e-ISSN 2621-8054

Journal Didaskalia p-ISSN 2622-1667

Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023. Page (84 – 100 ) https://jurnal.sttii-surabaya.ac.id/index.php/didaskalia

The Implementation of Artificial Intelligence, Chatgpt, And Critical

Thinking Method for Academic Endeavors at Theological Higher
Education

Tolop Oloan Marbun

Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Pelita Dunia Tangerang

E-mail: [email protected]

Digital Object Identifier (DOI): https://doi.org/10.33856/didaskalia.v6i2.309

Article history
Received Revised Accepted Published
19 June 2023 17 July 2023 26 26 October 2023 31 October 2023

ABSTRACT
The primary aim of this research is to incorporate the use of Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, and the Critical
Thinking Method to enhance academic endeavors. Employing Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT in academic
work offers advantages to educators and students. Although educators and students are still required to verify
data and references independently, the use of Artificial Intelligence and ChatGPT enables the quick and precise
presentation of information. Therefore, it is essential to integrate the Critical Thinking methodology with the
utilization of ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence. Verifying and validating data improves the credibility of the
knowledge acquired by both professors and students. The research methodology employed in this project involved
library research, where the author collected primary and secondary data. Subsequently, content analysis
methodology was applied, and the data was presented descriptively. The study results indicate that the
implementation of Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, and the Critical Thinking method has enhanced the quality of
academic work produced by educators and students. Furthermore, this combination can expedite the production
of scholarly articles. When engaging in academic research, educators and students should adhere to the guidelines
on Artifact Intelligence and ChatGPT policies.

Keywords: implementing artificial intelligence, chatGPT; critical thinking method, academic endeavors,
educators and students

Citation Style (APA): Marbun, T. (2023). The Implementation of Artificial Intelligence, Chatgpt, And Critical
Thinking Method for Academic Endeavors at Theological Higher Education. Journal Didaskalia, 6(2), 84-100.
https://doi.org/10.33856/didaskalia.v6i2.309

INTRODUCTION
The completion of academic assignments can pose challenges for each student. Academic endeavors
encompass paperwork, research, and culminating projects like the thesis and dissertation. The challenges in this
context pertain to effective time management, a comprehensive understanding of the topic, conducting thorough

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2621-8054, p-ISSN 2622-1667

84
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

research, accurately referencing sources, and utilizing technological resources. Students can use technical
resources such as Artifact Intelligence (AI) and ChatGPT to effectively handle their workload and establish task
prioritization to address these concerns. Individuals may be required to engage in multiple academic works
concurrently. To effectively handle their workload and develop task priorities, individuals may utilize AI and
ChatGPT.
AI is a subfield of computer science that focuses on creating intelligent machines that can perform human-
like tasks. These positions may require learning new information, making decisions, solving problems, and speech
recognition (Ge & Lai, 2023). Increasingly more aspects of daily life employ AI. AI is a rapidly developing field
that has the potential to revolutionize a variety of industries and increase productivity in a vast array of areas,
including theological higher education. With the incorporation of AI into academic endeavors, educators and
students must consider and guarantee ethical usage (Cooper, 2023).
ChatGPT is one of the developments of AI. OpenAI company developed ChatGPT. ChatGPT is a
conversational agent that communicates in natural language. The system was designed to simulate human
conversation and assist users with various tasks. ChatGPT employs state-of-the-art natural language processing
algorithms and machine learning models to comprehend user inquiries and provide pertinent and accurate
responses. ChatGPT performs multiple functions as an AI assistant, including answering questions, making
recommendations, and joining casual conversations.
Due to its adaptability to different contexts and capacity to comprehend linguistic nuance, AI is a helpful
tool for academic papers (Hassani & Silva, 2023). AI is a tool that can quickly locate references to information,
making it ideal for generating research topic ideas through brainstorming. Contrary to ChatGPT, ChatGPT
disseminates information rapidly and abundantly without citations. Integrating AI and ChatGPT can provide users
with more accurate, valid, and dependable data. Users can still request references for information that has already
been provided. However, instructors and students should wait to utilize all ChatGPT and AI data. Both educators
and students are required to employ the Critical Thinking Method.
The concept of critical thinking has significantly progressed. Critical thinking is the methodical and
rigorous process of using knowledge to guide one's logic and performance. This method is distinguished by the
active and skilled application of knowledge gained through observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or
communication. A higher-order thinking skill consists of asking questions, recognizing and testing previously held
assumptions, recognizing ambiguity, and engaging in various cognitive processes. It also requires remembering
facts, making informed decisions and judgments, and articulating, defending, and clarifying positions (Browne &
Keeley, 2007).
It is essential for evaluating information sources and constructing educators' and students' arguments
(Hummell, 2016). With the assistance of a rational, objective, and self-aware approach that emphasizes critical
thinking, students will have an easier time locating credible sources and bolstering their conclusions on academic
assignments. Critical thinking seeks to produce the highest quality academic work possible by employing accurate
information. It is a strategy for approaching problems in specific ways to research and determine the optimal
solution.
The critical thinking methodology requires a logical and methodical analysis of the evidence, arguments,
and ideas. It requires challenging presumptions, identifying biases, evaluating the data, and considering various
perspectives. This method aims to reach conclusions supported by sound reasoning and trusted evidence (Browne
& Keeley, 2007). The highest quality academic assignments will be produced by applying Critical Thinking. In

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

85
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

light of this result, the author collaborates AI, ChatGPT, and Critical Thinking Methods for academic endeavors
for educators and students in theological higher education.
Based on the previous analysis, the author raises the question: how to implement AI, ChatGPT, and Critical
Thinking Methods in academic endeavors? What is the best practice for implementing AI, ChatGPT, and Critical
Thinking Methods in academic endeavors? What is the potential weakness of implementing AI, ChatGPT, and
Critical Thinking Methods in academic works in Theological Higher Education?

RESEARCH METHOD
The study utilized a library research approach, a method for identifying credible sources that offer factual
information or authoritative viewpoints related to the research query. The sources encompass primary and secondary
materials derived from books and academic journals. The author meticulously examined this data to construct a
structured analytical framework. The chosen data analysis technique was content analysis, and the findings were
conveyed in a descriptive manner (Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B, 2016).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Artificial intelligence for research
Artificial intelligence (AI) is widely utilized in current research, particularly in the domains of academic
referencing and data mining. The integration of AI into educational tools holds the potential to enhance the
productivity of both educators and students. In this context, AI implemented as a web-based tool can rapidly retrieve
relevant information and references from web pages based on users' queries (Tang, Chang, & Hwang, 2021).
There is a growing trend of AI collaboration in research, leading to advancements in academic endeavors. Lecturers
and students can harness AI to expedite the completion of academic work, resulting in several advantages (Tang et
al., 2021).
One of the primary challenges when engaging in academic endeavors is finding data that corresponds to the
research topic. AI can aid educators and students in data exploration, which involves extracting valuable information
from extensive datasets. AI's efficiency in analyzing large volumes of data makes it an excellent tool for data
exploration. Additionally, AI can automate the data exploration process, reducing errors and saving time, which is
crucial in theological research (Bello-Orgaz, Jung, & Camacho, 2016).
Generating relevant research ideas for a given research title is another demanding task. Educators and students
can employ AI, particularly natural language processing (NLP) techniques, to overcome these challenges. NLP
enables computers to better understand and evaluate human language, making it useful for automatically extracting
information and data from textual sources, such as academic endeavors and essays. This approach allows students to
inquire about relevant data, provide insights, and predict outcomes while fostering creativity in their academic
endeavors (Crowston, Allen, & Heckman, 2012).
In summary, AI plays a crucial role in streamlining academic work by facilitating data exploration and
generating research ideas, ultimately enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of theological research (Tang et al.,
2021; Bello-Orgaz et al., 2016; Crowston et al., 2012).

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

86
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Prospecting References
The task of finding relevant references can be daunting for educators and students engaged in academic
endeavors. Prospecting references play a crucial role in facilitating the scholarly efforts and upholding intellectual
responsibility among educators and students. With the aid of artificial intelligence (AI), students can now conduct
their research and assignments in an academically sound manner, free from plagiarism. AI has brought about
significant advancements in academic studies, automating various time-consuming research tasks, including citation
formatting, which drastically reduces the time required (Lalbakhsh et al., 2022). Furthermore, website-based AI
consistently provides citations, benefiting students and educators seeking quick and accurate source verification.

Novelty Findings
Discovering novelties is one of the most challenging aspects of academic work. Educators and students are
required to assess and scrutinize prior theoretical findings to identify gaps, which represent novelty findings. AI can
expedite the process of novelty discovery in several ways, including the automation of time-consuming tasks,
enhanced research efficiency and quality, and assistance in forecasting and decision-making (Lee, 2022). It is
important to note that AI serves as a tool to accelerate novelty discovery, and educators and students with a
comprehensive understanding of how AI and critical thinking methodology intersect are well-positioned to make
groundbreaking discoveries and gain fresh insights that could significantly impact the academic field.

Advancement of Main and Supporting Ideas

Determining the main idea and supporting ideas can be a challenging task for educators and students. AI offers
a solution by enabling educators and students to identify the most crucial ideas and categorize them into primary and
supporting concepts. Additionally, AI can assist in the discovery of these supplementary ideas, potentially accelerating
the development of primary and supporting arguments (Barredo Arrieta et al., 2020). The precision of inquiries related
to primary and secondary concepts correlates with the accuracy of the data obtained.
Moreover, educators and students can find value in organizing their thoughts and ideas, especially during
research and writing.

ChatGPT for Academic Endeavors

While AI website-based research functions closely mirror those of ChatGPT, it is important to highlight
ChatGPT's role as a continuation and reinforcement of AI in academic contexts. ChatGPT represents an advanced
language model that amalgamates artificial intelligence and machine learning to generate text-based responses to
specific prompts. This feature results in the rapid and precise generation of text. Many academics employ ChatGPT
across various domains, including coding, language translation, and automated content summarization. At this stage,
educators and students can employ ChatGPT for their academic pursuits.

Novelty Booster
ChatGPT has the potential to stimulate the generation of creative ideas and fresh perspectives relevant to
research topics and inquiries. This tool can be especially valuable for educators and students looking to delve into
novel findings. Users can input a question or stimulus to ChatGPT, and the platform will generate a variety of opinions
and viewpoints on the subject. As a cutting-edge tool, it offers assistance to academics, students, and educators seeking
to expand their exploration of novel insights.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

87
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Expanding the Elaboration of Essential Discussion

Expanding the elaboration of essential discussions can present challenges for both educators and students.
When additional details or information are required, ChatGPT can be used to obtain comprehensive and relevant
information about the topic or specific keywords in need of further elucidation. However, it's important to note that
ChatGPT serves as a tool for elaboration, and educators and students should exercise diligence in verifying and
validating the information before incorporating it into essential discussions.

Facilitate Profound Understanding

At times, educators and students in pursuit of knowledge may require a deeper comprehension of a subject,
encompassing its core concepts and supporting ideas. During this phase, educators and learners can employ ChatGPT
to enrich their grasp of the subject matter, including the principal concept and supplementary notions. The analysis of
ChatGPT's responses can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the subject. It is important, however,
to be mindful of the potential for results that deviate from the research questions, confirmation bias in the training
data, and uncertainties regarding the accuracy of the content. Therefore, researchers must recognize the limitations
associated with chatbots like GPT3, GPT3.5, and GPT4 and approach the provided data's reliability and applicability
with caution. Notably, ChatGPT AI refrains from imposing personal beliefs and offers minimal interpretation of
biblical passages, particularly pertinent in theological higher education.

References Discovery
One notable distinction between ChatGPT and website-based AI is the availability of references. Website-
based AI swiftly provides references for instructors and students to verify the information. In contrast to ChatGPT, it
generates explanations without citations. Consequently, educators and students must prompt ChatGPT with queries
to obtain references. ChatGPT typically offers ten references per chat, which educators and students can then review,
validate, and confirm in relation to the topic and data.

Critical Thinking Method

Definition of the Critical Thinking Method: Critical thinking involves logical reasoning and evidence-based
judgment achieved through the analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of information, ideas, observations, or beliefs. To
reach well-informed conclusions, it is crucial to critically examine assumptions, identify biases, and consider
alternative viewpoints. Engaging in critical thinking offers substantial benefits across various life domains, as it is
essential for making informed decisions and effectively addressing complex challenges.
Numerous scholars and individuals offer diverse definitions of the critical thinking method. Below are some
of the interpretations of critical thinking: Scriven and Paul's Definition: "Critical thinking is the intellectually
disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, acquiring, analyzing,
and synthesizing knowledge gained or generated through experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication. This
definition underscores the importance of employing cognitive abilities to evaluate data and draw conclusions
carefully" (Suter, 2012, pp. 4–6). Fisher's Definition: Critical thinking is a process that assists individuals in reaching
intelligent conclusions. This process includes analyzing information, evaluating arguments, and considering multiple
perspectives. Students can apply their critical thinking skills in various settings, including school, the workplace, and
daily life (Davies, 2015, pp. 41–92).

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

88
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Ennis's Definition: Critical thinking involves analyzing, critiquing, evaluating, and debating data derived from
personal experiences, observations, or communication to draw reliable conclusions with strong justifications. This
procedure entails examining data from multiple perspectives, considering source reliability, and challenging
assumptions. In numerous fields, including science and education, critical thinking proves beneficial (Ennis, n.d., pp.
81–111).
In summary, according to the aforementioned definitions, critical thinking is a systematic, logical, and careful
approach to analyzing and evaluating data or arguments for making well-informed decisions. It enables individuals to
think independently, engage in productive discussions and debates, and arrive at well-supported judgments and
conclusions based on facts and logic.
Ennis defines critical thinking as the process of analyzing, critiquing, evaluating, and debating data obtained
from personal experiences, observations, or communication, and drawing reliable conclusions supported by strong
justifications (Ennis, n.d., p. 81–111). This process entails examining data from various perspectives, assessing source
reliability, and challenging assumptions. Critical thinking is valuable in numerous fields, including science and
education.
According to these definitions, critical thinking represents a systematic, logical, and cautious approach to
analyzing and evaluating data or arguments to make well-informed decisions. It empowers individuals to think
independently, engage in productive discussions and debates, and arrive at well-supported judgments and conclusions
grounded in facts and logic. (Ennis, n.d.)

Critical Thinking as a Crucial Method in Academic Endeavors

Critical thinking plays an indispensable role in research, theses, and dissertations as it allows for the accurate
evaluation of ideas and data. It also facilitates the identification of potential biases or fallacies in the gathered data,
ensuring that the conclusions drawn are underpinned by logical reasoning. Researchers who engage in critical thinking
are better equipped to explore alternative viewpoints and recognize potential limitations in their findings. The
importance of critical thinking in academic endeavors can be attributed to the following factors:

Formulating the Endeavors Inquiry

Critical thinking aids in formulating precise, focused, and relevant inquiries for academic endeavors. It ensures
that the results of the endeavor are well-structured and poised to make a significant impact in the field. By applying
critical thinking techniques, educators and students can identify patterns, draw well-founded conclusions, and make
decisions based on the available evidence, thus guaranteeing the reliability and precision of their findings.

Determining the Method and Data Collection

Educators and students can harness critical thinking when deciding on the research method and data collection
process (Lau, 2011, pp. 107–112). This approach ensures that the data collected is accurate, reliable, and directly
pertinent to the research questions. It also entails monitoring the data collection process to ensure adherence to ethical
guidelines and the protection of participants' rights. Acquiring informed consent ensures that educators or students
involved in the research are fully aware of the study's objectives, purpose, and potential benefits (Jackson, 2015, pp.
76–102).

The Analysis of Information

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

89
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

During the analysis of information, educators and students can utilize critical thinking skills to uncover
correlations and associations that may not be immediately apparent. Critical thinking simplifies the process of drawing
reliable conclusions and confirming the accuracy of data interpretation (Lau, 2011, pp. 107–111). This, in turn, enables
educators and students to enhance the quality of their work. Furthermore, critical thought can improve the reliability
of the research process and the accuracy of its findings.

Verification of Data Validity and Reliability

Through the application of critical thinking, educators and students can verify the validity and reliability of
their data (Smith & McGannon, 2018, pp. 101–121). Ensuring the truth and accuracy of the data is a crucial aspect of
a successful study. Critical thinking techniques empower educators and students to identify potential biases or
limitations in their sources. By considering these factors, educators and students can make more informed decisions
about utilizing data in their research and mitigate potential issues. Additionally, possessing the capacity for critical
thought is an essential skill for educators and students who seek to conduct impactful and high-quality research.

Awareness of Potential Issues

Critical thinking allows educators and students to identify potential issues in the design and examination of
their endeavors and take corrective actions. This practice ensures a comprehensive scrutiny of research and the highest
level of precision in the findings (Elo et al., 2014, p. 215824401452263). Critical thinking empowers educators and
students to evaluate various theories based on the accuracy of their observations and inferences. It also facilitates
maintaining objectivity in research and enhances the credibility of the results among fellow scholars, educators, and
students.

The Efficient Communication of Concepts

Efficiently communicating concepts is paramount in academic endeavors, especially when composing a thesis,
dissertation, or theoretical report. Critical thinking skills are indispensable in this regard as they empower educators
and students to effectively convey their ideas and findings to their intended audience (Hyland, 2004, pp. 156–177).
This ensures that the outcomes have the most significant potential impact in their respective fields. Through the
practice of critical thinking, researchers can pinpoint potential biases and limitations in their work, thus elevating the
overall quality of their research. By recognizing preferences and constraints, researchers can more precisely and
comprehensively interpret their results, contributing to a deeper understanding of the subject.
Critical thinking is a vital asset in academic assignments such as research, theses, and dissertations as it
facilitates the formulation of research questions, data collection and analysis, source evaluation, problem resolution,
and the effective communication of findings. A variety of critical thinking methodologies can be employed to acquire
and enhance these proficiencies, which are essential for success in these domains. Moreover, critical thinking skills
enable individuals to scrutinize claims, identify biases, and make prudent decisions when undertaking academic
endeavors.

Implementing AI, ChatGPT, and Critical Thinking

AI, ChatGPT, and Critical Thinking can be synergistically applied to produce more productive, accurate, and
innovative academic endeavors. Here are some examples of how these techniques can be utilized in academic
research:

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

90
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Concept Development
Educators and students can generate intricate and intellectually stimulating research inquiries that demand
further examination and analytical interpretation. This can be achieved by harnessing AI and ChatGPT to derive
research ideas and questions from existing literature, data sources, and concept development. Furthermore, the
utilization of data analytics and machine learning algorithms can provide educators and students with the capability
to efficiently and precisely analyze extensive datasets, yielding research findings that are more reliable and
enlightening (Hyland, 2004).

Simplifying the Collection and Organization of Information

The utilization of AI and ChatGPT analysis can streamline the processes of data collection and organization.
This involves the implementation of natural language processing and data mining techniques to identify significant
patterns and extract valuable insights. These insights can then be further examined and analyzed for research purposes.
Additionally, AI and ChatGPT can support the development of predictive models and simulations, enabling
researchers to validate hypotheses and make well-informed judgments. The remarkable potential of AI and ChatGPT
to revolutionize research across diverse disciplines deserves attention, as they promise more precise and efficient
results.

Creating Summaries and Discovering Literature

AI and ChatGPT have demonstrated proficiency in creating concise and accurate summaries of complex
literature. The resulting summaries provide foundational concepts in a clear and accessible manner, facilitating
reflective and in-depth exploration. Furthermore, AI and ChatGPT can help identify gaps in current research and
suggest potential directions for future investigations. Providing a starting point for researchers' analyses can save time
and resources.

Evaluating Contextual Relevance and Validity

The application of critical thinking enables the assessment of the contextual relevance and credibility of the
data examined by AI and ChatGPT, ensuring that research findings align precisely with research inquiries and goals.
Moreover, the utilization of AI and ChatGPT can be instrumental in identifying patterns and correlations within vast
datasets that may have eluded human researchers. AI and ChatGPT have the potential to facilitate novel insights and
discoveries that might otherwise remain undiscovered.

Comprehensive Descriptions
Educators and students can employ ChatGPT outputs from various systematically annotated sources. This can
aid in interpreting research findings, creating hypothetical scenarios, or conducting surveys. Furthermore, ChatGPT
has the potential to assist educators and students in identifying data that may have been previously overlooked.
ChatGPT can generate novel insights and discoveries that contribute to the advancement of various academic
disciplines.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

91
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Critical Thinking is Indispensable

The inclusion of these approaches in academic investigations necessitates the integration of impartial research
validation, practical benchmarks, and ethical considerations. Critical thinking is crucial when evaluating AI-generated
output, such as ChatGPT, to enhance the significance and relevance of research findings. Furthermore, the use of AI
and ChatGPT in academic pursuits demands a comprehensive understanding of their limitations and potential biases.
Educators and students must ensure that the data used for training these models are diverse and effectively
representative of the studied population. By incorporating these elements, artificial intelligence (AI) and ChatGPT
can advance knowledge across various academic disciplines.

Incorporating AI, Specifically ChatGPT, Alongside Critical Thinking in Academic Endeavors

The integration of AI, particularly ChatGPT, in tandem with critical thinking in academic endeavors offers
researchers the potential to enhance the research process and generate more innovative and pertinent research
outcomes. Employing these methodologies requires meticulous implementation, verification, and comprehension
while considering the intricate interplay between ethics and prudent decision-making. Additionally, this collaborative
effort has the potential to enhance the effectiveness and precision of data analysis, thereby contributing to the
production of more reliable research outcomes. However, it is imperative to acknowledge that incorporating AI and
ChatGPT into academic research should not supplant human intellect and creativity but rather serve as complementary
tools.

Best Practice Implementation of AI, ChatGPT, and Critical Thinking for Academic Endeavors
The specific procedures and methodologies may vary depending on the disciplinary domain and research
context. Therefore, educators and students must thoroughly review pertinent scholarly works and seek guidance from
experienced colleagues to ensure the appropriateness and rigor of their research methods. To effectively integrate
artificial intelligence, specifically ChatGPT, and critical thinking into scholarly research, it is essential to define a
well-structured problem and formulate a research question. Here is the best practice sequence for the integration of
AI, ChatGPT, and Critical Thinking methods in academic pursuits:

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

92
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Determining Research Questions

Recognizing the importance of a specific research question or issue is a fundamental aspect of applying critical
thinking. It is essential to identify the most pressing challenges that must be addressed to achieve the desired objective
(Kelley, 2014, pp. 67–76). In addition to formulating inquiries, educators and students must encompass the primary
and supporting concepts. The level of creativity in a question positively correlates with the amount of information
educators and students gather. The availability of this data enhances the feasibility of conducting further research.
Precisely posing questions ensures that the responses provided are relevant to the subject matter at hand and helps
mitigate the occurrence of misinterpretations. Engaging in a comprehensive analysis of the subject matter can facilitate
a deeper understanding, potentially leading to the discovery of novel findings and the acquisition of insightful
perspectives. One method for refining the question is to employ a mapping inquiry.
The implementation of mapping inquiries offers a practical strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of
academic investigations. If a mapping inquiry is initiated, it may be more efficient to direct any queries to AI or
ChatGPT. These platforms have been specifically designed to manage mapping inquiries and deliver timely and
accurate information effectively.

Analyzing Unprocessed Data

Educators and students should refrain from directly utilizing unprocessed data and, instead, conduct a
comprehensive analysis of raw data. Data examination involves the meticulous scrutiny and comprehension of data
to identify relevant and valuable information (Sivarajah et al., 2017, pp. 263–286). It's crucial for educators and
students to understand that the data provided by AI and ChatGPT exists in its raw, unprocessed form. A thorough and
rigorous analysis is indispensable to ensure the integrity and excellence of the collected data. Employing data analysis
techniques serves as a means to pinpoint areas of concern and enhance the overall quality of academic assignments.
A thorough analysis of precise data is essential for reaching meaningful conclusions and conducting high-impact
academic research.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

93
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Developing Primary Ideas

The development of primary ideas can be facilitated for educators and students by utilizing verified and
validated data (Hill, Ball, & Schilling, 2008, pp. 372–400). The process of development entails creating a conceptual
framework or theory, which is then conceptually interpreted and practically applied. This process involves envisioning
all components associated with a concept and examining how educators and learners implement that notion. The
development of primary ideas holds significant importance across various academic disciplines.

Constructing Arguments
Educators and students can construct and present well-reasoned arguments based on the precise data available
(Carroll, 2019, pp. 100–120). Formulating an argumentative discourse involves clearly defining a proposition or
concept and providing supporting evidence. A persuasive argument necessitates a comprehensive examination of the
available data, a logical and coherent thought process, and the compilation of relevant and compelling evidence. It is
crucial to establish correlations among different sections of a written work and connect them to a specific context. To
ensure the effectiveness and validity of an argument, it must be presented clearly and concisely, supported by
empirical evidence. Additionally, the overarching statement should exhibit logical coherence, establishing a rational
and cohesive line of reasoning. In academic settings, it is common for lecturers and students to anticipate
counterarguments and subsequently address them thoughtfully and logically. Moreover, incorporating transitional
phrases and words can facilitate a seamless transition between different sections, thereby enhancing the overall
cohesiveness of the written composition.

Reviewing the Arguments

Reviewing an argument entails comprehensively evaluating and assessing the assertions, underlying
assumptions, and corroborating evidence to arrive at a reasoned, skeptical, and impartial analysis (Owen-Smith, 2001,
p. 427). Critical thinking encompasses the capacity to discern between conflicting claims of truthfulness and exercise
informed discernment in determining which viewpoints and arguments to endorse and which to approach with
skepticism. Critical thinking encompasses evaluating evidence, contemplating alternative hypotheses, and
acknowledging individual biases and assumptions. Individuals possess the capacity to engage in critical thinking,
enabling them to make informed decisions and avoid being influenced by emotional appeals or fallacious reasoning.

Building Comprehensive Paragraphs

The subsequent sequence aims to guide educators and students in constructing thorough and flawless
paragraphs. Crafting an exemplary paragraph requires the incorporation of various essential elements. In academic
writing, it is imperative to commence each paragraph with a clear and concise topic sentence that not only
communicates the central concept of the paragraph but also introduces the viewpoints of educators and learners
regarding the subject matter. The introductory statement of a paragraph should have a broad scope that encompasses
the central concept of the paragraph while also being sufficiently specific to facilitate the reader's understanding of
the main idea. Following this, the subsequent sentences should elaborate on the thesis statement by comprehensively
explaining the central concept and presenting pertinent supporting information. A paragraph's coherence depends on

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

94
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

its capacity to consistently emphasize a main idea, typically introduced in the topic sentence, whereby each subsequent
sentence aids in its elaboration. To ensure coherence within a paragraph, the sentences must exhibit seamless
transitions, establishing a cohesive and fluid progression. To adhere to the conventions of academic writing, the
paragraph must display sufficient development.

Analyzing Paragraphs
After constructing a comprehensive and flawless paragraph, educators and students should engage in a
thorough paragraph analysis. This process involves examining a paragraph to identify its main ideas and understand
its structural components. It is advisable to follow a prescribed sequence of steps when conducting a paragraph
analysis.
In academic settings, educators and students often follow a structured approach to paragraph construction.
Each paragraph typically begins with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea and subsequent arguments. Both
educators and students provide supporting evidence or references. This process helps ensure that the written content
maintains coherence and facilitates comprehension.
Within academic discourse, educators and students identify lexical items or expressions that establish
coherence and cohesion between successive sentences within a paragraph. Both lecturers and students can offer
additional information or provide contextual details. The concluding statement summarizes the main ideas discussed
in the preceding paragraph and establishes a solid link to the introductory topic sentence and supporting argument.
Academic evaluation involves assessing paragraphs by educators and students to determine their alignment
with the thesis statement's initial assertion. This evaluation examines various elements, including a well-defined topic
sentence, robust supporting evidence, and a compelling concluding sentence that effectively synthesizes the
paragraph's content. The analysis of paragraphs plays a crucial role in upholding an essay's overall coherence and
structure. Providing robust corroborating evidence enhances the validity and persuasiveness of the thesis statement's
assertion.

Harmonizing Paragraphs
The process of harmonizing a paragraph involves integrating information and concepts from various sources
to construct a persuasive argument. The following procedures can be employed to condense paragraphs. Identifying
the topic sentence is a crucial aspect. The topic sentence should encompass the paragraph's central idea and express
the author's position. Identifying additional information that supports or clarifies the main idea is essential. These
details within the abstract are crucial to provide context and strengthen the central argument.
To enhance the academic quality of the text, it is recommended that each paragraph incorporates multiple
sources. This approach ensures that the information presented is well-supported and draws upon various scholarly
perspectives. Moreover, to provide a clear structure and coherence, the topic sentence of each paragraph should serve
as a concise overview of the primary arguments that will be discussed within that paragraph. By adhering to these
guidelines, the text will demonstrate a rigorous and well-researched academic approach. By incorporating various
perspectives, lecturers and students can develop a more comprehensive and nuanced argument that considers a range
of viewpoints and potential counterarguments. The evidence above supports the central thesis and demonstrates the
author's thorough research and thoughtful consideration of various views before presenting their perspective.
Including various sources can augment the effectiveness of the writer's position and demonstrate their capacity to
evaluate and incorporate information from multiple channels.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

95
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

The process of harmonizing requires the reader to integrate their reflections, perspectives, interpretations, and
connections to develop an original and comprehensive understanding that goes beyond the limitations of the original
text. Evaluating the amalgamation, the paragraph is assessed to ascertain whether it effectively incorporates and
amalgamates information from diverse sources while providing initial analysis to generate innovative concepts. In
addition, evaluating the amalgamation's effectiveness and conciseness in conveying creative ideas is crucial. The
importance of ensuring that novel concepts are underpinned by empirical evidence and sound logical reasoning cannot
be overstated.

Drawing Conclusions
To arrive at appropriate conclusions based on the evidence, educators and students must critically evaluate the
reliability and credibility of their sources. Additional measures that can be taken include considering a wide range of
perspectives, encompassing various viewpoints, epistemologies, and theoretical frameworks within the realm of
critical thinking. In the pursuit of research, two essential skills are imperative to achieve favorable outcomes. Utilizing
critical thinking skills empowers researchers to enhance their ability to identify logical fallacies, avoid errors in their
reasoning, and reach more informed conclusions.
It is important to note that the conclusion should not repeat the entire discussion. Instead, it should briefly
recap the problem and the solutions identified during the discussion. The discussion should have clarified the issue at
hand and offered several workable solutions. Educators and students have discovered potential solutions to the
problem by examining various viewpoints and considering several variables. Furthermore, the conclusion must serve
as the culmination of the research endeavor, requiring brevity, conciseness, and clarity to ensure that all remaining
questions are addressed.

Citing All Collected Data

Citing all the acquired data is of paramount importance for various reasons. One of the primary advantages of
including data citations in academic research is ensuring the proper acknowledgment of the individuals or entities
responsible for producing the data. Incorporating these citations enhances the reader's ability to locate and comprehend
relevant information effectively. Facilitating data reproducibility allows for the replication and verification of research
findings by external entities, thereby enhancing efficiency and promoting the utilization and expansion of shared data.
Furthermore, enhancing the accessibility of one's research can be achieved by making the dataset readily available to
any reader examining the article. A data citation typically comprises the title, provenance, and responsible entities,
with the format selected based on the specifications provided by publishers and presentation settings. Multiple citation
styles are available for referencing data, including MLA Style, APA Style, Turabian, and the Chicago Manual of
Style.
Properly citing data sources provides both immediate and long-term advantages to individuals and
organizations utilizing and generating data. Referencing persistent datasets increases their likelihood of being used
for novel research inquiries. Implementing appropriate data citation methods during scientific research yields benefits
for data producers and users alike. Citing data enhances the reproducibility of research endeavors by enabling other
researchers to easily locate and access the data, thus promoting transparency and improving the quality of the dataset.
Ultimately, citing sources aids in the effective utilization of data for original research inquiries.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

96
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Using Reference Managers

Educators and students can utilize reference managers, which offer a multitude of benefits in collecting,
organizing, and formatting bibliographic citations. The primary objective is to streamline the process of automatically
accessing complete book chapters and journal articles presented in PDF format. Automation is a potential solution
that can be employed to enhance the efficiency of inserting and formatting citations and bibliographies in word-
processing documents. These reference managers aim to construct an all-encompassing database that encompasses
the research preferences of both lecturers and students.
Optimizing reference gathering can be achieved by importing saved search outcomes from bibliographic
databases and capturing references while browsing the web. Educators and students engaging in systematic
organization and automating citation incorporation in writing facilitate the formatting and organization of the
bibliography. Utilizing reference managers helps avoid the probability of incorrect citation or bibliography formatting.
Reference managers are software applications that assist individuals in collecting, organizing, and formatting
references and citations for academic endeavors. These platforms allow educators and students to choose from various
established citation formats or import and apply customized citation styles. Furthermore, these tools enhance the
capacity to store, classify, and disseminate all relevant citations within a specific repository. Several reference
management software applications, such as EndNote, Mendeley, Zotero, and RefWorks, have gained extensive
recognition. Using reference managers for formatting citations and bibliographies can reduce errors and improve
efficiency.

Potential Weaknesses
Utilizing ChatGPT in conjunction with critical thinking methodologies in research offers numerous advantages
but also comes with inherent limitations. Several potential weaknesses can be identified when considering the
collaboration between ChatGPT and essential research methods.
The lack of transparency becomes evident in the implementation of machine learning algorithms by ChatGPT,
as they are not easily understandable or transparent. Consequently, the cognitive processes responsible for generating
the concepts produced by ChatGPT may pose difficulties in comprehension, potentially reducing their effectiveness.
In this context, theology educators and students are obliged to uphold principles of honesty and transparency. This
obligation stems from their dual responsibility, encompassing both academic rigor and spiritual commitment,
particularly their accountability to a higher power.
The use of specific training data in ChatGPT may introduce the possibility of generating suggestions that
deviate from the intended research inquiries or demonstrate bias, leading to flawed interpretations or
recommendations. AI and ChatGPT rely on personal convictions, making them ill-suited for serving as a foundation
for biblical interpretation, theological perspectives, or dogmatic viewpoints.
Ethical concerns surrounding academic discourse are of significant importance. ChatGPT utilizes data obtained
from the internet and has faced allegations of disseminating misinformation and producing fabricated news. Using the
outcomes from such a model can raise ethical considerations. In this scenario, it is crucial for educators and students
to diligently cite all data sourced from the internet to maintain academic integrity and ensure accountability, providing
precedence to reputable sources such as scholarly books, academic journals, conference proceedings, or other research
findings.
The issue of generating erroneous conclusions arises when individuals excessively rely on technology, such as
ChatGPT, to generate ideas without adequately verifying the results through critical analysis. In this context, educators

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

97
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

and learners must independently arrive at conclusions, refraining from excessive dependence on AI and ChatGPT.
The goal is for educators and learners to produce precise and thorough findings.

CONCLUSION
The integration of AI, particularly ChatGPT, with the application of critical thinking, can significantly enhance
the efficiency, accuracy, and innovation of academic research. AI and ChatGPT can facilitate the generation of
research ideas, automate data collection and organization processes, create concise summaries of intricate and
extensive research literature, identify deficiencies in current research, and suggest potential directions for future
studies. The utilization of AI technology has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in research across diverse
disciplines, resulting in outcomes characterized by enhanced precision and efficiency.
The application of critical thinking is imperative for assessing the contextual relevance and credibility of data
analyzed by AI and ChatGPT models. The systematic use of annotations can aid in the comprehension of research
outcomes. To enhance the reliability of AI and ChatGPT, it is essential to incorporate impartial research bias
assessments, practical criteria, and ethical considerations. Integrating AI and ChatGPT in academic research enables
researchers to improve the research process and generate more innovative and relevant outcomes. However, it is
crucial to emphasize that the combination of AI and ChatGPT should complement human intelligence and creativity
rather than serve as a substitute for them.
To ensure the appropriateness and rigor of their methodologies, educators and students must thoroughly review
relevant literature and seek guidance from experienced peers. The integration of AI, specifically ChatGPT, and the
application of critical thinking is essential in academic research. This integration serves the purpose of defining a
well-structured problem and constructing a research question. Employing mapping inquiries is a viable strategy to
enhance the effectiveness of research endeavors. Data analysis is crucial for identifying relevant and valuable
information, conceptualizing key concepts, constructing persuasive arguments, and considering the target audience.
The process of synthesizing a paragraph entails integrating knowledge and concepts from various sources to build a
compelling argument. Referencing data sources offers immediate and long-term advantages to data consumers and
creators. Reference managers can automate the task of inserting and formatting citations and bibliographies.
The integration of ChatGPT and critical thinking methodologies in research offers numerous benefits but also
comes with inherent limitations. Some concerns include the need for greater transparency in the utilization of machine
learning algorithms, the possibility of ChatGPT generating suggestions that diverge from the research inquiries, and
the absence of personal beliefs in AI and ChatGPT. Furthermore, ChatGPT utilizes data from the internet and has
faced allegations of disseminating false information and producing fabricated news. The issue of generating inaccurate
conclusions arises when individuals excessively rely on technology, such as ChatGPT, to generate ideas without
sufficiently verifying the outcomes through critical analysis.

REFERENCES

Ge, J., & Lai, J. C. (2023). Artificial Intelligence-Based Text Generators in Hepatology: ChatGPT Is Just the
Beginning. Hepatology Communications, 7(4). https://journals.lww.com/10.1097/HC9.0000000000000097

Cooper, G. (2023). Examining Science Education in ChatGPT: An Exploratory Study of Generative Artificial
Intelligence. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 32(3), 444–452.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

98
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Hassani, H., & Silva, E. S. (2023). The Role of ChatGPT in Data Science: How AI-Assisted Conversational Interfaces
Are Revolutionizing the Field. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 7(2), 62.

Browne, M. N., & Keeley, S. M. (2007). Asking the Right Questions, A Guide to Critical Thinking. Prentice Hall.

Hummell, L. (2016). 21st Century Skills: Critical Thinking Skills. The Elementary STEM Journal, 20(4).

Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2016). Designing Qualitative Research (6th ed.). Sage Publisher.

Bello-Orgaz, G., Jung, J. J., & Camacho, D. (2016). Social Big Data: Recent Achievements and New Challenges.
Information Fusion, 28, 45–59.

Crowston, K., Allen, E. E., & Heckman, R. (2012). Using Natural Language Processing Technology for Qualitative
Data Analysis. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 15(6), 523–543.

Tang, K.-Y., Chang, C.-Y., & Hwang, G.-J. (2021). Trends in Artificial Intelligence-Supported e-Learning: A
Systematic Review and Co-Citation Network Analysis (1998–2019). Interactive Learning Environments, 1–19.

Barredo Arrieta, A., et al. (2020). Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities
and Challenges toward Responsible AI. Information Fusion, 58, 82–115.

Lalbakhsh, A., et al. (2022). Advancements and Artificial Intelligence Approaches in Antennas for Environmental
Sensing. In Artificial Intelligence and Data Science in Environmental Sensing (pp. 19–38). Elsevier.

Lee, H. (2022). Developing an Approach to Support Instructors to Provide Emotional and Instructional Scaffolding
for English Language Learners Through Biosensor-Based Feedback (Dissertation). University of Maryland.

Mostafizer Rahman, M., & Watanobe, Y. (2023). ChatGPT for Education and Research: Opportunities, Threats, and
Strategies. Applied Sciences, 13(9), 5783.

Kasneci, E., et al. (2023). ChatGPT for Good? On Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models for
Education. Learning and Individual Differences, 103, 102274.

Dwivedi, Y. K., et al. (2023). "‘So, What If ChatGPT Wrote It?’ Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Opportunities,
Challenges and Implications of Generative Conversational AI for Research, Practice and Policy." International Journal
of Information Management, 71, 102642.

Przegalinska, A., et al. (2019). "In Bot We Trust: A New Methodology of Chatbot Performance Measures." Business
Horizons, 62(6), 785–797.

Zhang, D. (2023). "Should ChatGPT and Bard Share Revenue with Their Data Providers? A New Business Model for
the AI Era." Retrieved June 7, 2023, from https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.02555.

Suter, W. N. (2012). Introduction to Educational Research: A Critical Thinking Approach. Sage Publisher.

Davies, M. (2015). A Model of Critical Thinking in Higher Education. In Higher Education: Handbook of Theory
and Research, Ed. M. B. Paulsen (Vol. 30, Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research, pp. 41–92). Springer
International Publishing. Link.

Ennis, R. H. (n.d.). A Concept of Critical Thinking: A Proposed Basis for Research in the Teaching and Evaluation
of Critical Thinking Ability. Harvard Educational Review, 32(1), 81–111.

Robert H. Ennis. (n.d.). A Concept of Critical Thinking: A Proposed Basis for Research in the Teaching and
Evaluation of Critical Thinking Ability. Harvard Educational Review, 32(1), 81–111.

Lau, J. Y. F. (2011). An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity: Think More, Think Better. Wiley.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

99
 Journal Didaskalia Vol 6, No. 2, October 2023

Jackson, S. L. (2015). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach. Cengage Learning.

Lau, J. Y. F. (2011). An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity: Think More, Think Better.

Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2018). Developing Rigor in Qualitative Research: Problems and Opportunities within
Sport and Exercise Psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101–121.

Elo, S., et al. (2014). Qualitative Content Analysis: A Focus on Trustworthiness. SAGE Open, 4(1),
215824401452263.

Lau, J. Y. F. (2011). An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity: Think More, Think Better. New York:
Wiley.

Kelley, D. (2014). The Art of Reasoning: An Introduction to Logic and Critical Thinking. New York dan London: W.
W. NORTON & COMPANY, INC.

Hill, H. C., Ball, D. L., & Schilling, S. G. (2008). Unpacking Pedagogical Content Knowledge: Conceptualizing and
Measuring Teachers’ Topic-Specific Knowledge of Students. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 39(4),
372–400.

Carroll, J. E. (2019). Epistemic Explanations for Divergent Evolution in Discourses Regarding Students’ Extended
Historical Writing in England. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 51(1), 100–120.

Owen-Smith, J. (2001). Managing Laboratory Work through Skepticism: Processes of Evaluation and Control.
American Sociological Review, 66(3), 427.

Lau, J. Y. F. (2011). An Introduction to Critical Thinking and Creativity: Think More, Think Better.

Copyright © 2023 e-ISSN 2622-1039, p-ISSN 2621-8038

100