

12.00V
R1 R2
10 40
C1
R4 L1 L2
1.25n
80k 1m . 1m
C2
125p 12.00V K K1
V1 K_Linear
12.00V 12 COUPLING = .3
Q1
C4 4.615V

165.6mV
100n Q2N2222
0V 3.887nV
R3
V3
1Vac R5 150 C3
0Vdc 50k 10u

0V

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OUTPUT:

NETLIST:

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.AC DEC 100k 1 1000k

.PROBE

.INC "double1-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING double1-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source DOUBLE1

Q_Q1 N00033 N00028 N00075 Q2N2222

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R_R1 N000051 N00043 10

R_R2 N000071 N00043 40

R_R3 0 N00075 150

R_R4 N00047 N00043 80k

R_R5 0 N00047 50k

L_L1 N00033 N000051 1m

L_L2 N00069 N000071 .1m

C_C1 N00069 N00043 1.25n

C_C2 N00033 N00043 125p

C_C3 0 N00075 10u

C_C4 N00111 N00028 100n

V_V1 N00043 0 12

Kn_K1 L_L1 L_L2 0.3

V_V3 N00111 0 DC 0Vdc AC 1Vac

RESULT:

Thus the double tuned amplifier was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output
waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 18 SIMULATION OF STAGGER TUNED AMPLIFIER
USING SPICE
AIM:
To simulate the Stagger Tuned Amplifier using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Create an edit simulation title.
3. Select the type of analysis.
4. Create a new simulation file.
5. To plot the frequency response of the amplifier use dB Magnitude of Voltage in
Advanced Markers.
6. Simulate the file.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1Vac
0Vdc

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OUTPUT:

NETLIST:

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.AC DEC 100k 1 1000000k

.PROBE

.INC "stuned-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING stuned-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source STUNED

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Q_Q1 N000031 N00048 N00030 Q2N2222

Q_Q2 N00030 N00052 N00094 Q2N2222

R_R1 N000031 N00055 1k

R_R2 0 N00094 800

R_R3 N00048 N00055 55k

R_R4 N00052 N00048 19k

R_R5 0 N00052 10k

R_R6 0 N00044 5k

R_R7 N00104 N00786 1k

C_C1 0 N00048 1n

C_C2 N00786 N00052 1u

C_C3 N000031 N00044 1u

C_C4 0 N00094 1u

L_L1 0 N00044 2.8u

C_C5 0 N00044 .009u

C_C6 0 N00786 .029u

L_L2 0 N00786 .88u

V_V1 N00104 0 DC 0Vdc AC 1Vac

V_V2 N00055 0 10

RESULT:

Thus the stagger tuned amplifier was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output
waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 19 SIMULATION OF BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
USING SPICE
AIM:
To simulate the circuit Bistable multivibrator transistor bias using ORCAD PSPICE
software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Create a edit simulation title.
3. Select the type of analysis.
4. Create a new simulation file.
5. Simulate the file.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0

V1

15Vdc
R3 R4
C3
2k C4 2k

1p

R1 R21p

100k 100k
VC1 VC2
Q1

Q2 V
VB2
V
VB1
V BC107A
BC107A V

C10 D12

.01u
V1 = -4v
V3 D1N4001
V2 = 4v 22k
TD = 0s C107
TR = 100ns 0
TF = 100ns R19
.01u
PW = 500us 22k

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 PER = 1ms
0
0

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OUTPUT:

20V

10V

SEL>>
0V
V(Q1:c)
1.0V

0.5V

0V
V(Q1:b)
20V

10V

0V
V(Q2:c)
10V

0V

-10V
0s 0.5ms 1.0ms 1.5ms 2.0ms 2.5ms 3.0ms 3.5ms 4.0ms 4.5ms 5.0ms 5.5ms 6.0ms 6.5ms 7.0ms 7.5ms 8.0ms
V(Q2:b)
Time

NETLIST:

** Creating circuit file "bist-SCHEMATIC1-fdg.sim.cir"

** WARNING: THIS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED FILE MAY BE OVERWRITTEN

BY SUBSEQUENT SIMULATIONS

*Libraries:

* Local Libraries :

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini file:

.lib "nom.lib"

*Analysis directives:

.TRAN 0 8ms 0
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.PROBE

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.INC "bist-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING bist-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source BIST

Q_Q1 N00034 N00067 0 Q2N2222

Q_Q2 N00038 N00077 0 Q2N2222

R_R1 0 N00067 22k

R_R2 N00038 N00067 100k

R_R3 N00038 N00183 2k

R_R4 N00034 N00183 2k

R_R5 N00077 N00034 100k

R_R6 0 N00234 22k

C_C1 N00246 N00234 .01u

C_C2 N00077 N00034 1p

C_C3 0 N00067 .01u

D_D1 N00077 N00234 D1N4002

V_V1 N00246 0

+PULSE -4 4 0 100ns 100ns 500us 1ms

C_c4 N00038 N00067 1p

V_V2 N00183 0 15

RESULT:

Thus the bistable multivibrator was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its output
waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 20 SIMULATION OF SCHMITT TRIGGER WITH
PREDICTABLE HYSTERSIS USING SPICE

AIM:
To simulate the circuit Schmitt Trigger circuit using ORCAD PSPICE software and to plot
its hysersis curve.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NETLIST:

r_rin 1 2 50

r_rc1 0 3 50

r_r1 3 5 185

r_r2 5 8 760

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r_rc2 0 6 100

r_re 4 8 260

r_rth2 7 0 85

c_cload 0 7 5pf

v_vee 8 0 dc -5

v_vin 1 0

+pwl 0 -8 1ms -1.0v 2ms -1.8v

r_rth1 8 7 125

q_q1 3 2 4 qstd

q_q2 6 5 4 qstd

q_q3 0 6 7 qstd

q_q4 0 6 7 qstd

.model qstd npn(is=1.0e-16 bf=100 br=0.1 rb=50 rc=10 tf=0.12ns tr=5ns

+ cje=0.4pf pe=0.8 me=0.4 cjc=0.5pf pc=0.8 mc=0.333 ccs=1pf va=50)

.TRAN .01ms 2ms

.probe

* plots the transient response

.END

PROCEDURE:

To Plot the hysteresis of Schmitt trigger the QSTD model can be used in PSPICE. As
QSTD model is not available in PSPICE library, for this experiment Netlist may be created and
executed in ORCAD capture.

1. Goto file menu in PSPICD A/D DEMO Student File New Text file

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 2. Type the above Netlist and save with the extension of “.cir” (circuit file)

3. To execute the circuit file, you can close the file and again open the file and click run.

4. Instead of using the DC sweep to look at the hysteresis, use the transient analysis, (Print
Step = .01ms and Final Time = 2ms) sweeping VIN from -1.8 volts to -1.0 volts and back
down to -1.8 volts, very slowly. This has two advantages:
 it avoids convergence problems
 it covers both the upward and downward transitions in one analysis
After the simulation, in the Probe window in PSpice, the X axis variable is initially set to be
Time. By selecting X Axis Settings from the Plot menu and clicking on the Axis Variable
button, you can set the X axis variable to be V(1). Then use Add on the Trace menu to display
V(7), and change the X axis to a user defined data range from -1.8V to -1.0V (Axis Settings on
the Plot menu). This plots the output of the Schmitt trigger against its input, which is the
desired outcome.
OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the Schmitt trigger with predictable hysteresis was simulated using ORCAD
PSPICE and its output waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 21 SIMULATION OF MONOSTABLE BLOCKING
OSCILLATOR SPICE
AIM:
To simulate the BLOCKING Oscillator using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE
PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. To choose transformer
Go to Part Place Analog XFRM
Double click on the transformer and give the Coupling coefficient as 1(maximum value
is 1) and L1 =30H and L2=40H.
3. Create a edit simulation title.
4. Select the type of analysis.
5. Create a new simulation file.
6. Simulate the file.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V
5

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OUTPUT:

NETLIST:

*Analysis directives:

.TRAN 0 100ms 0

.PROBE

.INC "blocking1-SCHEMATIC1.net"

**** INCLUDING blocking1-SCHEMATIC1.net ****

* source BLOCKING1

K_TX1 L1_TX1 L2_TX1 1

L1_TX1 N00044 N00020 10H

L2_TX1 N00056 N00029 60H

K_TX2 L1_TX2 L2_TX2 1

L1_TX2 N00056 N00044 30H

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L2_TX2 N00038 N00056 40H

Q_Q3 N000111 N00032 0 Q2N2222

R_R1 N000111 N00020 10

R_R2 N00032 N00038 3k

D_D1 N00029 N00119 D1N4002

V_V1 N00056 0 5

C_C1 0 N00119 10n

RESULT:

Thus the monostable blocking oscillator was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE and its
output waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 22 SIMULATION OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT TIME
BASE CIRCUITS USING SPICE

AIM:
To simulate the Voltage and Current Time Base Circuits using ORCAD PSPICE software.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
ORCAD PSPICE

PROCEDURE:
1. Draw the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. To choose transformer
Go to Part Place Analog XFRM
Double click on the transformer and give the Coupling coefficient as 1(maximum value
is 1) and L1 =30H and L2=40H.
3. Create a edit simulation title.
4. Select the type of analysis.
5. Create a new simulation file.
6. Simulate the file.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
VOLTAGE TIME BASE CIRCUIT

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CURRENT TIME BASE CIRCUIT

OUTPUT:

RESULT:

Thus the Voltage and Current Time Base Circuits was simulated using ORCAD PSPICE
and its output waveform was obtained.

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 Ex.No: 23 CONTENT BEYOND SYLABUS

HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR DESIGN AND

TESTING USING SPICE

A Power MOSFET SPICE Model

with Built-In Model Generator

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 VIVA-VOCE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

SERIES AND SHUNT FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS-FREQUENCY RESPONSE, INPUT

AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE CALCULATION
1. Define feedback
A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is
combined with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback.
2. What are the types of feedback?
There are two types:
 Positive Feedback
 Negative Feedback
3. Define negative feedback. (Degenerative feedback)
When input signal and part of the output signal are in out of phase, the feedback is
called negative feedback.
4. Define feedback factor or feedback ratio.
The ratio of the feedback voltage to output voltage is known as feedback factor or
feedback ratio.
5. What are the advantages of negative feedback?
 It improves the stability of the circuit.
 It improves the frequency response of the amplifier.
 It improves the percentage of harmonic distortion.
 It improves the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
 It reduces the gain of the circuit.
6. List the types of feedback amplifiers
The types of feedback amplifiers
Voltage-series feedback amplifier
Voltage-shunt feedback amplifier
Current-series feedback amplifier
Current-shunt feedback amplifier
7. Define loop gain. (Or) What is meant by return ratio?
The signal Vi is multiplied by ‘A’ in passing through the amplifier is multiplier by ‘β’.
In transmission through the feedback network and is multiplied by ‘-1’ in the mixer. The
product of ‘- A β’ is called the loop gain (or) return ratio.

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 8. Why gain bandwidth product remains constant with the introduction of negative
feedback?
Since bandwidth with negative feedback increases by factor (1+A β) and gain decreases
by same factor, the gain-bandwidth product of an amplifier does not altered, when
negative feedback is introduced.

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR AND WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

1. What is an oscillator?
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a
periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.
2. Which feedback is used in oscillators?
Positive Feedback(Regenerative feedback)
If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net effect of the feedback will
increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is said to be positive
or regenerative feedback.
3. State the Barkhausen criterion for an oscillator.
1. The total phase shift around a loop, as the signal proceeds from input through
amplifier, feedback network back to input again, completing a loop, is precisely 00 or 3600.
2. The magnitude of the product of the open loop gain of the amplifier (A) and the
feedback factor D is unity. i.e., A D = 1.
4. Give the frequency of oscillation for RC-phase shift oscillator?
The frequency of oscillation of RC-phase shift oscillator is
F=(1/2πRC)v—(4k+6)
Where k=2.639.
5. What are the essential parts of an Oscillator?
 Tank circuit (or) Oscillatory circuit.
 Amplifier (Transistor amplifier)
 Feedback Circuit.
6. Why RC phase shift is needed in a RC phase shift Oscillator?
The amplifier used causes a phase shift of 180o than the feedback network should
create phase shift of 180o, to satisfy the Barkhausen Criterion. Hence in a phase shift
oscillators, three sections of RC circuit are connected in cascade, each introducing a shift
of 60o, thus introducing a total phase shift of 180o, due to feedback network.

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 7. Write down the general applications of oscillators.
a) As a local oscillator in radio receivers.
b) In T.V receivers.
c) In signal generators.
d) As clock generation for logic circuits.
e) AM and FM transmitters.
f) In phase lock loops.
8. Give the disadvantages of phase shift oscillator.
 The output is small. It is due to smaller feedback.
 It is difficult for the circuit to start oscillations as the feedback is usually small.
 The frequency stability is not as good as that of Wien bridge oscillator.
 It needs high voltage (12 V) battery so as to develop sufficiently large feedback voltage.
9. What is sustained Oscillation?
The electrical oscillations in which amplitude does not change with time are called as
sustained oscillations. It is also called as Undamped Oscillation.

HARTLEY OSCILLATOR AND COLPITTS OSCILLATOR

1. How does an oscillator differ from an amplifier?

Oscillators Amplifiers
1. They are self-generating circuits. They
generate waveforms like sine, square and 1. They are not self-generating circuits. They
triangular waveforms of their own. need a signal at the input and they just
Without having input signal. increase the level of the input waveform.
2. It have infinite gain 2.It have finite gain
3. Oscillator uses positive feedback. 3.Amplifier uses negative feedback.
2. What are the disadvantages of the basic LC Oscillator?
 They have no means of controlling the amplitude of the oscillations.
 It is difficult to tune the oscillator to the required frequency.
3. In an LC circuit, when the capacitor is maximum, what about the inductor energy?
Minimum
4. In an LC oscillator, what about the frequency of oscillation?
Inversely proportional to the square root of L or C

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5. What are the applications of Hartley Oscillator?
It is widely used in Radio receivers. It is suitable for oscillations in RF (Radio-
Frequency) range, upto 30MHZ.
6. What are the applications of Colpitt’s Oscillator?
It is widely used in Radio frequency and audio frequency applications.
Microwave applications
Mobile and communication systems
7. Give the frequency of oscillation for Colpitt’s oscillator?
The frequency of oscillations in the Colpitts oscillator is given by
f = 1/ (2π√ (LCeq))
Where Ceq = C1 C2 / (C1 + C2)
8. What is meant by resonant Circuit Oscillators?
LC Oscillators are known as resonant circuit oscillator because the frequency of
operation of LC Oscillator is nothing but a resonant frequency of tank circuit or LC tank circuit
produces sustained Oscillation at the resonant circuit oscillator.

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

1. What do you mean by tuned amplifiers?
The amplifiers which amplify only selected range of frequencies (narrow band of
frequencies) with the help of tuned circuits (parallel LC circuit) are called tuned amplifiers.
2. List the advantages of tuned amplifiers.
Advantages:
1. They amplify defined frequencies.
2. Signal to Noise ratio at output is good.
3. They are well suited for radio transmitters and receivers.
4. The band of frequencies over which amplification is required can be
varied.
3. List the disadvantages of tuned amplifiers.
Disadvantages:
1. Since they use inductors and capacitors as tuning elements, the circuit
is bulky and costly.
2. If the band of frequency is increased, design becomes complex.
3. They are not suitable to amplify audio frequencies.

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4. Define Q factor of resonant circuit.
It is the ratio of reactance to resistance.
It also can be defined as the measure of efficiency with which inductor can store the
energy.
5. What are single tuned amplifiers?
Single tuned amplifiers use one parallel resonant circuit as the load impedance in each
stage and all the tuned circuits are tuned to the same frequency
6. Why quality factor is kept as high as possible in tuned circuits?
When Q is high, bandwidth is low and we get better selectivity. Hence Q is kept as high
as possible in tuned circuits.
When Q is high inductor losses are less.
7. List the applications of Tuned amplifiers.
Tuned amplifiers are used in radio and audio frequency applications.
They are used as frequency selective amplifiers.
8. Classify tuned amplifiers.
1.Single tuned amplifier.
2.Double tuned amplifier.
3.Synchronously tuned amplifier.
4.Stagger tuned amplifier.
9. What is the other name for tuned amplifier?
Tuned amplifiers used for amplifying narrow band of frequencies hence it is also known
as “ narrow band amplifier” or “Band pass amplifier”.

RC INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR CIRCUITS

1. A differentiator converts a square wave into what form? An integrator converts a
square wave into what form?
A differentiator converts a square wave into spikes waveform an integrator converts a
square wave into triangle waveform.
2. Mention one application of the RC integrator and differentiator.
In amplitude modulation circuits
3. What is the requirement of a high pass filter to act as differentiator?
The time constant should be very less.
4. What is the requirement of a low pass filter to act as integrator?

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 Time constant should be high
5. What is time constant of an RC circuit?
It is the time needed to charge the capacitor to 63.2% of input voltage.
6. Define integrator.
Integrator is a circuit that passes low frequencies of the input and attenuates high
frequencies. Integrator implies that the output voltage is an integral of the input voltage
7. What is the use of commutating capacitors?
The Commutating capacitors can be used to reduce the transition time in a low to high
level and vice versa.
8. Define transition time.
The time interval during which the conduction transfer from one transistor to another
transistor is defined as transition time.

CLIPPERS AND CLAMPERS

1. What is clipper?
The circuit with which the waveform is shaped by removing (or clipping) a portion
of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform is called
a clipper.
2. What is clamper?
A circuit which shifts (clamps) a signal to a different dc level, i.e. which introduces a
dc level to an ac signal is called clamper. It is also called dc restorer.
3. Which are the other names for clamping circuits?
DC restoring or inserting circuits.
4. Give an application of clamping circuits.
In T.V receivers the dc level of the video signal will be lost due to coupling
capacitances of amplifiers in it. This dc level has to be restored since it is corresponding
to the brightness level of the picture. Clamping circuits are used for this purpose.

ASTABLE AND MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS

1. What is a linear waveform-shaping circuit?
The process by which the shape of a nonsinusoidal signal is changed by passing
the signal through the network consisting of linear elements is called Linear Wave
Shaping.
2. Define monostable multivibrator.

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 When a trigger pulse is applied to the input circuit, the circuit state is changed
abruptly to unstable state for a predetermined time after which the circuit returned to its
original stable state automatically
3. Why is monostable Multivibrator called delay circuit?
The time between the transitions from quasi-stable state to stable state can be
predetermined and hence it can be used to introduce time delays with the help of fast
transition. Due to this application is called delay circuit.
4. Define Astable multivibrator.
Astable multivibrator is a multivibrator in which neither state is stable. There are two
temporary states. The circuit changes state continuously from one quasi stables state to
another at regular intervals without any triggering. This generates continuous square
waveform without any external signal.

FREE RUNNING BLOCKING OSCILLATORS

1. What is Blocking Oscillator?
A special type of wave generator which is used to produce a single narrow pulse
or train of pulses using regenerative feedback characteristics are called Blocking
oscillator.
2. What are the applications of the blocking oscillator?
 The blocking oscillator can be used as low impedance switch used to
discharge a capacitor very quickly.
 To produce large peak power pulses, both the types of oscillators cab be used.
 The output of the blocking oscillator can be used to produce gating waveform
with very low mark space ratio.
 It may be used as frequency divider or counter in digital circuits.
3. What are the two types of astable Blocking Oscillator?
1. Diode controlled Astable Blocking Oscillator.
2. Re controlled Astable Blocking Oscillator
4. What are the two important elements of Blocking Oscillator?
Transistor and pulse transformer
5. What are the applications of pulse transformer?
Pulse transformer can be used to
1. Change the amplitude and impedance level of a pulse.
2. Invert the polarity of the pulse.

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 3. Produce a pulse in a circuit having negligible d.c. resistance.
4. Differentiate a pulse.
5. Act as a coupling element in a certain pulse generating circuits.
6. What is the other name of Free running blocking Oscillator?
Astable Blocking Oscillator

SIMULATION USING SPICE (Using Transistor):

1. What is pspice?
It is a simulator that simulates the behaviour of electronic circuits. It supports electronic
design automation.
2. What is the difference between pspice and Matlab?
PSpice is a program to simulate analog and digital logic circuits, where Matlab is
a fully functional programming language designed to plot mathematical functions,
implement various algorithms and solve complex mathematical problems.
3. What is the full name for pspice?
PSPICE stands for Personal Computer Simulation Program with Integrated
Circuit Emphasis.

REFERENCE BOOKS
1. Paul B Zbar and Albert P Malvino, Michael A Miller, “Basic Electronics: A
Text Lab Manual”, 7th edition, Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.
2. David A Bell, “Laboratory Manual for Electronic Devices and Circuits”,
4th edition, PHI, 2001.
3. Muhammed H Rashid, “SPICE for circuits and electronics using PSPICE”,
2nd edition, PHI, 1995.
4. Semiconductor Physics and Devices by D. A. Neamen
5. Analog Circuits by Robert Pease.

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