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Lec 1,2 Introduction

This document provides an overview of control systems engineering. It discusses feedback loops, how they are used to control various processes, and the role of controllers. Key concepts covered include the difference between static and dynamic systems, manual vs automatic control, ON/OFF vs analog control, and setpoint changes vs load upsets. Control systems engineering involves applying principles from various engineering disciplines like chemical, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering along with mathematics. Automation and feedback loops have enabled increased control and consistency in manufacturing processes. Understanding control theory requires some mathematical concepts like transfer functions and the Laplace transform.

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mr.x1549
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
18 views

Lec 1,2 Introduction

This document provides an overview of control systems engineering. It discusses feedback loops, how they are used to control various processes, and the role of controllers. Key concepts covered include the difference between static and dynamic systems, manual vs automatic control, ON/OFF vs analog control, and setpoint changes vs load upsets. Control systems engineering involves applying principles from various engineering disciplines like chemical, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering along with mathematics. Automation and feedback loops have enabled increased control and consistency in manufacturing processes. Understanding control theory requires some mathematical concepts like transfer functions and the Laplace transform.

Uploaded by

mr.x1549
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control Systems

Engineering
Cairo University

Ahmed A Ismail
[email protected]
[email protected]

Internal
Course Material
◼ Control systems engineering
Norman Nise

◼ Modern control systems


Dorf and Bishop

◼ Automatic control systems


Kuo
2
Internal
Outline
◼ The feedback loop
◼ What is control systems engineering?
◼ The dirty M-word

3
Internal
The Feedback Loop
Basic Concepts
◼ Process
◼ Static vs. dynamic
◼ Feedback loop
◼ Manual vs. automatic
◼ ON/OFF vs. analog
◼ Setpoint change vs. load upset

5
Internal
What We Need to Control

6
Internal
Measure, Decide, and Actuate

7
Internal
The Feedback Loop
Load upsets

Manipulated Process
Setpoint variable variable
Controller Actuator Process

Sensor

◼ A system?

Internal
Temperature Control

Internal
Level Control

10
Internal
Artificial Pancreas

Internal
Heat Exchanger Control
Fluid Setpoint
temperature

Steam
flow

Fluid
flow

Fluid
temperature Setpoint

Steam
flow
◼ Automatic controllers generally have provisions for "manual mode"
Internal
Feedback in Practice

Generation SP
Generation SP
Actual generation
Actual generation
Boiler controller output to combustion

Pressure SP Pressure

Turbine controller output to governor

Internal
How Do You Fit in?

Internal
Controller Faceplate

◼ Provides dynamic information and operation interface


◼ What would this controller do now?
Internal
The Magic of Feedback
◼ Feedback is an enabling technology used in robots,
process industries, and many other applications
◼ Feedback has some amazing properties, it:
◼ Keeps the process variable as close as possible to setpoint
at all times
◼ Makes a loop less sensitive to load changes and process
variations
◼ The major drawbacks are that:
◼ Feedback speeds up process variable time variations, and
may even cause hunting
◼ Sensor noise is fed into the loop
Internal
Basic Concepts
◼ Process
◼ Static vs. dynamic
◼ Feedback loop
◼ Manual vs. automatic
◼ ON/OFF vs. analog
◼ Setpoint change vs. load upset

17
Internal
What Is Control System
Engineering?
The Glue

Chemical
engineering
Mechanical
engineering
Control
Computer
engineering systems
engineering
Electrical
engineering
Mathematics

19
Internal
Why Do Manufacturers Control
Their Processes?

20
Internal
How Can You Make a Living
Out of This?

DESIGN HW ENGINEERING FACTORY


SITE WORK
SPECIFICATION SW DEVELOPMENT ACCEPTANCE TEST

Internal
The Story of Automation Is
The The
and StoryRoad
of The
to The
Modern
Future
World
Percentage of the world
labor force working in agriculture
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1820 1920 2020

22
Internal
The Dirty M-Word
Math Gone Wild

𝑌(𝑠) 32
= 2
𝑅(𝑠) 𝑠 + 12𝑠 + 32

Internal
Is This Mathematically Correct?

Load Load
dynamics

Manipulated Controlled
variable Process variable
+
dynamics

◼ Transfer function concerns the effect of a single


input on an output
Internal
Beauty Beats The Beast

𝑌 = 𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑣 𝐺𝑝 𝐸 + 𝐺𝑑 𝐷
𝑌 = 𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑣 𝐺𝑝 𝑌𝑠𝑝 − 𝐺𝑚 𝑌 + 𝐺𝑑 𝐷

1 + 𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑣 𝐺𝑝 𝐺𝑚 𝑌 = 𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑣 𝐺𝑝 𝑌𝑠𝑝 + 𝐺𝑑 𝐷
𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑣 𝐺𝑝 𝐺𝑑
𝑌= 𝑌𝑆𝑃 + 𝐷
1 + 𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑣 𝐺𝑝 𝐺𝑚 1 + 𝐺𝑐 𝐺𝑣 𝐺𝑝 𝐺𝑚 26
Internal
To Summarize

◼ Without transfer functions, the only available analysis tool was


differential equations
◼ Laplace transform became the common language of control engineers
◼ Designing controllers for distillation columns has direct parallels with
designing them for F-16 fighters, Ferrari sports cars, or whatever
Internal
Lab 25
Getting Familiar

◼ Real learning requires doing, not listening, or observing only


Internal
"Nothing Worth Having Ever
Comes Easily."
◼ Control loop foundation – section 9.2
◼ Control systems engineering – sections 2.1 to 2.3
◼ Why learn control theory
https://youtu.be/oBc_BHxw78s
◼ Control system introduction (till 14:20)
https://youtu.be/NPolBQ1ucDs
◼ Closed loop system
https://youtu.be/bEnRRI7XXRs
◼ Introduction to the Laplace transform
https://youtu.be/sZ2qulI6GEk
◼ Convolution becomes multiplication in s-domain
https://youtu.be/3ejfkMHr_DE
Internal

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