Scribd
Upload
491 views

Physics Project ARJUN CS

This document is a report on an investigatory physics project conducted by Arjun CS of Class XII on the variation of resistance with length and area of cross-section of a conductor. The objectives were to study how resistance changes with length and area. The experiment verified Ohm's law and showed that resistance increases directly with length and inversely with area of cross-section, as predicted by theory. The report includes the apparatus, circuit diagram, observations, results and limitations of the study.

Uploaded by

vaishakhvg9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
491 views

Physics Project ARJUN CS

This document is a report on an investigatory physics project conducted by Arjun CS of Class XII on the variation of resistance with length and area of cross-section of a conductor. The objectives were to study how resistance changes with length and area. The experiment verified Ohm's law and showed that resistance increases directly with length and inversely with area of cross-section, as predicted by theory. The report includes the apparatus, circuit diagram, observations, results and limitations of the study.

Uploaded by

vaishakhvg9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA

VIDYALAYAKASARAGOD

ACADEMIC YEAR: 2022-23

INVESTIGATORY PROJECT IN PHYSICS

REG NO :

NAME : ARJUN CS

CLASS : XII A

SUBJECT : PHYSICS

SUBJECT CODE : 042

GUIDED BY : PRASAD K R

PGT PHYSICS

JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA


KASARAGOD
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that ARJUN CS of class XII A of Jawahar Navodaya


Vidyalaya Kasaragod has done his investigatory project in physics under my
supervision. He has taken interest and has shown at most sincerity in
completion of this project.
I certify this Project up to my expectation & as per guidelines issued by CBSE,
NEW DELHI.

Date :
Place :

VALUED BY

Internal Examiner : External Examiner:


Mr. PRASAD K R
PGT PHYSICS
JNV PERIYE

Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep sense of our physics


teacher PRASAD K R
for his valuable support , help and guidance at every stage , without it
wouldn't have been possible to complete this project .
Also i would like to express my sincere gratitude to our beloved principal sir
K M VIJAYAKRISHNAN for his immense encouragement that has made the
project successful .

Thanks and regards to my classmate and parents for their valuable suggestions
for the successful completion of the project.
INTRODUCTION

Resistance(R) of a conductor is defined as the ratio of potential difference (V)


applied across its ends to the resulting current (1) through the conductor i.e.,
𝑉
R=
𝐼
For a given potential difference, greater the resistance to current flow, smaller
is the current Resistance is the opposition offered by the substance to the flow
of electric current .This opposition occurs because the atoms and molecules of
the substance obstruct the flow of charge carriers i.e., the free electrons.
Metals such as silver, copper offer very little opposition to the flow of electric
current and are called conductors. On the other hand those substance which
offer very high resistance to the flow of current are called insulators.
OBJECTIVE

To study the variation of resistance with:

1.Length
2.Area of cross section of the given metallic conductor
(at constant temperature)
apparatus required

1.Battery
2.Key
3.Rheostat
4.Voltmeter
5.Ammeter
6.Resistance wires of different lengths(10 - 50cm)
7.Resistance wires of different diameter
8.Connecting wires
9.Graph paper
Theory
Ohm's law states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference across the conductor provided physical
conditions of conductor such as temperature, mechanical strain are kept at
constant i.e.,
V∝I
V = IR
R = V/I is a constant where R is known as the resistance of the conductor. It
depends upon the length, area of cross section, temperature and nature of the
material of the conductor.

DEDUCTION OF OHM'S LAW


𝐸𝑒
We know that drift velocity Vd= 𝜏
𝑚

𝑉
But electric field strength =
𝐼

Also current strength I=𝑛𝑒𝐴𝑉𝑑


𝐸𝑒
Vd= 𝜏
𝑚
𝐸𝑒𝜏
ie, I=𝐴𝑛𝑒 [ ]
𝑚
𝑚
If = 𝜌 ,the resistivity of the material of the wire
𝑛𝜏𝑒 2
𝑙
Then R = 𝜌
𝐴

From the above relation;


The resistance of a conductor depends upon the following
factors
1. Length (1): Resistance of a conductor is directly
proportional to its length
R∝ 𝑙
2. Area of cross section (A): Resistance of a conductor is inversely
proportional to the area cross section of the conductor
1
𝑅∝
𝐴
3. Depends on the nature of the material and temperature of the conductor
𝑙
i.e; 𝑅 ∝
𝐴
𝑙
or R = 𝜌 where p is the constant of proportionality and is known as
𝐴
specific resistance or electrical resistivity of the material of the conductor.
PROCEDURE

1. The connections are made as shown in the figure.

2. A battery is connected in series with a key,a rheostat, an ammeter and a


voltmeter. A resistance wire is connected with the voltmeter in parallel.

3. The key is closed and rheostat is adjusted till the ammeter shows the
definite current. The corresponding voltmeter reading is noted. For the
resistance wire (say 10cm) the reading is tabulated in each case.(say for
0.4v and 0.6v). V/I ratio is calculated and it is found to be constant
verifying ohm's law.This is the resistance of the wire.The experiment is
repeated with the different lengths of wire ranging from 10cm, 20cm, 30cm,
40cm and 50cm and the reading is tabulated. The corresponding resistance
for each lengths are also calculated.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Observation -1

S VOLTMETER AMMETER RESISTANCE AVERAGE


NO LENGTH READING(V) READING(I) 𝑽 RESISTANCE
R= Ω
𝑰
Ω

1 10cm 0.4v

0.6v

2 20cm 0.4v

0.6v

3 30cm 0.4v

0.6v

4 40cm 0.4v

0.6v

5 50cm 0.4v

0.6v
OBSERVATION - 2

S DIAMETER VOLTMETER AMMETER RESISTANCE AVERAGE


NO OF THE READING(V) READING(I) R= 𝑽 Ω RESISTANCE
𝑰
WIRE(mm) Ω

1 0.4v

0.6v

2 0.4v

0.6v

3 0.4v

0.6v

4 0.4v

0.6v

5 0.4v

0.6v
RESULT

1. The graph is found to be a straight line slope. The graph obtained verifies
that the resistance of the given material is directly proportional to the length of
the wire at a given temperature and of uniform cross section area.
2. The graph obtained verifies that the resistance of the given material is
inversely proportional to area of cross section at given temperature and of
uniform length.
LIMITATIONS

Due to the unavailability of the resistance wire of different materials with


same cross section and length, I could not conduct the study of variation of
resistance with resistivity of the material of the wire. Also I could not study
the variation of resistance with temperature.
PRECAUTIONS

1. The connection should be neat and clean. 2. The ammeter and voltmeter
should be proper range.
3. The wire should be of uniform cross sectional area
without any constriction at any point.
SOURCES OF ERROR

1. The instrument screws may be loose.


2. Thick connecting wire may not be available.
3. Rheostat may have high variation with temperature
during experiment.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT TEXTBOOK
2. PRADEEP'S PHYSICS
3. COMPREHENSIVE LAB MANUAL

You might also like